硅窗袋处理对肥城桃果实的呼吸速率及乙烯释放速率的影响

采用硅窗袋贮藏“肥城桃”明显地抑制果实的呼吸速率和乙烯释放速率,推迟呼吸高峰。硅窗袋加入乙烯吸收剂处理可增强贮藏效果,在低温下贮藏25d后去掉硅窗袋转至14℃下存放5d,果实能正常后熟,并具有9d的货架期。     

外源乙烯熏蒸对1-MCP处理猕猴桃货架品质的影响

以1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理并低温贮藏120 d的‘徐香’猕猴桃为试材,采用200 mg·L^-1外源乙烯分别熏蒸5 h和10 h,测定和分析果实在10 d常温货架(20℃)期间的品质指标变化,以期为猕猴桃商品化处理技术提供参考依据。结果表明:与不经乙烯处理的果实相比,外源乙烯熏蒸提高了1-MCP处理猕猴桃的呼吸速率和乙烯释放速率,保持了较高的可溶性糖含量和果肉色泽a^*值,加快了果肉、果心硬度以及可滴定酸含量的下降,明显提高了果实在货架期的感官品质,其中乙烯熏蒸10 h的效果较好。外源乙烯熏蒸可以促进1-MCP处理猕猴桃在货架期的正常后熟,降低1-MCP对果实食用品质的不利影响。     

钙在乙烯促进网纹甜瓜果实软化过程中的作用

以网纹甜瓜为试材, 通过测定果实硬度、呼吸速率、乙烯释放量、1-氨基环丙烷基羧酸(ACC) 含量及ACC合成酶(ACS) 和ACC氧化酶(ACO) 的活性, 研究钙在乙烯促进网纹甜瓜果实软化过程中的调控作用。结果表明: 采用浓度为015%外源硝酸钙处理1 h和10μL·L^-1外源乙烯处理24 h, 乙烯处理可提高网纹甜瓜果实中水溶性钙含量, 降低果胶酸钙的含量, 提高果实的呼吸速率, 缩短呼吸跃变高峰出现的时间, 并通过提高ACC含量以及ACS和ACO活性, 提高了乙烯释放量; 先乙烯处理后增施钙可进一步提高水溶性钙含量并降低果胶酸钙的含量和提高呼吸速率、ACC含量、ACS和ACO活性以及乙烯释放量。但单施钙可明显提高果实中果胶酸钙的含量, 推迟降低了呼吸速率, 推迟ACC含量、ACS和ACO活性峰值出现的时间及峰度值, 从而降低了果实的乙烯释放量; 而与单用钙处理相比, 先钙后乙烯处理在一定程度上提高了呼吸速率、ACO活性和乙烯释放量, 但是以上各指标仍低于对照。由此可见, 钙虽然具有延缓网纹甜瓜果实软化的作用, 但可促进乙烯诱导条件下网纹甜瓜果实的软化。     

聪明鲜^SM质量体系在水果保鲜中的应用

聪明鲜^SM质量体系是通过安全、稳定的1-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）作用于果实．显著抑制乙烯类物质的产生，从而降低果实的呼吸速率．延迟果实的后熟衰老，达到保鲜的目的。目前已经在苹果、梨、猕猴桃、李子、柿子、西红柿、香甜瓜取得了正式登记。总结多年的贮存试验与商业性的应用经验．主要作用有如下几点：     

植物激素与柿子后熟的关系

研究了柿子后熟期内源激素的变化和外源激素的影响。结果表明，柿子的后熟取决于乙烯和脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）的协同作用，尤其在ＡＢＡ的作用更重要；而各种内源激素的平衡又影响果实对ＡＢＡ和乙烯的敏感性。越不耐藏的柿子品种，对ＡＢＡ和乙烯的忍耐性越差，二者在低浓度下限诱发后熟变化，其后期乙烯峰越高，ＡＢＡ累积越多。外源ＡＢＡ和乙烯可提高果内乙烯浓度和呼吸强度，加速果实后熟软化；ＧＡ和苄基基腺嘌呤（ＢＡ）处理可减小     

