Effect of Nitrogen Application on Yield,Rice Quality and Processing Characteristics in Rice Noodle-specific Varieties

【Objective】We aimed to investigate the influence of nitrogen application on yield, rice quality and processing characteristics in noodle-specific rice.【Method】The experiments were conducted with three rice varieties suitable for making rice noodles(R0734, R2149, Jiazao 66), one variety commonly used for making rice noodles(Zhenguiai) and one variety unable to be processed into rice noodles(R0711) at three nitrogen levels with 90, 140, 190 kg/hm2 in 2018 and 2019.【Result】1) With the increasing nitrogen application levels, the yield of each varieties increased, but for R0734 and R2149 the grain yield maximized under the medium nitrogen level of 140 kg/hm2 in 2019; noodle-specific rice varieties, R2149 and Jiazao 66, had extremely high yield advantages, achieving the highest yield at the nitrogen levels of 140 kg/hm2 and 190 kg/hm2. Nitrogen application increased the effective panicle number, while the 1000-grain weight decreased. 2) As more nitrogen was gradually applied, gel consistency and protein content increased while amylose content decreased, fluctuating between 21.4% and 26.5%, which also brought about a downward trend in peak viscosity, trough viscosity and final viscosity. Breakdown reduced significantly and setback increased significantly. 3) With the increase of nitrogen application, the broken rate and cooked loss rate of rice noodle increased significantly, but both were below 10%. R2149 and Jiazao 66 were more sensitive to nitrogen levels than R0734, but had better processing properties.【Conclusion】The amylose contents ranging from 21% to 27%(about 24% is the best) are favorable, so that the amylose content will not seriously exceeded the suitable range for processing at different nitrogen application levels in field cultivation. Moreover, due to the increase in the amount of nitrogen application, the processing characteristics of noodle-specific rice are deteriorated. Thus it is necessary to apply relatively low nitrogen in condition of its high yield level. In the breeding, the major parents with moderate amylose contents and better processing characteristics should be selected for high-yielding noodle-specific rice variety.     

氮肥施用对米粉专用稻产量、米质及加工特性的影响

目的 为了探明氮肥施用量对不同米粉稻品种的产量、稻米品质和加工特性的影响,【方法】2018-2019连续两年以筛选出的适宜作米粉专用稻的3个品种(R0734, R2149, 嘉早66)、生产上常用作米粉加工的品种（珍贵矮）以及加工米粉未能成型的品种（R0711）作为供试材料,设置90、140、190kg/hm²三个纯氮水平。结果 1）各品种产量随着施氮量的增加而增大,但2019年R0734和R2149品种在中氮条件140 kg/hm²下产量达最高;其中米粉专用稻R2149和嘉早66极具产量优势,两者分别在140和190 kg/hm²施氮水平下达到最高。氮肥施用使有效穗数增大,而千粒重减小。2）随着施氮量的增加,米粉稻直链淀粉含量显著降低,在21.4%~26.5%波动,胶稠度增长,蛋白质含量增大;最高黏度、热浆黏度和最低黏度有减小趋势,崩解值显著减小,消减值显著增大。3）随着施氮量的增加,米粉稻断条率和蒸煮损失率显著增大,但均在10%以下;品种R2149和嘉早66较R0734来说,虽然对氮肥更敏感,但加工特性较佳。结论 米粉专用稻应选择直链淀粉含量在21%~27%范围的品种,24%左右则最佳,这样在实际生产中直链淀粉含量受氮肥影响不至于严重偏离适宜加工的范围;又由于施氮量的增加使米粉稻加工特性变差,因此,米粉专用稻栽培过程中,需在保证丰产同时,结合生产实际施用相对较低的氮肥;在米粉专用稻选育上,应选择直链淀粉含量适中、加工特性更佳的骨干亲本作为中间材料,培育高产米粉专用稻。     

水稻条纹叶枯病的为害损失及防治指标

2004-2006年在浙江北部系统地调查了水稻条纹叶枯病发病动态和为害损失。单季晚稻秧田期介体灰飞虱有效虫量（X2）与水稻株发病率（Y1）的关系式为Y1=0.0873 + 1.0757X2,晚稻本田株发病率（X）与产量损失率（Y）总关系式为Y=0.1254+0.7551X。在现有生产条件下,经济允许水平以损失率表示为2.0%~2.5%,制订了水稻条纹叶枯病防治指标为水稻秧苗期和本田前期介体灰飞虱有效虫量2~3头/m2,该指标已在生产上大面积推广应用。     

