宿州日光温室内部最高和最低气温的预报模型

利用2010年11月-2011年5月在日光温室内部监测的温度数据和同期地面气象观测资料,采用逐步回归方法,建立秋季日光温室内部最高与最低气温预报模型,冬季和春季晴天与非晴天日光温室内部最高与最低气温预报模型,并进行应用试验.结果表明,各预报模型的模拟值与实测值之间高温和低温的绝对误差(ABSe)分别为秋季为1.1、0.2℃,冬季晴天与非晴天为0.8、0.4和1.5、0.3℃,春季晴天与非晴天为0.3、0.4和1.1、0.2℃;均方根误差(RMSe)分别为秋季为1.3、0.2℃,冬季晴天与非晴天为1.0、0.5和1.7、0.3℃,春季晴天与非晴天为0.3、1.3和0.4、0.5℃.试验预报时段内日光温室内部高温与低温的绝对误差范围分别为0.8～1.1和0.3～0.4℃,均方根误差为0.9 ～1.2和0.3～0.5℃.依据预报模型开展日光温室内部未来24h内的最高与最低气温预报,可为日光温室及时通风换气防止高温危害及采取保温措施防止低温危害提供有效的决策支持.     

日光温室冬春两季环境因子变化研究

在正常生产管理条件下,利用温室智能监控系统,自动监测记录冬、春两季日光温室内外空气温度、光照强度,温室内空气湿度、土壤温度,研究冬、春两季日光温室环境因子日变化差异及环境因子间的相互关系差异。结果表明,土壤温度与温室内外光照及温室内湿度的相关性,春季显著大于冬季;温室内湿度与温室内、外光照强度、温室内外温度以及温室外温度与温室的相关性,春季显著小于冬季。土壤温度与温室内、外温度的关联程度,春季温室内温度强于温室外温度,冬季温室外温度强于温室内温度。温室外温度与温室内、外光照、土壤温度的关联程度,春季温室内、外光照强于土壤温度,而冬季土壤温度强于温室内、外光照。冬季温室内湿度显著高于春季,日变化幅度显著小于春季。春季最低温室内要高于冬季最低温度10 ℃以上,日变化幅度明显小于冬季;春季温室内、外最大光照强度是冬季的2倍,且春季光照时间长。春季室外温度平均高于冬季12 ℃以上,春季温室内土壤温度始终要高于冬季10 ℃以上。     

用云遮系数法计算日光温室内太阳辐射

由于测量日光温室墙体、后屋面的太阳辐射不方便，从而使不同天气条件下墙体的传热机制分析以及室内温度的预测较为困难。该文应用云遮系数法，计算了不同云量天气条件下到达日光温室内外地面太阳辐射通量密度，并进行了计算值与实测值相关性分析检验，结果表明：在已知云量的条件下，可以运用云遮系数法计算日光温室内地面、墙体和后屋面太阳辐照度。     

日光温室最低气温的预测与调控

日光温室冬季每日的最低气温，可依据夜间天气条件划分为晴天弱低温型、晴天强低温型及阴雨雪型３类，每类可利用盖苫前温室基础气温及外界最低气温两个因子建立温室最低气温预测式。根据天气预报确定天气类型，将外界最低气温预测值及盖苫前温室基础气温代入预测式，可提前预测温这最低气温，并可根据预测结果加调控。     

利用BP神经网络对江淮地区梅雨季节现代化温室小气候的模拟与分析

为对江淮地区现代化温室内梅雨季节的小气候进行模拟与分析，在建立相应的BP神经网络模拟模型的基础上，进一步研究了外部温度、湿度、风速、太阳总辐射和天窗开度5个因素对温室内温度、湿度、风速的影响。研究发现可以使用BP神经网络对梅雨季节的小气候进行模拟，模型具有较高的精度，是对物理模型的有益补充；梅雨季节室内湿度受室外湿度的强烈影响，在5个输入因素中所占比重为51.7%；室内风速主要受室外风速和天窗开度的共同影响，受室外温度的影响较小，所占比重仅为10%；室内温度主要受室外温度和太阳辐射的影响，二者所占比重分别为46.2%和27.9%。     

黄淮冬麦区晚霜冻易发时段冠层内最低气温分布及估算

利用2016年和2017年3月中旬?4月下旬两次典型低温过程中,冬小麦田间不同高度逐小时气象观测数据,分析晚霜冻易发时段冬小麦冠层内最低气温出现高度及其变化规律,构建基于150cm高度处气象因子和地表0cm温度的冠层内最低气温估算模型。结果表明：（1）与150cm高度相比,两次典型低温过程中0℃以下气温在冠层高度附近出现时间更早,持续时间更长且温度更低;（2）最低气温总是出现在4/5冠层高度附近,并在2：00?6：00时段,尤以5：00左右发生频率最高;（3）冠层内最低气温与150cm高度处相对湿度、风速的相关性通过了0.01水平的显著性检验,与不同高度气温、不同土壤深度地温的相关性也通过了0.001水平的显著性检验,与地温的相关性随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低;（4）冠层内最低气温与150cm高度处气温、风速、相对湿度,以及0cm地温的偏相关系数大小排序表现为,气温＞风速＞地温＞相对湿度;利用以上因子构建基于多元线性回归函数的冠层内最低气温估测模型,其估测值与实测值拟合结果的决定系数达到0.967,均方根误差为0.915。说明基于气象台站常规观测数据构建冠层内最低气温估测模型具备一定可行性,可为冬小麦晚霜冻害的监测预报提供数据支持。     

