基于数字散斑相关方法的竹胶合薄板弹性变形分析

采用数字散斑相关方法对漂白平拼、漂白侧拼、炭化平拼、炭化侧拼的4种竹胶合薄板的拉伸弹性变形进行测试,结果表明:竹胶合薄板在不同载荷作用下的顺纹方向位移场没有显著的梯度变化,横纹方向位移场随着载荷增大由粗糙趋于均匀,其中平拼结构的横纹方向位移场较侧拼结构的均匀.漂白平拼、漂白侧拼、炭化平拼、炭化侧拼竹胶合薄板的顺纹拉伸弹性模量分别为8463 MPa、12599 MPa、7451 MPa和8 837 MPa,泊松比分别为0.33、0.31、0.26和0.29.采用数字散斑相关方法能够直观呈现竹胶合薄板在不同载荷作用下的全场变形信息,相比传统测试方法具有一定优越性.     

木材多尺度结构差异对其破坏影响的研究进展

木材多尺度结构主要包括纳米级高分子结构、微米级细胞壁多层结构和毫米级生长轮结构。纳米级高分子结构中三大素(纤维素、半纤维素和木质素)性质各异,微米级细胞壁多层结构中细胞壁各层三大素含量和微纤丝角不同,毫米级生长轮结构中细胞类型、大小和排列方向存在差异,这些结构差异均会导致多尺度结构单元之间的力学性质各异。木材破坏过程主要包括初始裂纹萌生和裂纹扩展,裂纹萌生和扩展主要由木材不同尺度单元间结构和力学性质的差异以及木材内部缺陷的不规则演化决定。本研究综述木材不同尺度单元间的结构和力学性质差异,并分析结构差异对木材破坏的影响。同时,提出今后有关木材多尺度结构差异对其破坏影响研究的几点建议:1)深入解译木材微纳结构的性质差异,研究木材三大素的排列取向规律以及木材不同化学组分对外部载荷的响应差异,揭示壁层内三大素的变形机制;研究细胞壁各层化学组分分布以及微纤丝取向不同导致的力学性能差异,分析外载荷作用下各壁层之间存在的应力传递规律; 2)研究不同载荷作用下木材生长轮结构和细胞壁结构的裂纹萌生和扩展规律,精准定位木材破坏过程中不同尺度结构的裂纹萌生位置,区分裂纹在不同木材组织内部扩展时破坏断面的细胞...     

基于扫描热显微镜的木材细胞壁导热特性

【目的】基于扫描热显微镜(STh M)对木材细胞壁横切面和径切面进行扫描,研究木材微观尺度的导热特性,以获得木材细胞壁微观组成和构造对导热特性的影响机制。【方法】使用钻石刀对北美红栎试样进行显微切片以获得足够光滑的试样表面,制备符合扫描热显微镜和显微拉曼光谱测试要求的试样。采用扫描热显微镜的热传导对照模式对北美红栎纤维细胞区进行扫描成像。【结果】STh M测试结果表明,STh M探针在横切面对木材细胞壁进行扫描时,细胞壁胞间层和角隅区域的STh M探针电流强度明显低于S2层,即细胞壁胞间层和角隅区域的导热能力显著低于S2层;而在径切面,STh M探针扫描后细胞壁S2层和胞间层及角隅区域的探针电流差异不明显,即S2层、胞间层和角隅区域的导热能力未表现出明显差异。显微拉曼光谱测试结果表明,相比S2层,胞间层和角隅区域拉曼谱图中归属木质素的特征峰强度相对归属纤维素的特征峰明显要强。选用归属木质素的1 520~1 680 cm-1波数范围对细胞壁进行拉曼成像,成像结果显示木质素在细胞壁胞间层和角隅区域含量高。【结论】木材细胞壁S2层、胞间层和角隅区域的导热能力在横切面表现出明显差异,而在径切面差异不明显。木材细胞壁在横切面表现出S2层导热能力强的原因,主要是由细胞壁不同壁层的空间构造特征差别造成的。S2层纤维素含量高,纤维素结构单元微纤丝排列接近平行于细胞轴向,由此在横切面施加热量后热量在S2层顺纹传递,而胞间层和角隅区域木质素含量高,在此两区域化学成分排列呈无序状态,因而表现出S2层导热能力强。当STh M探针从径切面施加给细胞壁热量后,热量在S2层中的传递近似垂直于微纤丝,即热量从横切面的顺纹传递转变为横纹传递,由此造成横切面S2层导热能力强的条件消失,进而在径切面S2层与胞间层和角隅区表现出的导热能力基本一致。STh M技术揭示了木材细胞壁中纤维定向排列结构对细胞壁不同壁层导热性能的影响,该技术可以有效用于研究木材微观导热性能与结构。     

