江苏绿化树种耐涝性调查

１９９１年特大洪灾后，作者对南京，无锡，苏州等的绿化树种，尤其是园林树种的耐涝性进行了调查。根据树木水淹后的反应将树木耐涝性分为三级，敏感，中等耐涝和耐涝，共调查树种８６种（品种）获得了一些对树木耐涝性的新认识，对影响树林耐涝性的因子进行了讨论。     

里下河低湿地适生树种调查及造林技术初步研究

对高邮34个常见树种耐涝性进行了调查，结果表明耐涝性强的树种有11个，耐涝性较好的树种有12个，耐涝性一般的树种有6个，耐涝性差的树种有5个。在平均地下水位-80cm以下、夏季短暂淹水（0～30d）的立地，营造防护林、用材林时，应选南林95杨、南林895杨、35杨等优良品种做为主要树种，其他耐涝性强及较好的树种作为辅助树种；在平均地下水位-20～-50cm，夏季淹水15～60d的立地，应以苏柳J799、J795、J172无性系为主要树种，除杨树外的其他耐涝性强的树种为辅助树种；低于-20cm、且经常淹水的立地，不适宜林木生长，需人工抬田，改地适树。杨、柳树造林时宜采用截根插干造林技术，以实现经济、高效和可持续发展。     

木兰科植物形态学耐涝性评价体系的建立及应用研究

木兰科植物兼具观赏、药用、材用、生态和科研价值，文化内涵深远，适应范围广，几乎涵盖整个中国，可作为建设低碳生态园林城市的重要植物材料，但相对较差的抗逆性成为制约其园林应用推广的最大瓶颈。为发掘耐涝性种质资源，研究人员根据淹水胁迫过程中木兰科植物的表型变化，选定叶色变化、植株萎蔫情况、茎基部变化和成活率变化4个指标，将其定量分级，制定等级得分标准及评价方案，然后以各指标得分的总和对耐涝性进行综合评价，建立了木兰科植物耐涝性评价体系。研究已对31木兰科种类的2～3年生种播苗进行了耐涝性鉴定，初步筛选出3个耐涝性强的木兰科优异种质。     

发泡涝糟液

涝糟液是流传在中国民间的一种家酿饮料。原料是大米或高梁。工艺是：浸米→洗米→蒸饭→品温３５℃拌曲→品温２８℃拌酒母→品温２８℃～３２℃发酵四天→成品涝糟→加水、加精煮沸→涝糟液。家酿的涝糟液独具一种涝糟型风味，很适合经再创造后作为饮料型低度酒供餐饮时饮用。若作为餐饮用酒首先要解决的是降低涝糟液的糖度和降低糖度后出现水腥味的技术难题；其次是要解决把家酿手工生产改为工业批量生产。 该技术是保留家酿发酵工艺，增加品温１６℃～１８℃发酵；增加品温０℃低品温冷库自然发酵的技术，把发酵用水改为用茶叶、荷叶、…     

黔东南林区洪涝灾害发生的根源及生态治理对策

通过对黔东南林区涝涝灾害产生原因的分析，指出当前生态环境建设面临的难题，提出了调整治山治水战略、遏制林地流失、加快自然保护区建设、实施好天然林保护工程等为主的生态治理措施。     

城市绿地涝渍的形成及其对园林植物的影响

分析了城市绿地涝渍形成的原因及影响涝渍危害程度的因素,探讨了涝渍对园林植物形态、生理生化方面的影响,提出了避免或降低城市绿地涝渍危害的措施。     

松嫩平原低洼易涝盐碱地井灌水稻节水灌溉技术研究

节水灌溉能提高单井灌溉率，扩大稻田灌溉面积，提高土壤温度和水温，促进水稻的生长发育，节水省油，降低成本，做到增产增收。节水灌溉技术以水调温、以水治碱，创造适宜水稻生长的环境。水稻是需水较多作物，水量多少是决定能否种稻的先决条件。松嫩平原低洼易涝盐碱地土壤类型有苏打盐碱土、盐渍化潜育草甸土和盐化潜育土，地势低洼，排水困难，地下水位高，土壤盐碱含量大，盐碱危害严重，内涝灾害频繁。松嫩平原低洼易涝盐碱地地下水资源极为丰富，近年来大力开发低洼易涝盐碱地打井种稻，取得了明显的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。…     

