Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM13241 as a probiotic in healthy adult cats

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with the probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM13241 in healthy adult cats. ANIMALS: 15 adult cats. PROCEDURES: Cats were fed a nutritionally complete dry food for 5 weeks. Fecal character was assessed daily, and a single fecal sample and 3-mL blood sample were collected for bacterial enumeration and hematologic analysis, respectively. Cats were then fed the same diet supplemented with L acidophilus DSM13241 (2 x 10(8) CFU/d) for 4.5 weeks. Repeat fecal and hematologic measurements were taken prior to the return to control diet for a 4-week period. RESULTS: The probiotic species was recovered from feces, demonstrating survival through the feline gastrointestinal tract. Probiotic supplementation was associated with increased numbers of beneficial Lactobacillus and L acidophilus groups in feces and decreased numbers of Clostridium spp and Enterococcus faecalis, indicating an altered bacterial balance in the gastrointestinal tract microflora. Fecal pH was also decreased suggesting a colonic environment selective for the beneficial lactic acid bacterial population. Systemic and immunomodulatory effects were associated with administration of L acidophilus DSM13241 including altered cell numbers within WBC subsets and enhanced phagocytic capacity in the peripheral granulocyte population. In addition, plasma endotoxin concentrations were decreased during probiotic feeding, and RBCs had a decreased susceptibility to osmotic pressure. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Probiotic strain L acidophilus DSM13241 fed at 2 x 10(8) CFU/d can alter the balance of gastrointestinal microflora in healthy cats. Furthermore, administration of this probiotic results in beneficial systemic and immunomodulatory effects in cats.     

Preliminary evaluation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG,a potential probiotic in dogs

Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG (LGG) has been studied extensively as a probiotic in humans. However, the ability of an organism to survive passage through the intestinal tract and exert beneficial effects cannot be directly extrapolated between species. This study evaluated the ability of LGG to survive gastrointestinal transit in dogs and assessed whether oral administration of LGG is safe, in order to determine whether studies evaluating the efficacy of LGG in the treatment of canine disease are indicated. Dogs were divided into 5 groups receiving doses of 0 (control group, n = 4), 1 x 10(9) (group 1, n = 8), 1 x 10(10) (group 2, n = 8), 5 x 10(10) (group 3, n = 8) and 5 x 10(11) (group 4, n = 4) colony forming units per day, orally, for 5 days. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was detected in the feces of 4/8 dogs in groups 1 and 2, 5/8 dogs in group 3, 4/4 dogs in group 4, and 0/4 dogs in the control group. Fecal colonization was significantly greater in group 4 than in any other group (P < 0.001). Differences between groups 1, 2, and 3 were not significant. No adverse effects were noted. Fecal colonization of LGG in dogs is somewhat variable; however, clinical studies are indicated to evaluate this organism in the treatment and prevention of canine disease.     

Testing two Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus strains for their suitability as a lipoid probiotic

Two strains of lactobacilli (Lactobacillus acidophilus T-135 and Lactobacillus plantarum 4/97) were selected in order to study their inhibitory properties against frequent udder pathogens (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, Salmonella enteritidis and Bacillus pumilus), their production of organic acids as well as their ability to survive on the teat skin, the teat duct mucosa and in a lipoid emulsion. Both strains inhibited the tested pathogenic microbes and survived on the investigated surfaces and in an emulsion for more than 6 hours and 11 days, respectively.     

Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG is a potential probiotic for calves