蒸汽爆破预处理对柞木微观结构的影响

对采用0.4MPa压力进行蒸汽爆破预处理及干燥的柞木板材,通过扫描电子显微镜对试件的微观结构进行观察,并对经过爆破处理和未爆破处理的试件的微观结构进行分析比较.试验表明,柞木经爆破处理后管胞纹孔边缘开裂,射线薄壁细胞产生细小的裂隙,导管内的侵填体剥落,这些对木材的力学强度没有太大的影响,但使得木材的渗透性得以提高.     

外力作用下竹材不同尺度的断裂行为及机制

【目的】聚焦于探究在顺纹劈裂和径向横纹压缩力作用下，竹材在宏观、组织和细胞等不同尺度的断裂行为，剖析外力作用下竹材断裂机制，为竹材新技术、新工艺、新产品开发提供理论依据。【方法】以毛竹为研究对象，对其施加顺纹劈裂和径向横纹压缩作用，利用场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）观察维管束和薄壁组织及导管、纤维和薄壁细胞的断裂形貌和裂纹扩展路径，结合纳米压痕仪测量纤维和薄壁细胞2类细胞壁的微观力学强度，探索竹材在顺纹劈裂和径向横纹压缩力作用下不同尺度的断裂破坏特性。【结果】竹材在顺纹劈裂力作用下，宏观上呈顺纹劈裂破坏，断裂形貌近乎为直线状；在组织层面，维管束中纤维鞘和薄壁组织中沿顺纹劈裂，维管束中导管的细胞壁呈撕裂破坏；在细胞层面，纤维和大部分薄壁细胞为胞间层破坏，有少数薄壁短细胞的细胞壁被撕裂。竹材在径向横纹压缩力作用下，宏观上呈压溃破坏，在顺纹方向形成系列不规则裂纹；在组织层面，维管束受到明显破坏，纤维鞘中形成不规则裂纹，导管的细胞壁被压溃，薄壁组织呈阶梯状分层破坏；在细胞层面，与顺纹劈裂力的破坏模式相似，纤维和大部分薄壁细胞为胞间层破坏，不同的是裂纹在部分薄壁短细胞交接处会发生转向，沿径向拓展，...     

数字散斑面内相关法测量木材抗压弹性模量

弹性模量是木材中较重要的力学参数。国标中木材横纹抗压弹性模量的测量是采用杠杆式引伸仪来测量物体的变形 (ＧＢ1 92 7～ 1 943 - 91 ) ,也有学者采用电测法来测量 (龚蒙 ,1 995 ;李维秸 ,1 983 )。本研究采用 2 0世纪 80年代初发展起来的数字散斑面内相关法 (ｄｉｇｉｔａｌｓｐａｃｋｌｅｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｍｅｔｈｏｄ ,简称ＤＳＣＭ)(金观昌 ,1 997)来测量木材的弹性模量 ,这是光学计量技术中测量物体面内位移的方法。1　试验材料采用中国林科院亚热带林业研究所提供的 1 0ａ生速生材火炬松 (ＰｉｎｕｓｔａｅｄａＬｉｎｎ .) 1…     

天然纤维织物双轴向拉伸应变场的测量

采用数字散斑相关方法对纺织结构复合材料的增强体--天然纤维织物,在双轴向拉伸过程中位移场和应变场进行研究,对设计成不同形状的十字试件进行比较,发现双圆角过渡连接形式可以较好地分散夹持区域的应力集中,从而保证破坏发生在测量区域内.     