涝渍胁迫对林木生长及生理生化等影响的研究概述

土壤涝渍危害是威胁生态安全和人类生存的重要环境问题之一。林木作为自然生态系统的重要组成部分,其在涝渍胁迫下的响应、耐涝机理研究,以及林木耐涝性评价等日渐成为各国学者研究的热点。该文就近年来国内外学者对林木抗涝渍胁迫的相关研究进行了概述。     

银荆引种育苗试验

报道了引种银荆过程中播种，芽移育苗，苗木生长及其抗冻性，耐涝性，病害发生情况。     

两个树种在涝渍胁迫下的生长及生理变化研究

文章通过为期60d田间模拟试验,以1年生落羽杉、乌桕实生苗为试才,采用完全随机试验设计,对两个树种在涝渍胁迫下的生长变化、光合特性及荧光动力学参数进行了初步研究。结果表明:在涝渍处理条件下,两个树种均产生了大量的不定根且生物量增量和相对生长率也表现出对涝渍胁迫的适应性。涝渍处理下,2个树种的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)均显著降低,涝渍程度越强,其下降幅度越大。两个树种相比,落羽杉具有更强的耐涝性。     

淹水胁迫对两种栎树生长的影响

对纳塔栎、南方红栎的2 a生苗在深度淹水约20 cm、浅度淹水(完全水饱和)、对照3种水平下持续76 d的生长进行研究,其中又以抗涝性极强的落羽杉作为参照.主要测定了各树种的生物量和株高,并对外部形态特征及叶片内部解剖结构的变化进行了观察.结果表明:浅淹没有造成苗木死亡,深度淹水第49天南方红栎开始出现枯死植株,第76天纳塔栎出现轻微受害症状,落羽杉没有出现受害症状.与各自对照相比,浅淹水平对落羽杉、纳塔栎的高生长及生物量的累积均具有促进作用,且对落羽杉影响较显著,而对南方红栎影响不显著;深淹水平对落羽杉、纳塔栎的'高生长及生物量的累积影响不显著,但对南方红栎具有显著的抑制作用.同时,发现淹水对落羽杉、纳塔栎的叶片解剖性状影响不显著,而深淹水平下,数据显示南方红栎的叶片内部细胞间隙明显增大.综合表明两种栎树都具有较强的耐水性,而纳塔栎更优于南方红栎,仅次于落羽杉.     

水分胁迫下绿风95对毛豆幼苗生长及其抗渍性的影响

在水分胁迫下采用不同浓度的绿风95对毛豆幼苗进行叶面喷施处理,测定其对毛豆幼苗生长及其抗渍性的影响。试验结果表明:采用一定浓度的绿风95处理可以促进苗生长、提高根系活力、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量和抑制丙二醛增生、降低细胞膜透性,增强了毛豆幼苗对渍水环境的抵抗能力。从叶面喷施对毛豆的营养指标和生理指标进行综合判断可知:在试验的范围内,以2ml/L绿风95的处理效果为最佳。     

Intra- and interspecific diversity in the response to waterlogging of two co-occurring white oak species (Quercus robur and Q. petraea)