紫花芒果品质在冷藏过程中的变化

紫花芒果在一个月的低温贮藏期间，果实品质发生较规律的变化。随着贮藏期的延长，果实的后熟程度不断增大，贮至３０天，果实的可食程度最佳；充分饱满的紫花芒果，在适温（１３±１０Ｃ）和一定的湿度（８５—９０％）条件下贮藏，贮藏天数与果实后熟程度呈极显著的正相关关系（Ｒ＝０．９９８６＊＊）；而与果实可滴定酸含量呈显著的负相关。冷藏出库后经一定的货架时间，果实风味与常温自然后熟的果实几乎完全一致。若果实采收熟度不够，酸度过高（＞３．０％），果实在贮藏期间难以后熟，酸度偏高，品质较差。     

不同套袋材料对红象牙芒商品品质的影响试验

采用4种不同的套袋材料对红象牙果实进行套袋试验，结果表明：不同的套袋材料对芒果的外观品质有不同的影响，经自然后熟后，炭疽病引起的烂果率不同，单果重及可溶性固形物含量变化不明显，有一定的延缓成熟作用，用适宜的套袋材料对果实套袋可起到防病虫为害，防果皮擦伤，提高外观品质和减少后熟中烂果损耗的作用。     

甜椒果实呼吸和乙烯释放规律的研究

不同品种、不同发育阶段的甜椒果实，采收后，在20℃下的呼吸、乙烯释放均表现下降趋势。外源乙烯处理不能诱导绿熟甜椒果实出现呼吸高峰，而只能对于过熟的全红果实的呼吸有暂时的促进作用，甜椒果实的呼吸表现属于非跃变类型。甜椒果实ACC含量与EFE活性从幼嫩果到成熟的全红果实呈下降趋势，不表现跃变型番茄果实所具有的ACC含量和EFE活性峰形变化趋势。跃变类型果实与非跃变型果实的乙烯代谢有明显的区别。     

采前硝普钠喷洒增强厚皮甜瓜果实的采后抗病性

【目的】研究果实发育期硝普钠(Sodium Nitroprusside,SNP)多次喷洒对采后厚皮甜瓜抗病性、后熟和能量代谢的影响。【方法】以‘玛瑙’厚皮甜瓜为试材,在果实幼果期(花后14 d)、膨大前期(花后21 d)、膨大后期(花后28 d)和成熟期(采前2 d)4个时期分别采用0.5 mmol·L-1SNP进行喷洒,以清水喷洒作为对照,观察处理对采后果实损伤接种粉红单端孢发病率及病斑直径的影响,测定果实采收及贮藏期间的呼吸速率和乙烯释放量,分析果实苹果酸脱氢酶和琥珀酸脱氢酶活性以及能荷水平的变化。【结果】SNP喷洒有效抑制了采后损伤接种果实的发病率和病斑直径,贮藏6 d时,分别低于对照47.4%和37.4%。SNP处理降低了果实采收时的乙烯释放量,以及贮藏期间果实的呼吸强度和乙烯释放量,并使果实呼吸和乙烯跃变峰的出现推迟了2 d。此外,SNP处理还显著提高了果实贮藏期间苹果酸脱氢酶和琥珀酸脱氢酶的活性,延缓了ATP的下降速率,提高了ADP的含量,维持了果实较高的能荷水平。【结论】果实发育期SNP多次喷洒可有效提高厚皮甜瓜果实的采后抗病性,该作用与一氧化氮延缓果实后熟,增加能量供应,提高能荷水平密切相关。     

PG,ACC,乙烯对番茄果实成熟的影响

番茄果实在成熟过程中硬度下降迅速，ＰＧ活性急剧上升，表现出显著的负相关；用ＡＣＣ和乙烯利处理绿熟期果实，结果乙烯促进了正常番茄和ａｌｃ番茄果实成熟进程，其ＰＧ活性也升高，而外源乙烯和ＡＣＣ不影响ｎｏｒ基因突变体果实的成熟进程。ＡＣＣ和ＰＧ无直接关系。     

Changes in ripening behavior of ‘d'Anjou’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) after cold storage