限根对油桃幼树生长和结果的影响研究

以油桃幼树为试验材料,在设施栽培条件下研究限根对油桃生长结果的影响,探索限根后油桃生长结果特性的变化。以期为建立设施栽培条件下的油桃优质丰产的高效模式和限根栽培的推广应用提供理论依据。研究结果表明：3种处理对旱红宝石幼树的枝条加长生长曲线相似,最终长度表现为CK〉TR2〉TR1,处理TR1对枝条加长生长的抑制作用最明显。结果还表明,枝条加粗生长的节奏亦相同,粗度最终表现为TR2〉CK〉TR1,处理TR1对枝条加粗生长抑制作用最大。     

针叶树木材细胞力学及纵向弹性模量计算——纵向弹性模量的理论模型

本文是关于针叶树木材弹性特性研究的理论分析。设定针叶树木材细胞主要由管胞和射线组成 ,根据管胞和射线细胞的解剖构造特征 ,建立了两端劈尖、矩形截面、中空的管胞模型与长方体状、中空的射线细胞模型。沿用MP层 (胞间层 初生壁 )内与 3S层 (次生壁的S1、S2、S3层 )内力学性质相同 ,而MP与 3S层间力学性质相异的假定 ,利用管胞和射线细胞模型 ,导出了管胞和射线细胞纵向弹性模量的计算公式。同时 ,根据管胞和射线细胞在针叶树木材中的排列规律 ,结合线形弹性体串并联的特性 ,进一步给出了计算针叶树木材试件宏观纵向弹性模量的方法。本项研究从木材细胞的结构和弹性特性出发 ,分析研究针叶树木材的宏观弹性行为 ,一方面可以获得关于针叶树木材弹性特性的认识 ,另一方面可以用于针叶树木材纵向弹性模量的计算和预测。     

闽楠木材解剖构造特征研究

以闽楠(Phoebe bournei)木材为研究对象,利用光学显微镜及扫描电子显微镜对闽楠木材的构造特征进行观察和研究。结果表明:闽楠木材弦切面易出现"金丝"般花纹;生长轮明显;散孔材,管孔组合主要为单管孔及短径列复管孔(2~3个细胞),导管分子穿孔板多为单穿孔,梯状复穿孔偶见,管间纹孔式互列;轴向薄壁组织量少,主要为环管状;木纤维长度平均值1 087μm,属于中等水平;木射线不叠生,少量单列射线,多为2~3列宽木射线,射线组织为异形Ⅱ型及Ⅲ型,射线内含树胶及晶体,油细胞或粘液细胞丰富。     

Evaluation of end-check propagation based on mode I fracture toughness of sugi (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis>)

The relation between crack propagation based on fracture mechanics and end-check propagation during drying was evaluated in this study. Corresponding to the direction of end-check propagation, the mode I fracture toughness of air-dried sugi specimens in TR, TL, and intermediate systems was examined by single-edge-notched bending tests. The occurrence and propagation of end checks on sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) blocks during drying were observed at the scale of the annual rings. It was found that the critical stress intensity factor (K _IC) decreased as the crack propagation changed from TL to TR. The value of K _IC in the TR system was significantly lower than that in the TL system. As a measure of fracture energy, the area under the load-crack opening displacement curve in the TR system was more than twice that in the TL and intermediate systems. These results indicate that cracks perpendicular to the tangential direction initiate radially with ease, and then crack arrest occurs to prevent growing. This finding provides a consistent interpretation of the end-check propagation observed during drying as follows: tiny end checks, as an analog of TR cracks, occur easily and selectively in latewood or transition wood and propagate toward the pith during drying. When there is no corresponding secondary check in the forward latewood, the checks are arrested and do not propagate further.     