施肥水平对杂交水稻产量及其构成因素的影响

研究了3种施肥水平对2个杂交水稻品种产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明：粤优589收割产量与分蘖数、有效穗之间存在着正相关系,红泰优996收割产量与有效穗、结实率之间存在正相关系,两品种收割产量均与每穗粒数存在一定的负相关系;3种施肥水平之间的产量无显著差异,随着施肥量的增加,粤优589收割产量均有增加的趋势,而红泰优996收割产量开始下降,然后升高。     

氮肥运筹对钵苗机插稻产量及形成的影响

以淮稻11号和甬优2640为材料,研究了基蘖肥与穗肥不同比例对钵苗机插稻产量及产量构成的影响。结果表明,基蘖肥与穗肥比例为7∶3或6∶4时,2个品种穗粒结构协调性好;群体茎蘖消长平稳,最终成穗率达70%以上,并能增加中后期群体叶面积指数和干物质积累,最终实产明显高于其他比例处理。     

减氮条件下施用蚓粪对水稻生长及产量的影响

以南粳9108为研究对象,研究了不同减氮条件下施用蚓粪对水稻生长及产量的影响。结果表明,减氮10%、施用蚓粪400 kg/667 m²的处理水稻产量最高,与常规施肥相比增产3.3 kg/667 m²。在减氮10%的条件下,施用400 kg/667 m²蚓粪后促进了水稻地上部的生长,增强了叶片的光合作用,进而有利于提高灌浆速率,从而提高水稻的实粒数和千粒重,最终达到减肥增产的目的。     

磷肥用量对超级早稻生长、产量及磷吸收利用的影响

以超级早稻中早39和普通早稻金早09为材料,研究比较了不同施磷量对超级早稻生长、产量及磷吸收利用的影响。结果表明,分蘖中期,在P0和P1处理条件下,中早39的生物量显著低于金早09,但是齐穗期以后,所有磷肥用量处理下,中早39的生物量及产量均高于金早09。施用磷肥能显著提高2个品种的有效穗数,但P1和P2处理间中早39的有效穗数无显著差异。 P1和P2处理下中早39的氮、磷吸收量显著高于金早09,磷肥吸收利用率和磷肥偏生产力也高于金早09,但是磷肥农学利用率低于金早09。随着施磷量的增加,中早39的有效穗数和产量增加量均小于金早09,同时中早39的磷肥吸收利用率、农学利用率和磷肥偏生产力下降程度均高于金早09。综上所述,超级稻中早39对磷肥的敏感性低于普通早稻金早09,最适磷肥（纯P）用量为30 kg/hm2。     

稻田不同干旱程度对水稻生长及产量的影响

以嘉58和甬优12为供试材料,进行了稻田不同干旱程度对水稻生长和产量影响的研究。结果表明,重度干旱（田间裂缝深30 cm）导致水稻株高降低,茎、叶、穗干物质量下降,减产30%以上。减产的原因主要是穗子变小,结实率下降。     

不同氮肥水平下蚯蚓粪施用对水稻生长特性及产量的影响

以两优培九为材料,采用大田微区试验,研究不同氮肥水平(N1,9 g/m~2;N2,12 g/m~2;N3,15 g/m~2)下不同蚯蚓粪施用量(EC0,0;EC_1,16.88 kg/m~2;EC_2,33.76 kg/m~2)对水稻生长及产量形成的影响。结果表明,移栽40 d后EC_2和EC_1处理的茎蘖数均显著高于EC0(P0.05);幼穗分化期和乳熟期EC0处理的SPAD值均显著低于EC_1和EC_2处理(P0.05);齐穗期EC0处理的叶面积指数分别比EC_1和EC_2处理低32.7%和80.7%,地上部总干物质量分别比EC_1和EC_2处理低30.6%和59.8%;成熟期有效穗数、地上部干物质量和水稻产量均表现为EC_2EC_1EC0,EC_2和EC_1处理的有效穗数分别比EC0处理多41.5%和21.3%、地上部干物质量分别比EC0处理高47.7%和25.8%、产量分别比EC0处理高35.4%和34.3%。由此可见,施用蚯蚓粪便可促进水稻分蘖,提高水稻叶面积、SPAD值和地上部干物质量,进而提高水稻籽粒产量。     