‘d'Anjou’ pear fruit, harvested at optimum maturity with flesh firmness of 6.8 kg, were stored at ?1.1°C. Fruit were ripened at 20°C for 15 days following storage for 1–8 months. Dessert qualities were evaluated organoleptically on Day 10 of each ripening period. Changes in fruit firmness, extractable juice, titratable acids, solubl solids, respiration, ethylene production and internal ethylene were determined daily during each ripening period. Fruit firmness declined continually from 6.8 kg at harvest to 4.5 kg after 8 months of storage. Fruit stored for 2–8 months softened with a similar pattern during a 15-day ripening period at 20°C, while fruit stored for 1 month softened at a slower rate during ripening to 3.2 kg, with a coarse and dry texture after 15 days at 20°C. Fruit stored for 2–4 months ripened with the desirable buttery and juicy texture, while those stored for more than 5 months ripened with a coarse or mealy and dry texture. The buttery and juicy texture was highly correlated with a lower extractable juice, which could be used for quantitative determination of storage life based on ripened fruit quality. Changes in titratable acids and soluble solids during each ripening period were not associated with changes in dessert qualities of the ripened pears. Rates of respiration, ethylene production and internal ethylene during ripening at 20°C varied with duration of storage, but were not associated with changes in dessert qualities of the ripened fruit.     

Effect of ethrel in aqueous solution and ethylene released from ethrel on mango fruit ripening

Summary

The effect of ethrel in aqueous solution and ethylene released from ethrel was evaluated on fruit ripening of ‘Kitchner’, ‘Dr Knight’ and ‘Abu-Samaka’ mango. Ripening was enhanced in all treated fruits of the three cultivars at all concentrations used. The ripening rate progressively increased with increase in concentration. Ethylene released from ethrel was more effective in triggering fruit ripening than dipping fruits in aqueous solution of ethrel. Depending on concentration and cultivar, ripening was 1–3.d faster in fruits dipped in 500 and 1000 ppm ethrel and 1–5.d earlier in fruits treated with 250, 500 and 1000 ppm ethylene released from ethrel, compared with untreated fruits. The effect on fruit ripening was indicated by enhanced climacteric peak, increased skin colour, increased total soluble solids and decreased flesh firmness.     

Comparative studies on the postharvest physiology of fruit from different species of Annona (custard apple)

Summary

Fruit of three Annona species, viz. cherimoya (A. cherimola Mill), sugar apple (A. squamosa L.) and custard apple (atemoya, Annona X) were ripened in ethylene-free air and under propylene. Differences were found in patterns of respiration, ethylene production and fruit firmness changes during ripening. Cherimoya and custard apple fruits showed two successive rises in respiration rate whereas sugar apple fruits showed only one. Ethylene production showed one main peak but the onset of rapid ethylene production occurred after the beginning of the respiration climacteric in all three species. Custard apple fruit had acceptable eating quality (as judged by sensory assessments and chemical analyses of pulp) for up to four days after first detectable softening, when ripened at 20°C in ethylene-free air or under propylene. Fruit ripened in ethylene-free air had better ripe fruit quality than fruit ripened under propylene.     

蔗糖磷酸合成酶与香蕉果实成熟、衰老的关系

 研究了正常成熟、成熟抑制和促进成熟处理的香蕉果实蔗糖磷酸合成酶( SPS) 与呼吸速率、硬度及蔗糖形成的关系。结果表明: (1) 使用乙烯吸收剂不仅极显著抑制了呼吸速率、果实软化和蔗糖的积累(P < 0.01) , 同时抑制了SPS的活性, 与正常成熟果实相比, 其SPS活性高峰延迟3 d出现, 酶活性明显降低。(2) 丙烯处理不仅使SPS活性高峰比对照提前9 d出现, 而且促进了呼吸速率的提高, 加速了硬度的下降和蔗糖的积累。表明SPS与香蕉果实的成熟、衰老和糖的积累及果实软化等有密切的关系。     

The effect of conditions of storage on the respiration of apples. VI. The effects of temperature and controlled atmosphere storage on the relationship between rates of production of ethylene and carbon dioxide

Studies on freshly harvested fruit of three apple cultivars kept in air or under C.A. conditions at 12°, 7.2°, 3.3° and 0 °C have shown that the initiation of ethylene production is not necessarily associated with the onset of the respiration climacteric, and therefore cast doubt on the belief that ethylene is a ripening hormone. The dissociation of the two phenomena was effected by low temperatures and by storage under C.A. conditions.