基于CFD模型的大跨度温室自然通风热环境模拟

大跨度温室作为一种新型南北走向的钢骨架覆膜温室,解决了传统日光温室土地利用率低、空间狭小的问题。为了研究在自然通风条件下大跨度温室的温度和气流场的分布规律,以及不同室外风速条件下通风口开度对大跨度温室温度和气流场的影响,利用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)软件构建三维稳态大跨度温室模型,模拟自然通风条件下大跨度温室内的温度场和气流场,并采集典型晴天下通风口开启50%时大跨度温室内13个测点的温度,将各测点的测量值与模拟值进行比较,最后利用已验证模型模拟分析通风口开度(25%、50%、75%、100%)在不同室外风速(1、2、3、4 m·s~(-1))条件下的大跨度温室温度和气流场。验证结果表明:模型模拟值与实测值的绝对误差在0.2~2.8℃,均方根误差为1.6℃,最大相对误差为9.9%,平均相对误差为4.1%,表明模拟值与实测值吻合良好。模拟结果显示,温室顶部温度高,底部温度低;室外冷空气从西侧通风口进入,温室内西侧温度低于东侧;温室内平均风速从南到北逐渐减小;温室中部风速明显小于东西两侧。大跨度温室上通风口及侧通风口全开时,温室内温度分布较均匀。温室通风口开度一定时,温室内通风率与室外风速呈显著线性正相关。考虑温室内温度及风速对作物的影响,以降温为主要目的时,建议通风口开度取75%~100%,若室外风速大于3m·s-1且室内温度能满足作物生长,则建议通风口开度75%。     

基于四种算法比较分析Venlo型玻璃温室气温季节预报模型

利用2021年2月27日-2023年3月4日南京信息工程大学Venlo型玻璃温室内、外气象观测数据,基于多元回归(Multiple regression,MR)、BP人工神经网络(BP artificial neural networks,BPANN)、随机森林(Random forest,RF)和支持向量机(Support vector machine,SVM)构建温室内日平均气温、日最低气温和日最高气温的季节预报模型,并进行验证。结果表明：温室内日平均气温、日最低气温季节预报模型的拟合精度明显高于日最高气温季节预报模型;各模型对春、夏、秋季温室内气温的拟合精度高于冬季。对于日平均气温和日最低气温季节预报模型而言,4种算法构建的春、夏、秋季预报模型的拟合精度均较高,RF模型模拟效果更为稳定,其模拟值与实际观测值决定系数(R²)均值均在0.94以上,均方根误差(RMSE)、绝对误差(MAE)均值在1.5℃以内;对于日最高气温季节预报模型,RF模型对春、夏、秋季的拟合精度整体高于其他模型,R²均值均在0.75以上。MR模型对冬季室内气温的拟合精...     

基于夜间室内外温差计算方法的日光温室气候分类

为了解决日光温室园艺作物越冬栽培茬口合理安排问题,同时减少低温灾害风险,开展温室保温性评价并进行科学分类。该研究选取天津市3种典型日光温室设置室内外小气候观测试验,结合不同温室构型及建筑材料,基于热传导原理形成日光温室夜间室内外温差计算方法,并以此为基础评价不同类型温室保温能力,进而对天津地区主要日光温室类型进行划分,提出不同类别温室适宜种植蔬菜建议。结果表明：1）温室保温常数γc能较好地反映日光温室保温性能差异,3种典型日光温室保温常数分别为20.34、15.84、13.21。2）温差计算方法可以较好模拟不同类型日光温室室内气温变化,温差模拟值与实测值决定系数（R2）在0.71以上,均方根误差RMSE范围为1.97%～3.86%。3）利用1960-2020年气候观测资料按气候保证率80%计算其最低气温、最小湿度及最小风速值,模拟得到本地不同保温能力日光温室的极端最低温度值为3～14 ℃,按照果蔬生长发育指标需求,提出日光温室分类标准,可分为耐寒叶菜型、叶菜适宜型、果叶混合型、果菜适宜型及喜温果菜型,并在2016-2020年温室改造与评估实际应用中得到验证。该研究可为解决中国日光温室类型多且构型复杂,难以量化评价其保温性能及合理安排种植茬口的难题提供方案参考。     

利用CFD模型研究日光温室内的空气流动

在温室内空气流动对室内环境具有重要调节作用,因此有必要研究日光温室内空气流动特性。基于计算流体动力学CFD(computational fluid dynamics)方法,运用大型计算流体动力学软件Fluent对日光温室建立模型,采用标准湍流模型对日光温室内气流分布进行了三维稳态求解。模拟时将日光温室内外空气作为研究对象,并且温室内空间连同其周围的一部分室外空间一起作为CFD模拟的计算领域。对日光温室内气流变化及分布进行了数值模拟,并在温室内进行了气流试验测试,对测量值和计算所得的风速值进行了比较,结果表明,二者最大误差小于9%,说明风速的实测值和模拟值吻合良好,CFD模型有效,且得到了日光温室内部流场速度分布。通过气流流场模拟结果分析表明,直观显示了日光温内的流场特性和流动状态,气流从窗户进入沿着底部通风口流出日光温室,并且气流在底部通风口速度分布较均匀,在温室下部形成了较为明显的涡流。该文模拟结果可为东北地区日光温室的优化设计以及温室环境调节等方面提供理论依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.