Wood fracture, acoustic emission, and the drying process Part 1. Acoustic emission associated with fracture

Summary Acoustic emission (AE) signals were collected during fracture tests in order to analyze them for characteristics that could be used as parameters in a reactive control system for the wood drying process. Ponderosa pine and California black oak single edge notch tensile specimens were tested in the TR, TL, and mixed mode configurations, at 12 and 18 percent moisture content and at temperatures of 20, 40 and 60 °C. AE was observed in both opening mode and mixed mode tests, but cumulative events to maximum load in mixed mode were 7.4 times greater than in opening mode for oak and 3.4 times greater in pine. It was concluded that mixed mode AE signals were most promising for pattern recognition analysis, which will be the subject of Part II of this study.This research was supported in part by USDA Grant No. 90-37291-5762     

Crack propagation in mixed mode in wood: a new specimen

Summary For studies on wood structures it is important to have a reliable specimen for mixed mode loading (I+II) of a crack. A new type of specimen derived from the compact tension shear (CTS) specimen proposed by Richard for isotropic materials has been studied. A finite element modelization for pine (Pinus pinaster) gives calibrations in the RL, TL and TR directions. Fracture experiments show a fair agreement between stress intensity factors obtained by calibrations and by the compliance method.     

杜仲蒸腾强度和气孔行为的初步研究

对太行山低山丘陵区 4a生人工杜仲林叶片的蒸腾强度和气孔导度进行测定和分析 ,结果表明 :(1)在晴朗和晴 -多云天气日 ,叶片蒸腾强度日变化呈双峰型 ,在阴天天气日 ,则呈单峰型 ;(2 )气孔导度的日变化趋势与蒸腾强度基本一致 ;(3)蒸腾强度与光量子密度、饱和水汽压差、水面蒸发等气象因子之间 ,具有较好的相关关系 ;(4)鉴于水面蒸发的测定比较方便、简单 ,因此 ,利用日水面蒸发测定值和叶面积指数去估算杜仲蒸腾耗水量 ,将具有一定的可行性     

浅谈工程造价管理存在的问题及对策

主要阐述了工程造价管理体制的不健全,缺乏监控力度。为了规避风险,就要建立健全的科学管理体制和机制,探讨工程造价管理的有效措施,实现工程造价管理的先进管理模式。     

Three-dimensional modelling of wood fracture in mode I, perpendicular to the grain direction at fibre level

A coupled experimental and numerical modelling approach was used to investigate the mechanism of softwood fracture at the fibre level. First, a three-dimensional mixed lattice-continuum fracture model was developed to investigate the mechanism of wood fracture, taking into account the porosity of its structure and its heterogeneities at the fibre level. The critical volumes in the specimen where crack propagation was more probable were modelled by a lattice that could show the alternation of earlywood and latewood fibres, and the other regions were considered as the continuum medium. The proposed model was used to investigate the mode I fracture of a small softwood sample in RL orientation. Secondly, a method was developed for microscopic observation of the crack trajectory and investigating the mechanism of initiation and propagation of cracks. This approach was used for microscopic investigation of the fracture behaviour of spruce specimens in mode I and RL orientation. The results of the numerical study were compared with the experimental results. The prepeak and postpeak behaviour of the obtained stress-displacement curve and also the crack opening trajectory in cross-section and longitudinal section in the model and experiments were in good agreement. Both the model and the microscopic observation showed that in mode I fracture and RL orientation, the main trajectory of the crack propagates in the earlywood ring.     