The studies showed also that there is a linear relationship between rate of production of ethylene and its concentration in the intercellular spaces of the fruit.     

采后1-MCP和热处理对红富士苹果生理变化和贮藏品质的影响

采用1-MCP(浓度为1μL/L,18h)、热空气(HA)38℃-96h及2者结合对富士苹果进行处理,处理后的果实置于(0±0.5)℃条件冷藏4个月,然后置于20℃条件下7d(模拟货架期)。试验发现在整个贮藏过程中所有处理组均能抑制果实的乙烯释放速率和呼吸强度,减缓果实硬度的降低。热处理组对固酸比的上升有显著作用,保持了较高的非水溶性果胶含量和较低的水溶性果胶含量。热处理在贮藏过程中对于果实硬度的保持与对照组相比起到一定的作用,但加速了果皮中叶绿素含量的降解。1-MCP处理组能够较好地抑制果实果皮的褪绿,保持果皮中较高的叶绿素含量,初期抑制细胞膜透性的上升,延缓果实的后熟衰老。结合处理组较好地保持果实膜的完整性,减缓了由热处理所引起的果皮叶绿素的降解,并保持较高的含酸量,保持了较好的风味品质。     

草酸处理减轻杧果采后果实冷害的机理研究

 杧果（Mangifera indica L.）‘Zill’果实采后经5 mmol · L^-1草酸溶液浸泡10 min后,在低温（10± 0.5）℃下贮藏27 d,再移至常温25℃贮藏4 d,冷害系数和质膜相对透性显著低于对照;草酸处理降低了果实在贮藏后期的呼吸速率和乙烯释放速率,抑制了多酚氧化酶（PPO）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性,维持了较高果肉亮度值（L^*）,可溶性固形物（SSC）、游离脯氨酸和柠檬酸含量。说明草酸处理可提高质膜稳定性,抑制褐变相关酶活性以及维持一些渗透调节物质含量来增加采后果实的抗冷性,缓解果实冷害症状。     

番茄乙烯受体基因反义表达对果实成熟的影响

 以乙烯受体基因LeETR1和LeETR2的转反义基因株系ale1和ale2为材料, 对果实成熟特性进行了研究。转基因番茄果实与对照相比, 呼吸速率下降, 但乙烯释放速率增加1～4倍, 呼吸高峰和乙烯跃变高峰出现的时间没有改变, 表明果实成熟起始时间没有改变。ale1果实成熟后期着色速度减慢, 红熟果色泽a值、番茄红素和类胡萝卜素含量都显著低于对照; 但果实多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性上升和硬度下降速度都显著高于对照。这说明LeETR1基因与果实成熟品质特征的形成可能存在比较复杂的关系。     

Slowing the deterioration of mango fruit during cold storage by pre-storage application of oxalic acid

Summary

The effects of pre-storage application of oxalic acid (OA) on the incidence of decay and ripening in mango fruit, and its physiological effects on the peel and flesh of mango were investigated after mango fruit (Mangifera indica L. cv. Zill) were dipped in 5 mM OA for 10 min at 25ºC then stored at 14º ± 1ºC for 5 weeks. In addition, spore germination and mycelium growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media containing different concentrations of OA were measured. Application of OA decreased the incidence of decay and delayed the ripening process in mango fruit during cold storage. However, there was no reduction in fruit quality, as judged by the soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) of fruit ripened at 25ºC for 3 d, following 3 weeks of cold storage. Oxalic acid-treatment resulted in decreased lipoxygenase (LOX) activity and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the peel, and increased ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in both the peel and the flesh, coincident with a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS).At or above 5 mM, OA with unaltered (natural) pH or after neutralisation, also inhibited C. gloeosporioides development in vitro. It is suggested that the physiological effects of OA, in decreasing LOX activity and enhancing defense against oxidation damage, contributed to delaying the ripening process in mango fruit during cold storage. Thus, pre-storage application of OA could be a promising method to suppress post-harvest deterioration and extend the shelf-life of refrigerated mango fruit, possibly due to a combination of its physiological effect in delaying the ripening process, coupled with an inhibition of the development of pathogens such as C. gloeosporioides.