4个Bt棉品种对棉铃虫的抗性与种植研究

采用室内外对比试验的方法,就江苏沿海地区4个Bt棉主栽品种对棉铃虫的抗性与生育特性进行了研究。室内饲养结果表明,4个Bt棉主栽品种对棉铃虫的抗性都达到极显著水平;饲喂Bt棉组织,能使棉铃虫幼虫发育延缓、蛹期缩短和蛹重减轻;1～3龄棉铃虫幼虫对Bt棉的敏感程度高于4龄以上幼虫。田间调查结果证明,Bt棉田棉铃虫的虫量和蕾铃被害量与对照品种差异极显著,其趋势与室内试验一致;Bt的种植比例与棉铃虫的虫卵量分布呈极显著的负相关。4个Bt棉品种的株高和果枝数与苏棉9号相近;蕾铃数量与成铃率高于或接近于常规棉对照;各品种间生长发育指标的差异均不显著。Bt棉品种间亦存有差异,按照供试的4个Bt棉品种在当地的抗虫及丰产性状的优劣排序,依次为鲁棉研15>中棉所29>南抗3号>科棉1号。     

害虫对转Bt棉的抗性与监测

全面介绍了转Bt棉靶标害虫的抗性遗传、机理、检测及抗性进展情况,提出了抗性监测的重要性,可为害虫抗性治理提供参考。     

川棉243对棉铃虫的抗性及其在防治中的作用

川棉243对棉铃虫属Ⅱ级(抗)抗性水平。叶片表面少毛属于川棉243的形态抗虫特征,这降低了棉243棉株上的落卵量,从而降低虫口密度;川棉243抗棉铃虫的生化因子主要是棉株体内富含单宁和棉酚,这使棉铃虫幼虫对其取食趋势弱,取食量小,取食后营养不良,从而阻碍生长发育。     

棉铃虫对Bt棉花抗性治理技术取得突破

转Bt基因抗虫作物为虫害防治开辟了新的途径,然而虫害通过遗传变异迅速产生抗性,却制约了转Bt基因作物品种的商业化运作,因此,建立抗性预防性治理技术体系是保证转Bt基因作物品种的可持续利用的有     

转Bt基因抗虫棉品种的推广利用与棉铃虫的抗性治理

介绍了我国现有的转 Bt基因抗虫棉种质材料 ,它们对棉铃虫初孵幼虫都表现出显著的抗虫性。抗虫棉在不同生育期抗虫性表现程度不同。苗期 (10片主茎叶以下 )叶片饲喂初孵幼虫的死亡率一般达 10 0 % ,生育后期抗虫性则有所下降。Bt基因转入棉花后能稳定遗传给后代。通过室内汰选 ,烟芽夜蛾等害虫很容易对 Bt杀虫晶体蛋白产生抗性 ,但在目前我国长江流域、黄河流域棉区棉花栽培制度下以及抗虫棉的多方面表现 ,转 Bt基因抗虫棉推广利用后棉铃虫不会很快产生抗性。还讨论了延缓棉铃虫产生抗性的一些抗性治理策略。     

Bt防治棉铃虫药效试验

利用Ｂｔ粉９００ｇ．ｈｍ＾－２＋苏星１号３０ＥＣ７５０ｍｋｌ．ｈｍ＾－２对防治第四代棉铃虫有极显著效果,且对天敌无伤害。     

棉酚含量对棉铃虫生长发育影响

用不同棉酚含量的棉叶饲喂棉铃虫幼虫，高棉酚（＞０．０５ｍｇ·ｇ－１）饲喂，棉铃虫的生殖力降低５倍，存活率降低７倍，全代发育期延长，杂交育种试验表明，棉酚的遗传力较高，这一生化抗性可以利用     

