抚河流域干旱时空分布特征及其与ENSO的相关性

为了分析干旱时空分布特征,并结合ENSO事件探究其相关性,基于抚河流域9个气象站点1960—2005年的逐月降水资料,根据计算出的SPI指数,利用M-K趋势检验、相关性分析等方法分析了1960—2005年抚河流域月、四季、年干旱及空间变化特征,并研究了ENSO事件与该区域的关系。结果表明:流域春季有干旱化趋势,冬季有变湿态势,20世纪60,70年代干旱次数多,强度大,在1990—2005年,流域整体上的干旱次数程度和次数有增加的趋势。空间变化上,各季节干旱高频分别集中在流域东北部:春季在崇仁地区,夏季在南丰和黎川地区,秋季在抚州和金溪地区,冬季在东乡地区。抚河流域春季SSTA指数与SPI指数的相关性最明显,秋、夏季随之减弱。ENSO事件发生强度与抚河流域SPI影响因子的多项式拟合关系表明,ENSO事件暖事件年份的降水下降非常明显,其发生干旱的可能性大于冷事件年份,即ENSO暖事件强度越大,研究区越有可能发生严重的干旱事件。干旱对El Ni1o事件和La Ni1a事件的响应分别在滞后1～2个月、3～4个月的响应最为显著。     

现象和陕西省夏粮丰歉年景的关系

分析ENSO现象对陕西省天气气候的影响可知,在厄尔尼诺事件发生时,当年陕西省秋季到次年春季多出现连旱,次年秋季降水较多.因此,陕西省夏粮产量在厄尔尼诺发生的次年易偏歉,第3年多偏丰.同时和厄尔尼诺事件相联系的南方涛动和印度季风雨的变化对陕西省的夏粮丰歉年景也有一定的影响.这样可以提前1～2年应用ENSO资料综合预测陕西省夏粮产量的丰歉.     

宁夏干旱的时空特征与大气环流响应关系

[目的]探究宁夏地区干旱时空变化特征及其原因,对于干旱预防与应对决策具有重要意义。[方法]基于宁夏自治区24个气象站点逐日资料,利用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)。运用MK非参数检验与反距离权重插值分析了不同尺度下的干旱时空变化,通过Person相关系数分析定量分析了宁夏干旱指数对于大气环流的响应,[结果](1)1982—2020年各尺度SPEI干旱指数经历了增大—减小—增大的过程,并在1990—2010年旱频发。(2)季尺度干旱指数空间分布差异明显,春季干旱频率较大,主要分布在北部的引黄灌区,且中旱、重旱较多,春季、夏季的干旱呈明显加重趋势,秋、冬季则呈湿润趋势,但秋、冬季干旱烈度相对春、夏季更为强烈。(3)ENSO暖事件期间宁夏SPEI值有减小趋势,ENSO冷事件期间SPEI指数有增加趋势,ENSO暖事件期间相对于ENSO冷事件期间更为干旱。(4)宁夏全境受到NAO与AO指数影响明显,无滞后关系,SOI指数滞后4个月与宁夏SPEI值相关性最大,主要影响宁夏的北部地区,PDO指数滞后6个月相关性最为显著,MEI指数滞与ENSO指数分别滞后3个月与5个月相关性最好,但与宁夏地区干旱相关性较弱。[结论]干旱是宁夏的主要气象灾害,分析宁夏地区的干旱的时空变化与大气环流的响应关系,可为宁夏地区的干旱事件预防和气候变化区域适应对策提供参考。     

厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件对青海湖周边地区气候的影响

根据1961年来青海湖周边地区的气温和降水量资料,结合小波分析和ENSO事件的发生与变化,研究了1961年来青海湖周边气温与降水的变化趋势,以及厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件对该区气温、降水量以及旱涝灾害的影响.结果表明,1961年来青海湖周边地区的年降水量呈波动上升趋势,西部最显著,年降水量以8.73 mm/10 a的速率增加.该地区的年平均气温呈波动上升趋势,平均气温增温率接近或明显高于全国平均水平.1988-2010年多年平均气温比1961-1987年增加更显著.小波分析显示,青海湖周边地区降水变化周期约为3,7和17a,气温变化的周期约为3,7和29 a.不同研究区域的降水量和气温变化与ENSO事件相关性不同.研究数据表明,青海湖周边地区厄尔尼诺年发生涝灾多于旱灾,而拉尼娜年多发生旱灾.1961-2009年青海湖水位总体趋势在下降,2005年后出现回升,流域降水量对湖水位的年变化有显著影响.     