全程深施肥对水稻产量形成及稻米品质的影响

以超级稻东农423为试验材料,设全程深施肥、全层施肥、表层施肥及无肥4个处理,研究水稻生长发育的动态变化,包括分蘖消长、叶绿素含量、叶面积指数和干物质积累量动态变化,并对产量及其构成因素、稻米蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量和味度值进行了比较。结果表明：1）全程深施肥方法能够促使水稻生育前期平稳生长,后期优势生长,延长有效分蘖期,增加有效分蘖数,提高叶绿素含量、叶面积指数和干物质积累量;2）各处理的产量和稻米蛋白质含量间均达极显著水平,并呈现全程深施＞全层施＞表施＞无肥的趋势;各处理的直链淀粉含量、味度值之间均达极显著水平,并呈现无肥＞表施＞全层施＞全程深施的趋势;3）全程深施肥能够提高水稻的产量、穗数、每穗粒数和蛋白质含量,却降低了结实率、千粒重、稻米直链淀粉含量及味度值。     

氮肥运筹模式对双季稻植株干物质积累和产量的影响

氮肥运筹是影响水稻生长发育、物质生产及其产量的重要栽培措施。为探明双季稻区不同氮肥运筹模式对水稻植株干物质积累及产量的影响,设计5种施氮模式:早稻和晚稻均不施氮肥(N_0,CK),早稻施N120 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N210 kg/hm^2(N_120+210)、早稻施N150 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N180 kg/hm^2(N_150+180)、早稻施N180 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N150 kg/hm^2(N_180+150)、早稻施N210 kg/hm^2+晚稻施N120 kg/hm^2(N_(210 + 120)),比较研究5种氮肥运筹模式下早稻和晚稻植株干物质积累及产量的变化。结果表明:(1)N_150+180处理植株分蘖数下降幅度平缓,其分蘖数多、成穗率较高;(2)早稻各主要生育时期各处理植株LAI大小顺序为N_180+150> N_150+180> N_(210 + 120)> N_120+210> CK,晚稻各主要生育时期各处理植株LAI大小顺序为N_150+180> N_120+210> N_180+150> N_(210 + 120)> CK;(3)分蘖期至成熟期,早稻和晚稻植株的根系干重分别以N_(210 + 120)、N_120+210处理最高,茎、叶干重分别以N_(210 + 120)和N_150+180处理最高,穗干重均以N_150+180和N_180+150处理最高,且均显著高于CK;(4)各处理水稻的穗总粒数和千粒重均无显著性差异;(5)早稻和晚稻产量均以N_150+180处理最高,分别比对照增加1849. 5和1879. 5 kg/hm^2。因此,早稻施用纯氮150 kg/hm^2和晚稻施用纯氮180 kg/hm^2的施肥模式,有利于增加水稻植株干物质积累,改善产量构成因素,从而获得较高的水稻产量。     

施氮量对超级杂交稻产量和稻米品质的影响

为探明超级杂交稻在成都平原的适宜施氮量,达到高产与优质协同,以超级杂交稻德优4727、普通杂交稻川优6203和常规稻五山丝苗为材料,于2016年在四川德阳进行大田试验,设置4个施氮量(0、120、165、210 kg/hm~2,分别记作N0、N120、N165、N210),研究施氮量对水稻产量和稻米品质的影响。结果表明,超级杂交稻产量随施氮量的增加呈先增加后下降的趋势,以N165处理最高;普通杂交稻和常规稻产量随施氮量的增加而增加,以N210处理最高,但与N165处理差异不显著。糙米率、整精米率、蛋白质含量随施氮量的增加而提高;垩白粒率、垩白度对氮肥的响应因品种而异。除普通杂交稻胶稠度外,施氮量对胶稠度和直链淀粉含量的影响不显著。品种间产量和品质均存在显著差异。与普通杂交稻和常规稻相比,超级杂交稻产量显著增加,增产优势主要表现在粒重上。超级杂交稻糙米率、垩白粒率、垩白度、胶稠度显著高于常规稻,直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量低于常规稻;超级杂交稻整精米率显著高于普通杂交稻,但与常规稻相当。考虑产量和品质两因素,本试验条件下超级杂交稻选择纯N用量165 kg/hm~2,可实现产量和品质的协同提高。     