Diarrhea is a common occurrence in neonatal calves. Several veterinary probiotics claiming to prevent or treat calf diarrhea are available, but have not been well studied. This study assessed the capability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG (LGG) to maintain viability in the gastrointestinal tract of calves. We also determined whether LGG can be administered in an oral rehydration solution (ORS) without compromising the efficacy of the ORS or the viability of LGG, and whether LGG produces D-lactate or not. To investigate the intestinal survival of LGG, 15 calves were randomized into 3 groups and LGG was administered orally with their morning milk feeding on 3 consecutive days at a low (LD), medium (MD), or high (HD) dosage. Fecal samples were collected on days 0 (control), 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 and incubated for 72 h on deMan, Rogosa, Sharpe agar. Twenty-four hours after the 1st feeding, LGG was recovered from 1 out of 5 calves in the LD group, 4 out of 5 calves in the MD group, and 5 out of 5 calves in the HD group. To determine if LGG caused the glucose levels in the ORS to drop below effective levels, 1.5 L of the ORS was incubated with LGG for 2 h at 37 degrees C and the glucose concentration was measured every 20 min using a glucose meter. This ORS was then further incubated for 10 h and aliquots analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography to determine if D-lactate was produced by LGG. Glucose concentrations did not change over the 2 h of incubation, and no D-lactate was produced after 48 h. The LGG maintained viability in ORS. Therefore, this study demonstrated that LGG survives intestinal transit in the young calf, produces no D-lactate, and can be administered in an ORS.     

Echocardiographic values in clinically healthy adult dogue de Bordeaux dogs

Objectives : To assess the influence of body surface area, age and gender on echocardiographic parameters and to establish echocardiographic reference values for dogue de Bordeaux dogs. Methods : Thirty‐nine healthy dogue de Bordeaux dogs of both sexes, older than one year, were recruited and 31 of these were included in the study. The classic linear regression model proved to be the best way to analyse the data. The reference limits of the echocardiographic measurements were calculated using the regression equations. The difference between the mean values of body surface area in both gender groups was evaluated by using one‐way ANOVA. Results : A significant correlation was seen between several echocardiographic parameters and body surface area or body surface area and age, and high coefficients of determination (R2) were found. No effect of gender was detected on echocardiographic variables, except for the thickness of the left ventricular posterior wall at end diastole. Clinical Significance : The echocardiographic parameters related to body surface area, in the absence of correlation with other independent variables (gender and age) should be interpreted with caution because their variation could be significant for the presence of heart disease. The proposed statistical model allows estimation of echocardiographic parameters in dogue de Bordeaux dogs with different body surface areas and ages.     

鸡用益生性乳酸杆菌的研究与应用

本文对近10年来以乳酸杆菌作为鸡用益生菌的应用效果进行了综述，添加乳酸杆菌能显著提高肉鸡生长速度5％-10％（占统计数73％L2／3的试验能显著提高饲料效率，但幅度相差较大（从2．5％到30％）。多数报道认为能提高机体免疫力、抑制病，原菌的致病性，降低鸡的死亡率。乳酸杆菌对产蛋鸡生产性能的影响较稳定。     

鼠李糖乳杆菌对健康幼犬肠道菌群的影响

鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG,LGG)是从健康人肠道分离出的1株乳杆菌,是人类研究最广泛的益生菌之一[1].近年来,国外科学家通过大量的动物实验和人体临床试验证明,LGG能够耐受动物消化道环境,在人和动物肠道内定植,起到调节肠道菌群、预防和治疗腹泻、排除毒素及提高机体免疫力等功效[2].目前国内并无LGG应用于幼犬的报道,为此本试验通过研究LGG在幼犬肠道内的存活率及肠道主要菌群的变化,探讨LGG对幼犬肠道菌群的影响.     

Effects of isoflurane on echocardiographic parameters in healthy dogs

Objective To study the echocardiographic effects of isoflurane at an end‐tidal concentration approximating 1.0 times the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in healthy unpremedicated dogs. Study design Prospective experimental trial. Animals Sixteen mature mongrel dogs of either sex weighing 11.06 ± 2.72 kg. Methods After performing a baseline echocardiogram in the awake animal, anesthesia was induced with increasing inspired concentrations of isoflurane via a face mask until tracheal intubation was possible. Following intubation, the end‐tidal concentration was decreased to 1.4% for the rest of the anesthetic period. Serial echocardiograms were recorded at 25, 40, and 55 minutes after the end‐tidal concentration was reached. Results No changes were observed in heart rate. However, significant decreases were seen in left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter (Mean maximal change: 13.8%), interventricular septal thickness during systole (15.2%), interventricular septal thickening fraction (72.2%), left ventricular free wall thickening fraction (63.5%), ejection fraction (39.9%), and fractional shortening (46.7%). In addition, peak flow velocities across mitral, pulmonic, and aortic valves were significantly lower than baseline values. Decreases were also observed in end‐diastolic left ventricular volume index (approximately 32.1% from the awake value), stroke index (58.2%), and cardiac index (55.3%) when compared with awake measurements. Conclusions and clinical relevance Our results indicate that 1 × MAC isoflurane caused significant myocardial depression in healthy dogs. These changes in myocardial function need to be considered carefully when isoflurane is to be used in dogs with poor cardiovascular reserve.     