三个转Bt基因棉品种田间抗棉铃虫效果初报

通过田间罩笼接棉铃虫蛾试验表明,转Ｂｔ基因棉较常规品种盐棉４８具有较好的抗棉铃虫效果。在百株卵量均为８００粒以上的情况下,１２天后９７—１和９７—２的百株残虫量明显低于三代防治指标１５～２５头;而盐棉４８百株残虫量达７０头,远高于防治指标,仍需化学防治来控制其为害。此外,还考察了在自然虫源状况下,各品种上蚜虫、棉卷叶虫和棉造桥虫的发生情况并比较了转基因棉品种和对照品种的产量水平。     

转Bt基因抗虫杂交棉苏杂6号对棉铃虫的抗性效果分析

从3个方面分析了转Bt基因抗虫杂交棉苏杂6号对棉铃虫的抗性效果。结果显示：（1）苏杂6号的蕾铃被害率显著低于非抗虫棉对照苏棉12号,在田间对棉铃虫表现良好的抗虫效果。（2）ELISA检测显示,4个不同时期叶片中Cry1A杀虫蛋白的表达量存在差异,按时序分别为669.2、528.4、354.6及289.4ng.g^-1;其它组织杀虫毒蛋白的含量较低,蕾为181.3ng.g^-1,花为117.8ng.g^-1,铃为346.5ng.g^-1。（3）调查棉花生长发育4个不同时期的棉铃虫的校正死亡率：国产抗虫棉GK22依次为99.6%、99.6%、89.6%、86.7%;美国抗虫棉109B依次为100%、99.6%、92.2%、88.9%;非抗虫对照苏棉12号依次为9.6%、9.2%、7.6%、6.4%,而苏杂6号依次为100%、98.2%、100%、95.7%,显示出良好的抗性稳定性。纯合度的生物测定显示,苏杂6号的抗虫性纯合度高达100%。     

导入抗真菌基因的Bt棉花种质对黄萎病、棉铃虫的抗性初报

对62份导入抗真菌基因的Bt棉花种质材料的抗虫性及抗病性进行初步鉴定,鉴定结果为47份材料高抗棉铃虫,38份材料抗黄萎病,高抗棉铃虫同时抗黄萎病的材料33份.鉴定结果表明,导入抗真菌基因后,在耐黄萎病的基础上,大部分材料转为抗至高抗,同时对棉铃虫的抗性也有所增强.     

性信息干扰素（AB—ROPEL）在棉铃虫综合治理中的作用研究初报

初步研究了棉铃虫性信息干扰素(AB-ROPEL)田间试验效果，结果分析表明：AB-ROPEL对棉铃虫成虫的干扰效果显著，达99．7％以上；棉田害虫天敌数量增加37％；棉株蕾铃被害率下降了10．2％--62．7％；化防次数减少6次；综合防治成本降低20．1％；经济效益和生态效益明显。     

虱螨脲对棉铃虫的生物活性及应用研究

试验测定了虱螨脲对棉铃虫的室内生物活性和田闻防治效果。结果表明,虱螨脲具有较强的杀卵作用。在50mg／L浓度下。棉铃虫1日龄卵死亡率达到87．30％;对棉铃虫2～5龄幼虫具有较高的胃毒活性,其LC50分别为0．7434mg／L、1．9669mg/L、2．0592mg／L和2．6945mg／L。田间试验结果表明。在卵高峰期至初孵期用药,对棉铃虫有较高的防治效果,药后7d．用50g/L虱螨脲EC450mL/hm2、600mL／hm2防治效果分剐为89．3％、90．2％。     

