两种磷水平下玉米苗期根系性状的QTL定位

以耐低磷性状具有明显差异的玉米自交系X178和9782为亲本构建的重组自交系为研究材料,在正常供磷与低磷胁迫下对玉米苗期根系和地上部分干重等性状进行表型鉴定和QTL定位分析。结果表明,低磷胁迫下重组自交系地上部分干重下降最多,显示低磷胁迫下玉米苗期优先确保根系生长发育。两种磷水平下共检测到9个性状的16个QTL,主要位于第1染色体上,其中,正常磷水平下富集了5个QTL的bin1.06区域、低磷胁迫下集中了3个QTL的bin1.03区域可能是含有控制根系或磷利用相关性状基因的重要染色体区域。在定位的16个QTL中,位于第7染色体的根冠比QTLqRRS7_LP可解释表型贡献率高达14.06%,且增效等位基因来源耐低磷亲本X178,表明若对该位点进行分子标记辅助选择,可能会对耐低磷性状改良具有明显的选择效果。     

利用三倍体胚乳遗传模型定位爆裂玉米子粒蛋白含量QTL

在两种环境条件下种植以普通玉米自交系丹232和爆裂玉米自交系N04为亲本构建的259个F23∶家系群体,采用SSR标记构建了包含183个标记的爆裂玉米遗传连锁图谱,覆盖玉米基因组1762.2cM,标记间平均距离为9.6cM。利用三倍体胚乳遗传模型和区间作图方法对子粒蛋白含量进行了QTL定位和效应分析。在春、夏播条件下均检测到6个QTL,分别位于第1、3、4、6、7和第8染色体上,其中春、夏播条件下都检测到的QTL有3个,可解释的表型总变异分别为42.85%和53.19%,单个QTL可解释的表型变异为4.50%～17.70%。表现为加性、部分显性、显性和超显性的QTL数目分别为2、2、2和6。3个QTL的增效基因均来自丹232,其余QTL的增效基因均来自N04。     

多环境条件下大豆蛋白质含量稳定性QTL分析

为定位大豆蛋白质含量稳定性QTL,从而为培育高蛋白大豆品种提供依据,本研究利用源自美国大豆Charleston和中国品种东农594杂交获得的147个株系组成的重组自交系群体,利用三种生态环境下三年数据估算的Shukla稳定性方差对大豆蛋白含量进行了遗传和QTL分析。结果表明,利用复合区间作图法（CIM）检测大豆蛋白稳定性QTL得到2个QTL,分别为qPRO1-1和qPRO17-1,位于连锁群A1和L上,贡献率分别为4.70%和5.73%,共解释10.43%的表型变异。利用混合区间作图法MIM检测到2对上位性QTL,互作染色体为A1×G和A1×A2,上位效应分别为0.19**和-0.22,贡献率为12.82%和17.42%,共解释30.24%表型变异。本实验分析多个环境下的数据,考虑到了QTL 与环境的互作效应,在三种环境条件下分析QTL,检测到了在不同环境下可以稳定出现的QTL位点。控制大豆蛋白含量的QTL位点,都表现出明显的上位性效应和GE互作效应。其中稳定性较好的QTL和公共图谱上定位的调控大豆蛋白质含量的QTL prot 1-7、cq oil003、oil8-1, prot 17-5、prot 2-1、prot 12-1等在区间上一致。     

小麦分蘖数和单株穗数QTL定位及上位性分析

为了明确小麦分蘖性状和单株穗数的遗传基础,以中国春（母本）和兰考大粒（父本）杂交获得的F₂群体为作图群体,构建了含169个分子标记的遗传连锁图谱。将F_2:3家系分别种植于陕西乾县、岐山和杨凌三地,利用完备区间作图方法对小麦冬前分蘖、春季分蘖和单株穗数进行多环境联合QTL分析,共检测到21个相关的加性QTL位点。其中,6个冬前分蘖QTL位于2A、2D、5D和7A染色体上,单个QTL可解释1.38%～6.73%的表型变异;7个春季分蘖QTL位于1A、2D、4B、5D、7A和7D染色体上,单个QTL可解释1.97%～32.60%的表型变异;8个单株穗数QTL位于1A、2B、2D和4B染色体上,单个QTL可解释2.29%～41.21%的表型变异。共检测到30对加性×加性上位性QTL。其中,控制冬前分蘖的为1对,可解释21%的表型变异;控制春季分蘖的为20对,可解释0.59%～48.7%的表型变异;控制单株穗数的为9对,可解释0.08%～22.18%的表型变异。控制冬前分蘖、春季分蘖和单株穗数的加性QTL存在差异,同一QTL在不同性状中的遗传贡献率也不同;基因间上位性效应以春季分蘖最大,单株穗数次之,冬前分蘖最小,且不同性状涉及的QTL位点具有差异。小麦分蘖遗传主要受加性效应控制,本研究初步定位到的一些重要QTL可为进一步精细定位、基因挖掘和高产育种的分子标记辅助选择提供依据。     

小麦籽粒形态及千粒重性状的QTL初步定位

为研究小麦籽粒形态及千粒重性状的QTL,以普通小麦6044和01-35为杂交组合构建的F8重组自交系（RIL）群体作为试验材料,在山东泰安（山东农业大学试验站）和莱阳（青岛农业大学试验站）两个环境下进行两年田间试验,利用Mapmaker/version 3.0和WinQTLCart软件通过复合区间作图法进行QTL初步定位,在两年两个环境下共检测到12个相关QTL位点,其中关于粒长的2个QTL分别位于2A和2B染色体上,可解释表型变异的25%和12%;4个粒厚QTL位于2A和6A染色体上,可解释表型变异的7%～10%;6个千粒重相关QTL位于染色体2A、4A和6A连锁群上,可解释表型变异的6%～25%;而粒宽QTL在两个地点上都没有检测到。其中相关性高的性状间有一些共同的QTL,表现出一因多效或紧密连锁效应。     