两种方法保存嗜酸乳杆菌效果的比较研究

在相同的温度和时间条件下,比较滤纸片法和甘油生理盐水冻存法保存嗜酸乳杆菌的效果。用滤纸片法和甘油生理盐水冻存法,分别进行不同温度的嗜酸乳杆菌保存试验;并于预定时间内,对各处理组分别进行复苏及预定检测。在室温和4℃条件下,用滤纸片法保存的嗜酸乳杆菌出现了生化特性和形态的异常状况。随着保存时间的延长,滤纸片保存法比甘油生理盐水冻存法的嗜酸乳杆菌存活量明显减少。两种方法保存的菌种,均表现为-80℃组的嗜酸乳杆菌存活量明显大于-20℃组。说明在-80℃温度条件下,甘油生理盐水冻存法比滤纸片法具有较大的嗜酸乳杆菌存活量。     

嗜酸乳杆菌对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、肠道微生物及经济效益的影响

为探究饲料中嗜酸乳杆菌对肉鸡生产的效果,试验选取11日龄健康的黄羽肉鸡200羽,随机分为5组。分别为对照组(饲喂基础日粮),试验1、2、3、4组在基础日粮中分别添加5、10、15g/kg的嗜酸乳杆菌和150mg/kg的抗菌肽。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,嗜酸乳杆菌组显著提高了肉鸡的日增重与采食量(P<0.05);但与抗菌肽组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。(2)添加嗜酸乳杆菌15g/kg时,试验组中盲肠段内的双歧杆菌数量显著提高(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,4个试验组中的盲肠、回肠乳酸杆菌与双歧杆菌均有所提高,但只有试验3、4组呈现显著性差异(P<0.05),除此之外,各分组中回肠大肠杆菌数量无明显差异(P>0.05)。(3)与对照组相比,饲料中添加不同嗜酸乳杆菌能明显提高肉鸡生长性能和饲料利用率,增加经济效益。     

Effect of native Lactobacillus murinus LbP2 administration on total fecal IgA in healthy dogs

The objective of the present work was to determine the effect of Lactobacillus murinus strain LbP2 on canine fecal immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels. Seven dogs were orally treated with a 3-mL suspension of L. murinus LbP2 containing 5 × 10⁹ colony-forming units on alternate days for 2 wk. Six dogs were treated with 3 mL of phosphate-buffered saline as placebo. Fecal samples were taken from the rectal ampulla on days 0 and 16, and the total canine fecal IgA concentration was determined with an immunoperoxidase assay kit. The IgA levels of individual dogs were compared with the nonparametric Wilcoxon test. Differences were considered significant when the P-value was less than 0.05. An increase in the total fecal IgA concentration was observed in the 7 dogs after treatment with L. murinus LbP2 (P = 0.01796). No differences were detected between the initial total fecal IgA values and those obtained at the end of placebo treatment. Thus, after oral administration L. murinus LbP2 showed potential immunomodulatory effects, an important property to assess in a microorganism being considered for use as a probiotic.     