超级杂交稻的生长发育和产量形成特性研究

选用4个籼型超级杂交稻组合Ⅱ优602、准两优527、协优9308和国稻1号为试验材料,以汕优63为对照,对超级杂交稻的生长发育和产量形成特性进行了研究。结果表明:超级杂交稻具有最高分蘖数低、分蘖成穗率高、有效库容量和齐穗后干物质积累量大、收获指数高等特点;在成都平原生态区,增加有效穗数和每穗实粒数是实现超级杂交稻高产的重要途径;在水稻生长前期积累合理的总生物量,提高生育后期群体质量,增强生育后期光合生产能力和提高茎鞘物质向穗部的运转效率是实现超级杂交稻高产的关键。     

Growth and Yield of Six Rice Cultivars under Three Water-saving Cultivations

Abstract

We evaluated the genotypic differences in growth, grain yield, and water productivity of six rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars from different agricultural ecotypes under four cultivation conditions: continuously flooded paddy (CF), alternate wetting and drying system (AWD) in paddy field, and aerobic rice systems in which irrigation water was applied when soil moisture tension at 15 cm depth reached ?15 kPa (A15) and ?30 kPa (A30). In three of the sixcultivars, we also measured bleeding rate and predawn leaf water potential (LWP) to determine root activity and plant water status. Soil water potential (SWP) in the root zone averaged ?1.3 kPa at 15 cm in AWD, -5.5 and -6.6 kPa at 15 and 35 cm, respectively, in A15, and ?9.1 and ?7.6 kPa at 15 and 35 cm, respectively, in A30. The improved lowland cultivar, Nipponbare gave the highest yield in CF and AWD. The improved upland cultivar, UPLRi-7, and the traditional upland cultivar, Sensho gave the highest yield in A15 and A30, respectively. The yields of traditional upland cultivars,Sensho and Beodien in A30 were not lower than the yields in CF. However, the yields of the improved lowland cultivars, Koshihikari and Nipponbare, were markedly lower in A15 and A30. Total water input was 2145 mm in CF, 1706 mm in AWD, 804 mm in A15, and 627 mm in A30. The water productivity of upland rice cultivars in aerobic plots was 2.2 to 3.6 times higher than that in CF, while those of lowland cultivars in aerobic plots were lower than those in CF. The bleeding rate of Koshihikari was lower in A15 and A30 than in CF and AWD, and its LWP was significantly lower in A15 and A30 than in CF and AWD, but Sensho and Beodien showed no differences among the four cultivation conditions. We conclude that aerobic rice systems are promising technologies for farmers who lack access to enough water to grow flooded lowland rice. However, lowland cultivars showed severe growth and yield reductions under aerobic soil conditions. This might result from poor root systems and poor root function, which limits water absorption and thus decreases LWP. More research on the morphological and physiological traits under aerobic rice systems is needed.     

氮肥运筹对南方优质常规晚粳产量和品质的影响

为探明南方双季稻区优质常规粳稻金农香粳1267的适宜氮肥运筹模式,设置6个施氮水平(CK,0;N1,165 kg/hm^2;N_2,210 kg/hm^2;N_3,255 kg/hm^2;N_4,300 kg/hm^2;N_5,345 kg/hm^2),并在N_3水平下设置3个氮肥运筹方式(NT_1,基蘖穗肥比例为4∶2∶4,穗肥于倒3叶施用;NT_2,基蘖穗肥比例为4∶2∶4,穗肥于倒4叶、倒2叶分2次等量施用;NT_3,基蘖穗粒肥比例为4∶2∶2∶2,穗肥于倒3叶施用),研究不同氮肥运筹模式对南方优质常规晚粳稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随施氮量的增加,产量呈先增后降的趋势,与N_3处理相比,CK、N_1、N_2、N_4和N_5处理产量分别降低37.1%、8.2%、5.7%、4.9%和10.0%,晚粳稻产量增加的主要原因是每穗粒数和千粒重的提高;在N_3水平下,NT_3处理产量最高,主要是由于每穗粒数的提高。随着施氮量的增加,晚粳稻的加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮与食味品质和营养品质得到改善;在N_3水平下,出糙率、精米率、整精米率、垩白粒率、垩白度和胶稠度均表现为NT_1>NT_2> NT_3,而直链淀粉含量和粗蛋白含量则反之。随施氮量的增加,RVA谱特征值中峰值粘度、热浆粘度、冷胶粘度、崩解值和峰值时间均降低,而消减值、回复值和糊化温度呈增加的趋势;在N_3水平下,峰值粘度、热浆粘度、冷胶粘度、崩解值和峰值时间均表现为NT_1相似文献   