Quercus robur L. and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. are sympatric oak species with different ecological requirements. Quercus robur is more tolerant to waterlogging than Q. petraea. This ecological divergence may play a role in the maintenance of the two species despite the absence of an insurmountable reproductive barrier between them. We predicted that the genetic architecture of traits related to waterlogging tolerance differs between the species. To gain insight into this architecture in the absence of genetic markers for waterlogging tolerance, we compared populations of seedlings of each species for diversity in the expression of quantitative phenotypic traits induced by severe hypoxia. To determine the capacity for hypertrophied lenticel formation, we applied gas-impermeable mastic to stems of seedlings. Two months after application, the mastic treatment had induced the formation of 3 (+/- 2) cm(-2) hypertrophied lenticels in the absence of root hypoxia. Leaf epinasty during root hypoxia was an early predictor of seedling mortality. Four weeks of waterlogging resulted in greater epinasty in Q. petraea than in Q. robur, but fewer hypertrophied lenticels (16 +/- 6 versus 21 +/- 9 cm(-2)) and adventitious roots (2.7 +/- 4.7 versus 5.2 +/- 5.9). Differences between species in these traits were associated with differences in the frequencies of extreme phenotypes rather than with a generally higher tolerance to waterlogging in Q. robur seedlings.     

Critical tidal level for forestation with hypocotyl of Rhizophora stylosa Griff along the Guangxi coast of China

From August 2004 to August 2005, three replicate experimental platforms were constructed in a section of the tidal flats in Yingluo Bay, Guangxi Province to study the growth and physiological responses of Rhizophora stylosa Griff seedlings to tidal waterlogging stress in a diurnal tidal zone. A total of eight tidal flat elevation (TFE) treatments, i.e., 320, 330, 340, 350, 360, 370, 380 and 390 cm above Yellow Sea Datum (YSD), were created on each platform. The results showed that lower TFEs (320–330 cm YSD) slightly increased the seedling stem height of 1-year old seedlings, while higher TFEs (>340 cm YSD) increased the seedling growth significantly. Moderate TFEs (350–370 cm YSD) favored the development of knots. Number of leaves, leaf conservation rate and leaf area per seedling all decreased dramatically with decreasing TFE. Lower TFEs caused large damage to Chl a, but Chl b was less affected. The Chl a/b ratio decreased with decreasing TFE. Prolonged waterlogging induced higher SOD activity in roots, while moderate TFE inhibited the SOD activity in leaves. The POD activity in roots and leaves increased with decreasing TFE. Waterlogging stress decreased the biomass of individual organs and entire seedlings. With increasing waterlogging, the biomass partitioning in 1-year old seedlings increased from leaf to stem. The survival rate decreased sharply from 88.9% to 40.0% as TFE decreased, while more than 80% of the seedlings were able to survive at the TFE level of 370 cm YSD and above. We propose that the local mean sea level should be adopted as the critical tidal level for forestation with hypocotyls of R. stylosa along the Guangxi coast.     

Waterlogging under simulated late-winter conditions had little impact on the physiology and growth of Norway spruce seedlings

Context

Waterlogging is predicted to become more common in boreal forests during winter and early spring with climate change. So far, little is known about the waterlogging tolerance of boreal tree species during their winter dormancy.

Aim

The aim was to quantify the degree of waterlogging tolerance of 1-year-old dormant Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings.

Methods

The seedlings were exposed to waterlogging in a growth chamber at temperature of 2 °C for 4 weeks and then allowed to recover for 6 weeks during the growth stage. Shoot and root responses were monitored by physiological and growth measurements.

Results

No effect was found in the seedling biomass, but root mortality increased slightly during the early growth stage following waterlogging. The water potential of the needles became less negative at the end of the waterlogging and the early growth stage. The ratio of apoplastic to symplastic electrical resistance (R _e/R _i) of the needles was lower after waterlogging, indicating changes in the proportions of symplastic and apoplastic space. No differences were found between the treatments in the dark-acclimated chlorophyll fluorescence (F _v/F _m) of the needles. Slightly greater accumulation of starch and temporary reductions of some mineral nutrients in needles were found after waterlogging.

Conclusions

We conclude that in late winter and early spring, Norway spruce seedlings potentially tolerate short periods of waterlogging.     