山东省干旱时空分布特征及其与ENSO的相关性

基于山东省15个气象台站1964—2010年的逐月降水和平均气温资料,采用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)定量分析了山东省不同时间尺度干旱发生频率,利用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法和Arcgis软件,对近50年山东省干旱的时空变化趋势进行分析。为了研究厄尔尼诺/南方涛动(ENSO)对山东省干旱的影响,运用连续小波(CWT)、交叉小波变换(XWT)和小波相干谱(WTC)分析SPEI与ENSO指数(多变量ENSO指数,MEI)的相关关系和周期特征。结果表明:多时间尺度的SPEI值可以较好地反映山东省的干旱情况;不同时间尺度的SPEI值随时间变化的敏感性存在明显差异,时间尺度越小,变化幅度越大。近50年山东地区呈现明显的增暖趋势,其中东部增温最为显著,降水减少和温度升高使山东气候趋于"暖干化",加剧山东省干旱程度。空间变化趋势上,山东省年SPEI和山东省年降水的空间分布具有一致性,总体有西部变湿润、东部变干的趋势。在干旱发生时间尺度上,月尺度干旱发生频率高于年尺度干旱发生频率,四季中春、秋季干旱最为严重。春旱和秋旱以鲁西和鲁西北平原发生频率最高,各地区之间差异明显。ENSO暖事件时,山东易旱;ENSO冷事件时,干旱减少。SPEI存在1~2.5 a尺度的年际振荡周期特征,呈现了与MEI指数相似的变化特征。高能量区,SPEI和MEI存在5~6 a的共振周期,SPEI较MEI提前1~2个月;低能量区,SPEI与MEI存在3~3.8 a呈负相位的共振周期。     

厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件对陕北地区近57a气候的影响

根据陕北地区近57a的气象资料,对榆林、绥德、延安3个地区的气象因子、气象灾害进行了研究。结果表明,榆林、绥德、延安地区暖事件年降水减少,平均气温增加,与正常年份相比降水量分别减少61.59,76.10,73.33mm,平均气温分别增加0.23,0.13,0.11℃;冷事件年降水减少,平均气温降低,与正常年份相比降水量分别减少15.68,25.61,41.89mm,平均气温分别降低0.22,0.15,0.24℃。ENSO事件年易发生干旱灾害,且厄尔尼诺年发生干旱气象灾害的概率大于拉尼娜年灾害发生的概率。     

辽宁省冻融侵蚀发生的气候环境条件分析

利用辽宁省1961-2006年的气温、降水等资料,分析了近46a来辽宁地区气温和降水变化对冻融作用与冻融侵蚀的影响.结果表明:辽宁地区气候变化主要表现在年平均气温的波动上升且十分显著,而降水呈波动下降趋势;年内冬、春季节平均气温增加率较高,以2-4月比较强烈;冬季降水基本不变,其它季节降水均减少.在气温和降水变化的情况下,辽宁地区土壤冻结期有推后的趋势,解冻期有提前的趋势,所以冻融期有所缩短,土壤化通期有所提前.此外,土壤冻结深度有减小的趋势;随着初春(3月)温度的显著上升,冻融侵蚀有加剧的趋势.     

低纬高原冬季与春季降水特征及其环流背景差异分析

利用经验正交函数分解(EOF)、相关分析、小波分析等方法对低纬高原地区148站的气象观测数据进行分析,以揭示该区域冬、春季的降水时空分布及其环流背景差异,了解低纬高原干旱的原因。结果表明：冬、春季降水时空分布特征差异显著,春季降水量较大幅度高于冬季,差异最大区域位于低纬高原的西部和南部,呈“L”型区域分布;冬季降水在1985-1990年和2005年以后存在4～6a的振荡周期,1990年以后存在准2a和10a左右的振荡周期;春季降水在1995年以前存在较明显的4～6a振荡周期,2001年以后存在准2a的振荡周期。导致冬、春季降水差异显著的环流背景主要为：与冬季相比,春季青藏高原北侧的东亚大槽较弱;但高原南侧的南支槽活跃;海洋上的西太平洋副热带高压偏强偏西,沿着高压外围的气流更容易到达低纬高原,从而水汽输送更强;副高与南亚高压的两高辐合区向北延伸的范围更大,有利于低纬高原降水。进一步研究表明,低纬高原冬季降水主要与青藏高原南侧孟加拉湾附近区域的热力作用密切相关,春季降水则与该地区的比湿关系显著。     

河北平原气候变化对冬小麦产量的影响

根据河北平原多年降水、气温及冬小麦产量资料,利用回归分析、M-K突变检验、T检验、线性调和滑动平均等统计分析方法,分析了1951～2006年河北省气候变化特征及其对冬小麦气候产量的影响。结果表明:河北省春季气温近56年来线性升高倾向显著,平均每10年升高0.38℃,春季降水近56年无明显线性增减倾向。冬小麦气候产量与气温、降水显著相关,当气温距平在-1.2～1.2℃之间时,小麦气候产量为正值,温度过低或过高都会使小麦减产,高温使小麦减产更严重,降水量和小麦气候产量呈正相关。     

厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜事件对陕西省榆林地区气候的影响

通过对陕西省榆林地区近56a来气象资料、历史资料的搜集和整理,研究了厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜(ElNino/Southern Oscillation,ENSO)事件对榆林地区气候与气象灾害的影响,分析了降水及气温变化的周期性。结果表明,1954年以来,榆林地区气候变暖变干趋势显著。1954年以来榆林地区年均温平均升高了0.025℃/a,年降水量递减率为1.740mm/a;厄尔尼诺年气温高出正常年份0.12℃,拉尼娜事件发生年年平均气温较正常年份平均气温没明显变化。厄尔尼诺事件年榆林地区降水呈现明显的减少趋势,比正常年份减少了8mm。拉尼娜事件年对榆林地区降水增加也有一定影响,平均增加3mm/a。榆林地区气温与降水量存在3a为主的短周期和20a为主的长周期。ENSO暖事件对榆林地区气候特别是气象灾害的影响比ENSO冷事件更为显著和强烈,厄尔尼诺年榆林地区易于发生高温干旱灾害。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.