Owner impressions of three premium diets fed to healthy adult dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine owner impressions of 3 premium canine diets when factors such as price and retail source were removed; to compare body condition scores (BCSs) assigned by owners versus a veterinarian; and to determine consistency of owner impressions of diets when owners were not informed that they were feeding the same diet during 2 consecutive periods. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. ANIMALS: 44 healthy adult dogs. PROCEDURE: During the initial 12 months of the study, dogs were each fed 3 premium diets for 4 months in random order. After feeding each diet for 1 and 4 months, owners completed questionnaires regarding palatability of the diet; the dog's attitude, energy level, fecal consistency, frequency of defecation, hair coat quality, and BCS; and whether they would feed the diet if available commercially. During the last 4 months of the study, owners fed the same diet they had been feeding during the previous 4 months. RESULTS: Scores for most variables did not differ among diets. However, mean BCS assigned by owners was significantly lower than mean BCS assigned by an investigator, with a moderate correlation between scores. When asked at the end of the third and fourth study periods whether they would consider feeding the diet long-term, 12 of the 44 (27%) owners gave inconsistent responses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate that when unaware of retail price and source, owners have similar impressions of 3 premium diets fed to healthy adult dogs, suggesting that factors other than the diets themselves may affect owner impressions. Owners also underestimate their dog's BCS.     

姬松茸多糖-嗜酸乳杆菌合生元微胶囊的研制

研究旨在制作一种可以通过单胃动物胃液的酸性环境并在肠液中释放的姬松茸多糖-嗜酸乳杆菌合生元.试验采用微胶囊法,以海藻酸钠和姬松茸多糖作为复合壁材包裹嗜酸乳杆菌,使用壳聚糖进行2次包被,测定微胶囊的包埋率、在人工胃液中的保护性及在人工肠液中的释放性,评估微胶囊的效果;使用牛津杯法测定合生元的抑菌效果.结果 显示,当海藻酸...     

表达鼠源GLP-2重组嗜酸乳杆菌的构建

嗜酸乳杆菌是一种常见的肠道益生菌。嗜酸乳杆菌及其代谢产物可以调节肠道菌群的比例,增强肠道屏障功能,调节相关免疫反应,从而维护肠道内环境稳态,在一定程度上达到了治疗IBD的作用。胰高血糖素样肽-2(glucagon-like peptide-2,GLP-2)作为一种肠道营养因子,可促进肠粘膜增殖、抑制其凋亡,从而改善肠屏障功能,促进肠吸收功能恢复。本研究将GLP-2与嗜酸乳杆菌信号肽重组连接pMG36e质粒上,通过电转化转入感受态嗜酸乳杆菌中,构成重组嗜酸乳杆菌。结果表明,重组pMG36e质粒中扩增GLP-2基因与基因库公布的一致,通过Western blot检测到重组嗜酸乳杆菌上清液中有GLP-2蛋白表达。重组嗜酸乳杆菌的成功构建,使GLP-2与嗜酸乳杆菌对IBD发挥了双重疗效,为后续研究重组益生菌应用于临床治疗IBD奠定了基础。     

Effects of diet on pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in healthy dogs

OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of various diets on the pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital and the interactive effects of changes in body composition and metabolic rate. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 27 healthy sexually intact adult female Beagles. PROCEDURE: Pharmacokinetic studies of phenobarbital were performed before and 2 months after dogs were fed 1 of 3 diets (group 1, maintenance diet; group 2, protein-restricted diet; group 3, fat- and protein-restricted diet) and treated with phenobarbital (approx 3 mg/kg [1.4 mg/lb] of body weight, p.o., q 12 h). Pharmacokinetic studies involved administering phenobarbital (15 mg/kg [6.8 mg/lb], i.v.) and collecting blood samples at specific intervals for 240 hours. Effects of diet and time were determined by repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Volume of distribution, mean residence time, and half-life (t1/2) of phenobarbital significantly decreased, whereas clearance rate and elimination rate significantly increased with time in all groups. Dietary protein or fat restriction induced significantly greater changes: t1/2 (hours) was lower in groups 2 (mean +/- SD; 25.9 +/- 6.10 hours) and 3 (24.0 +/- 4.70) than in group 1 (32.9 +/- 5.20). Phenobarbital clearance rate (ml/kg/min) was significantly higher in group 3 (0.22 +/- 0.05 ml/kg/min) than in groups 1 (0.17 +/- 0.03) or 2 (0.18 +/- 0.03). Induction of serum alkaline phosphatase activity (U/L) was greater in groups 2 (192.4 +/- 47.5 U/L) and 3 (202.0 +/- 98.2) than in group 1 (125.0 +/- 47.5). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinically important differences between diet groups were observed regarding pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital, changes in CBC and serum biochemical variables, and body composition. Drug dosage must be reevaluated if a dog's diet, body weight, or body composition changes during treatment. Changes in blood variables that may indicate liver toxicosis caused by phenobarbital may be amplified by diet-drug interactions.     