转Bt基因棉的抗虫性遗传及其生化基础研究

本文从卡那霉素抗性鉴定、抗虫性鉴定Bt毒蛋白含量测定等三个方面对转Bt基因棉的抗虫性遗传及其生化基础进行了研究。结果表明，转Bt基因棉美棉33B和GK-12对棉铃虫具有显著的抗性。盛蕾期饲喂美棉33B、GK-12棉抹顶端叶片72h后，初孵棉铃虫幼虫死亡率分别为86．8％、75．1％，对照TM-1、泗棉33号、苏棉12号三个常规品种(系)初孵幼虫死亡率分别为10.9％、13．9％、9．2％。美棉33B、GK-12盛蕾期功能叶片Bt毒蛋白含量分别为每克鲜重836.68纳克、682．56纳克。饲喂美棉33B、GK-12与常规品种(系)杂种一代棉抹顶端叶片72h后。初孵棉铃虫幼虫平均死亡率分别为84．1％、77．2％，两个转Bt基因棉品种与常规棉品种(系)杂种一代功能叶片的Bt毒蛋白含量平均值分别为每克鲜重820．58纳克、683．77纳克。转Bt基因棉与常规棉杂种一代的抗虫性表现及其生化基础与转Bt基因棉非常接近，杂种二代群体抗、感虫植抹的分离比例符合3：1，回交世代BC1群体抗、感虫植株的分离比例符合1：1，转Bt基因抗虫性状的遗传是受一对完全显性基因控制的。Bt基因与NPTⅡ基因是紧密连馈或完全连锁的。段毒蛋白表达量按照一对显性基因的表达方式在转Bt基因棉杂交后代中进行传递。不存在基因的剂量效应。三种鉴定方法都能对玫基因进行有效的追踪检测，且三者之间具有高度的一致性。并对国产转Bt基因棉GK-12的抗虫性不及美棉33B的原因进行了探讨。     

Comparative Feeding Performance and Digestive Physiology of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae-Fed 11 Corn Hybrids

This study aimed to evaluate the feeding responses and digestive proteolytic and amylolytic activity of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on 11 corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids at 25 ± 1°C, 65 ± 5% relative humidity (RH), and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. The fourth- and fifth-instar larvae fed on hybrid K47*K19 had the highest weight of food consumption and those reared on hybrid KSC705 had the lowest value of food consumption. The highest weight gain of the larvae was observed when H. armigera were fed hybrid KLM78*MO17 and lowest when they were fed hybrids K36 * MO17, KSC705, and K35 * K36. Pupal weight of H. armigera was heaviest when larvae were fed hybrid K47*K19 and lightest when they were fed hybrid KSC705. The highest proteolytic activity of the fourth-instar larvae was observed when they were fed hybrid KSC705, and the lowest activity was observed when they were fed hybrid K47*A67. Fifth-instar larvae that fed on hybrid K47*K19 showed the highest proteolytic activity. Fourth-instar larvae that fed on hybrid K36*MO17 showed the highest amylase activity. The fifth-instar larvae fed on hybrid K47*A67 showed the maximum amylase activity and those reared on the K48*K18 showed the minimum activity. Our results indicated that K36 * MO17, KSC705, and K48 * K18 were the most unsuitable hybrids for feeding H. armigera.     

转Bt基因玉米对亚洲玉米螟的抗性及其农艺性状研究

以普通玉米杂交组合N3030、N4640为对照,通过盆栽接虫试验和田间调查,系统研究了转Bt基因玉米杂交组合N3030Bt和N4640Bt对亚洲玉米螟的抗虫效果和主要农艺性状变化。结果表明,转Bt基因玉米对亚洲玉米螟产卵无驱避作用,但花叶率、茎秆和雌雄穗的受害程度均明显轻于对照;转Bt基因玉米的生育期、株高、穗位高、穗长、穗粗等与对照差异不大,秃尖长明显短于对照,穗粒数和产量明显高于对照。     

Resistance Evaluation to Sheath Blight in Transgenic Rice Lines

Resistance of forty-one homozygous rice lines transformed with chitinase gene (RC24) and β-1,3 -glucanse gene (β-1,3-Glu) to sheath blight was analyzed by inoculation. Among different lines, the resistance had significant differences according to the result by cluster analysis. The lines could be categorized into resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible types, while 92.1% of which belonging to moderately resistant or moderately susceptible type. For different resistant or susceptible lines, the resistance to rice sheath blight was remarkable correlated with the chitinase activity of transgenic lines except resistant type lines, in which enzyme activity coded by target gene was lower than moderately resistant type. The chitinase activity of transgenic lines tested at different time after inoculation or different organs of the same plant was uniform, which suggested that the expression of chitinase gene was constitutive in nature. Check varieties‘ chitinase activity would change at different time after inoculation and reach a peak at sometime, but it had no difference at various parts of the same plant.     

