牛场地表土壤中芽孢杆菌的分离与鉴定

以呼和浩特市某牛场地表土壤为研究对象,通过传统的微生物培养方法和基于16S r RNA基因序列的新型分子生物学方法对其中的微生物进行了分析。结果显示在牛场地表土壤中共鉴定出蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)、地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus lincheniformis)、产芽孢梭菌(Clostridium sporogenes)、纯黄肠球菌(Enterococcus gilvus)和拜氏梭菌(Clostridium beijerinckii)共40株,并通过16S r RNA基因序列的系统发育树研究得到蜡样芽孢杆菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌这三种优势芽孢杆菌之间的亲缘关系。该研究为后续开发应用于无抗饲料添加剂和生物农药的绿色、安全、高效的益生芽孢杆菌微生态制剂提供一定的数据基础。     

高海拔地区圈养成年大熊猫冬季粪便可培养细菌鉴定——以云南野生动物园为例

为了研究云南野生动物园圈养大熊猫冬季肠道微生物菌群结构,试验利用传统方法和现代分子生物学手段(16S rDNA分析)对其冬季粪便进行可培养细菌的分离、纯化和鉴定。结果表明:对冬季粪样通过传统方法分离鉴定的细菌种属有埃希氏菌属(Escherichia Castellani and Chalmers)、志贺氏菌属(Shigella Castellani);通过16S rDNA分析,鉴定的菌群归属于鲍氏志贺菌(Shigella boydii)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、弗氏志贺菌(Shigella flexner)、特基拉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus tequilensis)、甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus)。在高海拔地区的环境条件下,大熊猫的肠道优势菌群为埃希氏大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、弗氏志贺菌(Shigella flexner)、鲍氏志贺菌(Shigella boydii)。     

一种复合芽孢菌制剂对富营养化污水的净化作用研究

以高效去除COD为主要指标,从长沙市郊区某富营养化的养殖小区鱼塘淤泥和污水液中分离筛选出4株目的菌株,发现其中以L菌株活性最好,经初步鉴定为侧孢杆菌(Bacillus laterosporus Laubach).同时,采用地衣芽胞杆菌(Bacillus Subtilis)、短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus Meyer and Gottheil)、纳豆芽孢杆菌(Bacillus natto)与菌株L分别培养后,按比例复合制剂,进行污水净化试验.结果表明,与单菌相比,复合菌综合了单菌的优良祛污活性,在对合成废水的处理中,72h后废水中NH4+-N、NO3--N和COD的去除率分别达84.4％、86.91％和81.36％.     

贵州黑山羊瘤胃一株环状芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定

为了解贵州黑山羊瘤胃液内芽孢杆菌的主要种类,采用亨盖特滚管技术从装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的贵州黑山羊瘤胃中进行菌株的分离培养,其中1株分离菌株经过革兰氏染色、形态观察、16S r DNA序列分析和系统发育树构建,此菌株革兰氏染色阳性,呈杆状,末端钝圆,在系统发育树中与Bacillus circulans strain JSC SF51处在同一分支,鉴定为环状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus circulans Jordan)。这对开展贵州黑山羊瘤胃微生物区系及瘤胃营养调控等研究具有一定的参考价值。     

猪生物发酵床保育期垫料中效应细菌的筛选及鉴定

本试验对猪生物发酵床保育期垫料样品中效应细菌的组成和作用进行了研究,共获得了6株效应细菌;经纯培养后观察其个体与群体形态,并进行生化特征鉴定以及16S rRNA基因分析.结果表明,所得的6株效应细菌中,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)细菌有4株,分别为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌(Bacillusstearothermophilus)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis);沙雷氏菌属(Serratia sp.)有1株,为粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens);假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)有1株,为假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas).     

变质鸡蛋中蜡样芽孢杆菌的分离与鉴定

从山东地区保存超过14 d大范围出现变质鸡蛋中分离到一株细菌,经过培养特性、生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA鉴定,鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus).分别将变质鸡蛋、煮熟的变质蛋、健康鸡蛋进行厌氧培养和细菌计数,发现健康鸡蛋和煮熟的变质蛋无蜡样芽孢杆菌,而变质鸡蛋中的细菌数量达到1.3×108CFU/g.本试验表明,蛋黄中过量的蜡样芽孢杆菌可能与鸡蛋变质有关,应注意过量添加蜡样芽孢杆菌可能影响蛋品的保鲜和食用安全性.     

健康反刍动物源饲用芽孢杆菌的分离筛选和鉴定

为筛选到性能良好的芽孢杆菌,笔者在呼和浩特郊区的几个健康牛羊养殖场采集了粪样、水样等28份样品进行芽孢杆菌资源调查。经分离和纯化培养,共分离出疑似芽孢杆菌35株,并通过16S r RNA及17项生化鉴定对其作进一步的确认和属种鉴定。经16S r RNA分析,有15株为芽孢杆菌属;再经染色镜检,生化试验结果与《常见细菌系统鉴定手册》对比,有枯草芽孢杆菌4株(占26.7%)、蜡状芽孢杆菌5株(占33.3%)、泛酸芽孢杆菌3株(占20.0%)、环状芽孢杆菌2株(占13.3%)、球形芽孢杆菌1株(占6.7%)。说明呼和浩特市郊区健康牛羊养殖场芽孢杆菌以枯草芽孢杆菌和蜡状芽孢杆菌为主,占60%。     

一株产淀粉酶、蛋白酶益生芽孢杆菌的分离与鉴定

本试验根据芽孢杆菌生理特点,采取稀释平板法从健康日本鹌鹑(Coturnix japonica)盲肠内容物中分离获得一株芽孢杆菌P-12,结合细菌生理生化鉴定、16S rDNA测序和系统发育树对其进行分析。研究表明,该菌种为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),其16S rDNA GeneBank登录号为GU269268,具有产蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性。     

隐性乳腺炎乳牛乳样中苏云金芽孢杆菌的分离与鉴定

自2002年10月起，笔者从西安及其周边地区乳牛中随机抽取48头共184个乳室，进行了乳牛隐性乳腺炎的调查及病原菌分离鉴定。共分离出3株革兰氏阳性芽孢杆菌，初步鉴定为苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)。该菌的培养特性及形态与蜡样芽孢杆菌极为相似；小白鼠腹腔注射可致其死亡，证明该菌所产毒素毒力较强。     

动物粪便中纤维素分解菌的分离和鉴定

纤维素分解菌可用于动物微生态添加剂和除臭剂。此试验采用羧甲基纤维素平板法及刚果红染色法,从鹅的粪便中初步分离筛选出7株能够降解纤维素的细菌,结合摇瓶发酵法进行复筛,最终选出3株羧甲基纤维素酶活性高的菌株,并对其进行形态学和16SrRNA鉴定。结果表明:3株纤维素分解菌的菌落形态不一,但其表面均微粗糙,革兰氏染色均呈阳性,短杆状或细杆状,有芽孢;结合16SrRNA鉴定结果,最终将分离到3个菌株鉴定为芽孢杆菌属的地衣芽孢杆菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌和沙福芽孢杆菌,分别命名为Bacillus licheniformis G-1、Bacillus cereus G-4和Bacillus safensis G-10。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.