稻米粒形和垩白度的QTL定位和上位性分析

 利用由181个家系组成的Lemont/特青籼粳交重组自交系群体,以及由161个RFLP、SSR标记和3个形态标记构建的全长为1916.5 cM、覆盖水稻基因组12 条染色体的连锁图,采用线性模型的复合区间作图方法（QTLMapper V10）,对粒长、粒宽、长宽比和垩白度等4个稻米品质性状的数量性状座位（QTL）进行了分析。在水稻的所有12 条染色体上共定位到7个加性主效QTL和19对上位性QTL,其中控制粒长、粒宽、长宽比的主效QTL各2个,控制垩白度的QTL 1个,分别解释12.8%、40.0%、26.0%和42.1%的表型变异;共检测到6对影响垩白度、6对影响粒长、7对影响长宽比的上位性QTL,分别解释52.2%、31.3%和38.2% 的表型变异。结果表明,上位性QTL和主效QTL一样在稻米粒形和垩白度的遗传中起着重要的作用。     

大豆光合性状QTL的初步定位

光合速率的提高对大豆产量改良具有重要作用.本研究利用波高和南农94-156杂交所构建的RIL群体对4个光合性状QTL进行了初步定位.结果表明,大豆籽粒与光合速率间存在微弱的正相关,而4个光合性状间除光合速率与胞间CO2浓度外均为极显著的正相关.分别检测到1、2、1和2个QTL位点与光合速率(O连锁群)、气孔导度(A1和D1b W连锁群)、胞间COz浓度(G连锁群)和蒸腾速率(H和M连锁群)有关,相互间均不共位,前3个QTL解释的表型变异略低于10%,而后3个QTL可解释表型变异的10%以上.     

波兰小麦×普通小麦品系“中13”RIL群体籽粒特性的QTL定位

小麦籽粒特性与籽粒产量和品质密切相关。本研究以波兰小麦(Tiriticum polonicum L.)×普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品系"中13"杂交组合衍生的99个F8重组自交系(Recombinant inbred lines,RIL)群体为材料,利用SSR分子标记构建连锁遗传图谱。根据两年实验数据,利用复合区间作图法对粒重、粒长和粒宽3个籽粒特性相关性状进行了QTL定位分析,共检测到12个与籽粒特性相关的加性QTL位点。其中,3个粒重QTL,1个位于1A染色体上,另外2个都在2A染色体上,单个QTL可解释表型变异的13.35%～20.04%;5个粒长QTL,其中2个位于2A染色体上,其余3个分别位于3A、5A和2B染色体上,单个QTL可解释表型变异的8.53%～21.03%;4个粒宽QTL,分别位于1A、2A、3B和5B染色体上,单个QTL可解释表型变异的9.76%～40.79%。在2A染色体上共检测到5个籽粒特性相关性状的QTL,表明2A染色体与籽粒特性关系密切。     

4个环境下稳定表达的控制粳稻穗角性状的新位点

 在4个环境下种植直立穗粳稻品种秀水79与弯曲穗品种C堡及两者杂交后衍生得到的RIL群体254个株系并调查其穗角,运用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对穗角性状进行遗传分离分析;运用基于混合线性模型的QTLNetwork 2.0软件和基于多元回归模型的WinQTLcart 2.5软件的复合区间作图法,对穗角性状进行QTL定位。结果发现,1）穗角性状受两对主基因+多基因共同控制,以主基因遗传为主;2）QTLNetwork 2.0检测到8个控制穗角性状的加性QTL,解释表型变异的0.01%~39.89%;WinQTLcart 2.5检测到12个控制穗角性状的加性QTL,可解释表型变异的2.83%~30.60%。检测到的所有QTL分布于第4、5、6、7、9、11染色体上,其中分布于RM3700-RM3600和RM5652-RM410区间的两个主效位点qPA9.2和qPA9.5,以及分布于RM257-OSR28区间的qPA9.7 在两种方法和4个环境下均检测到,减效等位基因来自秀水79;3）检测到8对加性×加性上位性互作位点,解释表型变异的0.36%~1.71%。检测到的各个加性和上位性位点均不存在显著的基因型与环境的互作。      

水旱两种条件下向日葵产量相关QTL定位

为获得向日葵抗旱基因位点,培育向日葵抗旱新品种,在已有的高密度连锁图谱基础上,利用Map QTL4.0软件,在水、旱两种条件下对187个RIL群体的产量相关性状进行QTL定位分析。结果表明,两种水分条件下共检测到40个产量相关性状QTL位点,干旱条件下检测到6个性状22个QTL,可解释6%~21.6%的表型变异;浇水条件下检测到4个性状18个QTL,可解释6.1%~18.2%的表型变异;其中10个QTL在两种水分条件下被重复检测到,这些QTL作用方向一致,在不同环境中稳定表达;此外,还检测到16个可能对耐旱性有直接贡献的差值QTL。56个QTL中遗传贡献率超过10%的主效位点11个。对这些QTL位点进一步验证,可为今后向日葵抗旱性分子辅助选择育种奠定基础。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.