叶面喷施亚硒酸钠对再生稻产量及品质的影响

【目的】以叶面喷施的形式研究硒对再生稻产量及品质的影响,旨在为再生稻优质、高产栽培技术提供依据。【方法】试验于2016年在湖北省洪湖市沙口镇进行,以丰两优香1号为试验材料,Na_2SeO_3为供硒源;设置0、5.625和11.250 g/hm~2三个硒肥施用量,始穗期、齐穗期和始+齐穗期三个施硒时期进行叶面喷施。【结果】叶面喷施Na_2SeO_3的处理再生稻产量均高于对照组,始穗期喷施Na_2SeO_3处理的再生稻产量与对照相比虽然有提升但并不显著;齐穗期施用5.625 g/hm~2、11.250 g/hm~2 Na_2SeO_3处理分别增产2.59%和5.50%,始穗期+齐穗期施用5.625 g/hm~2、11.250 g/hm~2 Na_2SeO_3处理分别增产4.83%和7.08%;始穗期与齐穗期均喷施11.250 g/hm~2 Na_2SeO_3处理产量最高,为5533 kg/hm~2,叶面施用Na_2SeO_3能增加再生稻每穗粒数、实粒数和结实率。齐穗期施用11.250g/hm~2 Na_2SeO_3的再生稻稻米整精米率最高,且显著高于对照组,最高值为61.37%;齐穗期施用11.250 g/hm~2Na_2SeO_3的再生稻稻米垩白粒率最低,且显著低对照组,最低值为9.37%。【结论】研究表明,施用Na_2SeO_3能提升再生稻产量,改善再生稻米品质,提升再生稻整精米率,降低垩白率。始穗期与齐穗期均喷施11.250 g/hm~2Na_2SeO_3再生稻产量达到最高;齐穗期施用11.250 g/hm~2 Na_2SeO_3再生稻品质最优。     

机械穴直播对杂交水稻生长及产量的影响

以超级籼粳杂交稻甬优538为试材,研究了机械穴直播在不同播种量(45 kg/hm~2和60 kg/hm~2)条件下对水稻生长及产量的影响。结果表明,采用机械穴直播技术,虽然出苗率有所下降,但成穗率高,改善了直播稻的生长条件,降低了基部节间的弯曲力矩,使生育后期的倒伏风险明显降低;机械穴直播提高了每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重,产量较人工撒播提高了1.63%~5.48%。     

不同施氮量下三角形强化栽培水稻群体发育与产量形成特征

以杂交水稻组合冈优527为材料,通过不同的施氮水平处理,研究了三角形强化栽培(TSRI)和传统栽培方式对水稻群体发育及产量形成的影响。TSRI下,水稻的分蘖能力增强,茎蘖成穗率提高,结实期剑叶具有较高的光合速率,能维持上3叶高效的叶面积指数及延缓根系的衰老,并提高物质累积与转运,而且TSRI与施氮量200kg/hm2配合能充分合理利用土壤和空间资源,有利于高质量群体的建成,其有效穗数、实粒数、结实率和充实率存在优势,产量最高,且显著或极显著高于其他处理,为此试验TSRI下最佳施氮水平。施氮量240kg/hm2不仅影响水稻各主要生育期正常的生理机能,造成群体过大、荫蔽严重,还会导致茎鞘物质输出量、输出率和转换率及产量的下降,因而不宜过分依赖增加氮肥来提高TSRI下的水稻产量。