The normal electroretinogram in adult healthy Shih Tzu dogs using the HMsERG

Electroretinography (ERG) is a reliable diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of retinal disease. It measures electric potentials occurring in the retina in response to light stimulation. In this study, we examined the normal electroretinogram using the Handheld Multispecies ERG (HMsERG) in Shih Tzu dogs. ERG recordings were performed in twelve eyes of six healthy Shih Tzu dogs. Dogs were anesthetized with a combination of medetomidine and ketamine. Proparacaine eye drops were also applied as a topical anesthetic. Tropicamide eye drops were applied for mydriasis. After 20 min of dark adaptation, we recorded the amplitudes and implicit times of the b-waves of the rod, standard rod and cone (Std R&C), high-intensity rod and cone (Hi-int R&C), and cone systems, and responses of the cones and inner retina by flicker light stimulation (cone flicker). Results showed that mean the amplitudes of a-waves of Std R&C, Hi-int R&C, and the cone responses were 141.25 µV, 173.00 µV, and 12.92 µV, respectively. The b-waves of the rod responses ranged from 141.58 to 155.25 µV; the Std R&C was 314.75 µV, the Hi-int R&C was 329.42 µV, the cones were 37.75 µV, and the flicker responses were 64.08 µV. The b/a ratios for the Std R&C, Hi-int R&C, and the cone response were 2.29, 1.94, and 3.71, respectively. Mean implicit time of the a-wave of the Std R&C was 15.12 ms, of Hi-int R&C was 13.42 ms, and of the cone response was 7.22 ms. The b-wave of the rod responses ranged from 68.12 to 72.68 ms, of Std R&C were 37.28 ms, of Hi-int R&C were 41.90, of the cone responses were 38.12 ms, and of the cone flicker responses were 22.80 ms. We believe that these parameters can be used as reference "normal" ERGs ranges for Shih Tzu dogs using the HMsERG under medetomidine and ketamine anesthesia.     

饲用嗜酸乳杆菌拮抗特性研究

抗生素的广泛、长期使用,引起胃肠功能紊乱(杨洁彬,1996;康白,1996),造成肠道功能失调、耐药菌增加(Jack,1995;Fuller,1991),人们由此求助于生物防治办法。乳杆菌是人和动物肠道中的正常生理菌群,多种乳杆菌可以入药(Kashket,1985;Vincent,1959)。在乳杆菌家族中嗜酸乳杆菌(Lac     

Nisin 对 Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 和 Bifidobac

在MRS平板上,采用琼脂扩散法测定了Nisin对Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5和Bifidobacterium bifidum Bb-12生长的抑制作用。当Nisin浓度≥50ug/ml时,对Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5表现出强烈的抑制作用,而Bifidobacterium bifidum Bb-12则几乎不生长,即使Nisin的浓度仅为25ug/ml,当L.acidophilus La-5和B.bifidum Bb-12单独或两者共同在37℃发酵10％（w/w)还原脱脂奶时,脱脂奶中添加的50ug/ml Nisin对B.bifidum Bb-12表现出杀菌作用,而对L.acidophilus La-5则为抑菌作用。当延长培养时间后。L.acidophilus La-5的存在可以降低Nisin对B.bifidum Bb-12的致死作用。     

嗜酸乳杆菌突变株产共轭亚油酸异构酶的纯化研究

以嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM和Lakcid作为出发菌株,通过紫外诱变及化学诱变筛选得到突变株.代谢亚油酸生成共轭亚油酸(CLA),研究转化过程中的关键性酶-亚油酸异构酶的酶学性质,采用硫酸铵沉淀、透析等对该酶进行纯化,用SDS-PAGE测得该酶的亚基分子量为60.5 ku;并得出该酶的最适温度是44℃,最适pH是6.0左右,金属离子Fe2+、K+对异构酶的反应有促进作用,Zn2+等对反应都起抑制作用.