淹水胁迫对南五味子和海南红豆幼苗光合特性的影响

对南五味子和海南红豆的1年生实生苗在不同淹水时间下的叶片的光合特性进行了研究。结果表明:随着淹水时间的持续,南五味子幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)小幅波动后升高,而气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)先降后升,至淹水20 d时各指标均高于对照;海南红豆幼苗的Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr先降后升,至淹水20 d没有恢复到对照水平;2种幼苗的气孔限制值(Ls)均为先升高后下降;南五味子和海南红豆都有一定的抗涝性,前者具有更强的耐淹水能力。     

Gas exchange responses of two Eucalyptus species to salinity and waterlogging

The effects of salinity and waterlogging on stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis and transpiration of 3-month-old Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Eucalyptus lesouefii Maiden seedlings were studied under greenhouse conditions. Under non-saline conditions, waterlogging induced stomatal closure in both species. However, the stomata of E. camaldulensis reopened after five weeks, when adventitious roots were produced. Relative to that of controls, height growth of waterlogged seedlings was greater in E. camaldulensis than in E. lesouefii, as were rates of photosynthesis and transpiration. In a freely drained medium, high salinity reduced rates of seedling height growth and photosynthesis, relative to those in controls, less in E. lesouefii than in E. camaldulensis. In both species, height growth, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate were lowest under conditions of saline waterlogging.     

Intra-specific variation for response to salt and waterlogging in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia ampliceps</Emphasis> Maslin seedlings

Salinity is a major form of land degradation worldwide, with seasonal or temporary waterlogging often being an associated issue. Acacia ampliceps is a highly salt-tolerant small tree, naturally-occurring in north-western Australia, which produces abundant biomass with potential for fuelwood and fodder. We investigated the extent of variation amongst provenances and families of A. ampliceps for seedling response to salt and waterlogging. Seven-week old seedlings from 27 families (seven provenances, grouped into two regions), were treated in sand-filled pots in a glasshouse with either mixed salt (S) solutions (150 mol m⁻³ for 14 days, 300 mol m⁻³ for 33 days), waterlogging (W) or combined salt (S) and waterlogging (SW). Only 3% of seedlings died, mostly from the combined salt × waterlogging treatment. Seedlings from the Kimberley region had significantly greater height and shoot biomass than those from the Pilbara. Within these regions, Wave Hill (seedlot 14631) and Halls Creek (15738) provenances had the best growth. Height growth was reduced similarly for S- and W-treated plants, whereas that of SW-treated plants was reduced much more. Salt and waterlogging caused shoot dry weight reduction at harvest of 41 and 46%, respectively, with a slight interaction between salt and waterlogging; SW treated plants were most affected. Generally there were relatively small differences in the growth response of provenances and families to salt, but larger (often highly significant) variation in response to waterlogging. Genotypic variation for shoot and phyllode water content and phyllode number in response to salt and waterlogging was generally small. The good agreement found at the provenance level between seedling growth in this experiment and growth of young trees on saline land in a trial in Pakistan suggests that glasshouse screening may be a useful means for selecting potential provenances for field evaluation.     

植物生长调节剂对苗木抗旱性影响的综合评价

采用盆栽模拟水分胁迫试验方法,以紫丁香、小叶锦鸡儿和乌苏里绣线菊2年生苗木为材料,叶面喷施不同浓度Vc、水杨酸和多效唑后测定其生理生化指标,利用抗旱系数及多种统计方法对各处理苗木的抗旱性进行较准确的综合评价.结果表明:Vc、水杨酸和多效唑在苗木抵御干旱方面作用明显,均能通过不同途径提高3种苗木的抗旱性,其中最适宜的处理如下:紫丁香为11.50 mmol/L的Vc,小叶锦鸡儿为8.50 mmol/L的Vc,乌苏里绣线菊为0.07 mmol/L的水杨酸.     

涝渍胁迫对豫楸1号4种砧木嫁接苗氧化酶活性的影响

对涝渍胁迫条件下豫楸1号4种砧木嫁接苗保护酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性的测定结果表明：在涝渍胁迫下,豫楸1号4种砧木嫁接苗SOD活性呈现先上升后降低,Ⅱ号与Ⅲ号间差异极显著（p〈0.01）;POD和CAT活性随涝渍胁迫呈现出先升高后降低的变化趋势。