Transgenic Approaches to Disease Resistance in Ornamental Crops

Abstract

Viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases of ornamental plants cause major losses in productivity and quality. Chemical methods are available for control of fungal diseases, and to a lesser extent for bacterial diseases, but there are no economically effective chemical controls for viral diseases except to control vector species. Host plant resistance is an effective means of controlling plant diseases, and minimizing the necessity for the application of pesticides; however, there are many ornamentals in which no natural disease resistance is available. It is possible to introduce resistance derived from other species, or even from the pathogen itself, by genetic engineering. This allows the introduction of specific, or in some instances broad spectrum, disease resistance into plant genotypes that have been selected for desirable horticultural characters; in contrast, introduction of natural resistance by traditional breeding may take many cycles of breeding to combine disease resistance with desirable ornamental quality. This article briefly reviews existing work on transformation systems for ornamentals, and discusses the various approaches to introducing resistance to viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases, and to nematode infestations. These include pathogen-related proteins, R genes, and general pathogen resistance; anti-microbial peptides; expression of anti-pathogen antibodies; viral sequences; ribozymes; antiviral peptides; ribonucleases; and ribosome-inactivating proteins. Examples are given of application of these approaches to disease resistance in other types of crop and model plant systems, and actual or potential application to disease resistance in ornamentals. Future prospects for obtaining plants with multiple pest and disease resistances are discussed.     

取食Bt蛋白对棉铃虫和斜纹夜蛾幼虫爬行能力的影响

为研究Bt棉田靶标害虫棉铃虫和非靶标害虫斜纹夜蛾的爬行规律及Bt蛋白对其爬行能力的影响,采用TrackSphere LC-100昆虫行为记录仪分别进行测定。结果表明:随着龄期的增加,棉铃虫幼虫停留次数逐渐增加,且幼虫在白天的活动能力显著高于晚上,而斜纹夜蛾则相反,随着龄期的增加,斜纹夜蛾幼虫的停留次数逐渐减少,同时幼虫在各时间段之间的差异也逐渐显著。用Bt棉或Bt蛋白饲喂2种幼虫发现,Bt蛋白对棉铃虫爬行能力的影响显著大于斜纹夜蛾,这种影响主要集中在低龄段,且一定浓度阈值范围内Bt蛋白对棉铃虫和斜纹夜蛾的爬行能力具有促进作用,超过此阈值范围其促进作用开始转化为抑制。结果为进一步了解棉铃虫和斜纹夜蛾幼虫爬行规律,研究Bt棉对棉铃虫的控制作用及次要害虫斜纹夜蛾的再度猖獗原因提供重要科学依据。     

典型相关分析在抗虫棉育种中的应用研究

本文运用典型相关和主成分分析方法,对转基因抗虫棉的13个主要数量性状进行了研究,结果表明:转基因抗虫棉的生育性状与产量性状间典型相关极显著,产量性状与品质性状间典型相关达显著水平,生育性状与品质性状间典型相关不显著.前5个主成分因子:产量因子、品质因子、子指铃重因子、早熟因子及伸长率因子可代表一个转基因抗虫棉品种的基本特征,它们的累计贡献率达87.23%.各性状间相互联系,相互影响,在转基因抗虫棉育种中,应注意各性状间的动态平衡,有利于育成优质高产抗虫棉品种.