Surveys of beet cyst nematode in England 1977–80

Surveys of sugar beet crops for beet cyst nematode ( Heterodera schachtii Schmidt) in seven selected areas of England have provided data on distribution of the pest and on some factors affecting its occurrence. These data were mapped by CAMGRID computer program.
Infestations occurred mostly on the East Anglian fenland (14% of fields infested) and in this area were more frequent nearer the sugar beet processing factory. In the remaining areas the few infested fields (5% or less) were generally scattered but a small concentration of infestation occurred in the West Midlands in an area of intensive horticulture with frequent brassica crops. The survey data did not support the view that beet cyst nematode infestations occur more frequently near access points to the crop. In the surveyed areas frequency of host crops appears to be more important than soil type in determining the likelihood of infestation.     

The natural control of the apple-grass aphid,Rhopalosiphum insertum,with remarks on the control of apple aphids in The Netherlands in general

In this paper the apple-grass aphid is stated to be the only aphid in the Netherlands that regularly hibernates in large quantities in commercial apple orchards. The possible reasons for this are discussed. Abiotic factors, especially rain, hail, wind and ice formation in early spring, are by far the most important in drastically reducing the numbers of fundatrices. Of the biotic factors, ladybird beetles in spring may be important. The apple-grass aphid parasite,Monoctonus cerasi, may reach high peaks of parasitism during some periods in the season; in comparison with abiotic factors, however, its effect does not seem to be very important. The life history of the parasite seems to be well adapted to that of its host. It is suggested that the winter wash against apple aphids might be omitted, with eventual application of a spring spray in certain circumstances. In most cases this spray will only be necessary if the rosy apple aphid is present. Samenvatting In deze publikatie wordt er de nadruk op gelegd dat de appel-grasluis,Rhopalosiphum insertum (Wlk.), de enige bladluis is die in appelboomgaarden die in produktie zijn regelmatig in groot aantal als ei overwintert. Hiervoor wordt een aantal redenen opgegeben, die samenhangen met verschillen in de levenswijze ten opzichte van de beide andere belangrijke bladluizen van appel, nl. de roze appelluis,Dysaphis plantaginea (Pass.), en de groene appeltakluis,Aphis pomi Geer. Uit Fig. 1, 2 en 3 blijkt, dat zowel de populatiedichtheid van de bladluis als de parasitering door de voornaamste parasiet,Monoctonus cerasi, in de loop van het seizoen vaak belangrijke schommelingen vertonen. De belangrijkste mortaliteitsoorzaken in het voorjaar zijn abiotische factoren zoals regen, wind, hagel en ijsvorming, die de bladluispopulaties in sterke mate kunnen decimeren. Van de biotische zijn hoofdzakelijk enkele soorten lieveheersbeestjes (Coccinellidae) van belang. De parasiet veroorzaakt in sommige perioden van het jaar weliswaar hoge parasiteringstoppen, maar haar effect is, vergeleken bij de invloed van de genoemde weersomstandigheden, weinig belangrijk. In verband met het besprokene lijkt een winterbespuiting tegen bladluizen op appel in het algemeen overbodig. Zo nodig kan in het voorjaar nog een bespuiting worden toegepast. Dit zal in het algemeen echter alleen noodzakelijk zijn als ook de roze appelluis optreedt, die door het vervormen van de vruchten veel schadelijker is dan de appel-grasluis.     

基于MaxEnt模型预测苹红缢管蚜在中国的适生区

为评估苹红缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae入侵我国的潜在地理分布范围,基于其在全球的118个分布点和筛选的9个环境变量数据,利用MaxEnt模型和ArcGIS软件对苹红缢管蚜于当前和未来气候条件下在我国的潜在适生区进行预测。结果表明,基于苹红缢管蚜的全球分布数据,MaxEnt模型预测的平均AUC值为0.919,预测结果准确性较高。当前气候条件下,苹红缢管蚜在我国的总适生区面积占全国陆地面积的48.73%,其中高、中、低适生区的面积分别占全国陆地面积的5.92%、13.30%和29.51%,高适生区主要位于河南、江苏、安徽、湖北、湖南、贵州、江西、浙江、福建、广西、台湾等省区。未来RCP2.6和RCP8.5气候情景下,苹红缢管蚜在我国的总适生区面积增加并呈逐渐向东北方向迁移扩散的趋势,其中低适生区面积逐渐增加,高、中适生区面积逐渐减少,原先中南部的高适生区逐渐转变为低适生区或非适生区,但新疆维吾尔自治区北部、吉林省与辽宁省边界处的高适生区面积呈逐渐增加趋势。表明苹红缢管蚜在我国的适生范围极为广泛,具有较高的入侵风险,应加强进境口岸对该虫的检疫监管力度。     