果粮复合系统中单株苹果蒸腾需水量的计算

利用单株苹果 (树 )蒸腾计算的修正模式 ,计算了果粮系统中的单株苹果 (树 )日蒸腾需水量 ,同时利用 L I- 160 0稳态气孔仪进行实测 ,结果表明 :计算值与实测值吻合效果较好 ( R2 =0 .9664 ) ,平均相对误差为 7.93 % ;蒸腾需水量与饱和水汽压差和叶面积指数的乘积、水面蒸发和叶面积指数的乘积均具有很好的相关关系 ;建立了以日水面蒸发和叶面积指数为自变量的蒸腾需水量经验模式 ,并利用该经验模式逐日计算了 1998年 4月 1日至 6月 4日单株苹果的蒸腾需水量 ,日平均值为 4 .62 mm· d-1。     

热扩散式树木液流国产化传感器性能分析

本研究以整树盆栽称重法(MBW)为标准,美国Dynamax公司同类感器(mdTDP)为对照,以大叶女贞、栓皮栎为供试树种,对国产化热扩散式液流(TDP)传感器(cfTDP)的性能进行了验证,结果表明:MBW法得到的蒸腾速率与由cfTDP测算得到的大叶女贞液流速率具有很好的相关关系,且无显著性差异(P＜0.05);二者30 min平均值的线性相关系数为0.90(样本数为215);二者日总量之间相关系数可达0.99,其相对误差的最大值、最小值及平均值分别为13.3%、0.5%、8.7%.cfTDP测算得到的树干液流密度与mdTDP测算得到的树干液流密度日变化趋势完全一致,二者具有很好的线性相关关系,相关系数大于0.98,且无显著性差异(P＜0.05).     

不同微生物发酵的云南普洱茶样中茶褐素提取物的化学成分分析

研究了不同微生物发酵的普洱茶翻堆样中茶褐素提取物主要成分含量及变化规律。结果表明,木霉、黑曲霉、酵母菌、米曲霉及根霉的最后一翻样中茶褐素的量分别达12.57%、16.41%、15.51%、14.26%和17.84%。翻堆样中茶褐素提取物中的茶褐素、多糖和蛋白质含量随发酵时间的延长总体呈上升趋势,茶黄素和茶红素含量随茶褐素含量的增加呈下降趋势,且减少值小于茶褐素的增加值。木霉、黑曲霉、酵母菌、米曲霉及根霉的最后一翻样中茶褐素提取物中的茶褐素质量分数分别为35.30%、43.50%、39.21%、44.83%和39.56%;茶黄素分别为0.85%、0.77%、0.75%、0.77%和0.89%;茶红素分别为0.53%、3.49%、0.26%、4.00%和3.30%;多糖分别为27.81%、23.35%、33.09%、21.11%和27.14%;蛋白质分别为28.57%、26.96%、26.44%、26.00%和26.61%。说明不同微生物发酵样中茶褐素提取物的化学组成有显著差异。     

Three-dimensional modelling of wood fracture in mode I,perpendicular to the grain direction at fibre level

Abstract

A coupled experimental and numerical modelling approach was used to investigate the mechanism of softwood fracture at the fibre level. First, a three-dimensional mixed lattice–continuum fracture model was developed to investigate the mechanism of wood fracture, taking into account the porosity of its structure and its heterogeneities at the fibre level. The critical volumes in the specimen where crack propagation was more probable were modelled by a lattice that could show the alternation of earlywood and latewood fibres, and the other regions were considered as the continuum medium. The proposed model was used to investigate the mode I fracture of a small softwood sample in RL orientation. Secondly, a method was developed for microscopic observation of the crack trajectory and investigating the mechanism of initiation and propagation of cracks. This approach was used for microscopic investigation of the fracture behaviour of spruce specimens in mode I and RL orientation. The results of the numerical study were compared with the experimental results. The prepeak and postpeak behaviour of the obtained stress–displacement curve and also the crack opening trajectory in cross-section and longitudinal section in the model and experiments were in good agreement. Both the model and the microscopic observation showed that in mode I fracture and RL orientation, the main trajectory of the crack propagates in the earlywood ring.