48%毒死蜱乳油苗木消毒处理防治苹果绵蚜

有效的灭虫处理技术是防止苹果绵蚜进一步扩散危害的重要手段。本试验用48%毒死蜱处理带虫苹果枝条和幼苗以及冷藏处理带虫苹果果实,结果表明:接穗和幼苗分别经48%毒死蜱乳油1 500倍液浸泡处理10 s和30 s,48 h后可完全杀灭其上苹果绵蚜,且安全可靠;而带虫果经低温(3℃)冷藏处理40 d后仍不能完全杀灭果实内的苹果绵蚜。     

Interception of Colorado beetle in England and Wales, 1983–1987

The policy of the British Government continues to be to maintain total freedom from Colorado beetle by preventing its introduction and eradicating any breeding colonies which are found. During the years 1983–1987, no breeding colonies have been found and there is no evidence that the Colorado beetle is established anywhere in the UK. Interceptions on imports during this period are analysed by country of origin and also by means of introduction. Total confirmed reports of live beetles are compared with those in previous reports; 250 were found in 1983–1987, 286 for the previous 5-year period and 563 of known origin for the 20-year period previous to 1978.     

The annual leatheijacket survey in Northern Ireland, 1965–82, and some factors affecting populations

An annual leatherjacket survey was made each winter in Northern Ireland from 1965 to 1982. Over this period the mean population was 520,130/ha and showed less annual variation than in some parts of Britain. This appears to be due to the regulation of populations by rainfall in July, August and November rather than in September and October as has been shown elsewhere.
It is concluded that in Northern Ireland 18,096 ha of grassland would benefit from an insecticide treatment each year. Grassland with leatheijacket populations of 1 × 10⁶/ha or more may suffer damage and up to 100,000 ha are at risk each year. Leatherjackets are therefore considered to be serious pests of grassland in Northern Ireland.     

Species of Armillaria in southern England

Isolates of Armillaria obtained from a wide variety of material were identified by means of the mating test devised by korhonen and by their growth on various media. Pathogenicity was tested by inoculating small pines. Five species were found, of which Armillaria mellea (Vahl ex Fr.) Kummer and A, ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink were highly pathogenic: the former killed a wide variety of broadleaved trees and conifers whilst the latter killed fewer species, mainly conifers. A. bulbosa [Armillariella bulbosa (Barla) Romagn.] was much less pathogenic and was found in trees weakened by suppression or in other ways;it also caused extensive butt-rot in some broad-leaved trees. A. tabescens (Scop, ex Fr.) Emel, was less common and occurred in stumps of broadleaved trees: it was virtually non-pathogenic. A species provisionally designated B by Korhonen was discovered only once. Brief accounts are given of these species with respect to rhizomorph behaviour and factors affecting their occurrence in woodland and gardens.     

苹果绵蚜田间种群的抗性监测

为了掌握果园重要害虫苹果绵蚜Eriosoma lanigerum的抗药性水平及动态变化,于2012–2015年间利用浸叶法监测了中国新疆察布查尔、山东济南、陕西乾县、河北昌黎和江苏丰县苹果绵蚜对常用药剂吡虫啉、毒死蜱和高效氯氟氰菊酯的敏感性,同时测定了不同苹果绵蚜种群的酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活力。以2012年察布查尔苹果绵蚜为相对敏感品系,结果发现:所有种群在不同年度均对吡虫啉产生了低到高水平抗性（最大抗性倍数 >2000倍）;对于高效氯氟氰菊酯,昌黎、乾县及察布查尔2014种群均为敏感,济南、丰县和察布查尔2015种群均产生了中到高水平抗性;对于毒死蜱,乾县种群保持敏感,察布查尔、昌黎、丰县和济南种群产生了低到高水平抗性。酶活力测定结果显示:谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活力与苹果绵蚜对吡虫啉和高效氯氟氰菊酯的抗性水平呈正相关性,而酯酶活力与苹果绵蚜抗药性水平无明显相关性。本研究表明,新疆察布查尔、山东济南、陕西乾县、河北昌黎和江苏丰县的苹果绵蚜对吡虫啉、毒死蜱和高效氯氟氰菊酯的抗性水平均呈逐年提高趋势,其中对吡虫啉的抗性程度最严重,防治中应注意合理轮换用药。     

苹果绵蚜在昭通市的发生情况

我们对云南省昭通市苹果绵蚜的发生为害情况进行了普查，调查表明：（1）苹果绵蚜在昭通苹果产区发生普遍且严重；（2）不同管理水平，苹果绵蚜的发生差异明显；（3）苹果绵蚜的发生与为害有随着树龄的增加而严重的趋势；（4）苹果绵蚜在红富士品种上的发生严重于金帅品种；（5）据考证，苹果绵蚜于20世纪80年代中期传入昭通市。