HACCP体系在银耳有机栽培中应用

将HACCP的方法和原理应用于银耳有机栽培生产过程，建立银耳有机栽培生产工艺的HACCP体系，确定HACCP质量控制参数和关键控制点，推动银耳有机栽培生产的质量管理工作。     

丰都红心柚HACCP体系的建立

HACCP是一套保证食品安全的预防性管理体系。本文依据HACCP质量安全管理体系，对丰都红心柚生产过程主要危害因素进行了分析，确定了产地环境、投入品使用、采摘贮运等环节为关键控制点，并提出了相应的控制措施。     

HACCP在苦瓜汁饮料生产中的应用

HACCP(Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point)是以预防食品安全问题为基础的食品控制体系，是保证食品质量经济有效的方法，它通过预测潜在的危害以及提供控制措施，为食品企业和政府监督机构提供了一种理想的食品安全监测方法。美国FDA（食品药品管理局），也于2001年1月19日颁布了果蔬汁产品实施HACCP的最终法规，     

HACCP食品安全质量保证体系

HACCP（HazardAnalysisandCriticalControlPoint，即危害分析与关键控制点）计划，是目前世界上最有权威的食品安全质量保证体系—HACCP体系的核心，用来保护食品在整个生产过程中免受可能发生的生物、化学、物理因素的危害。其宗旨是将这些可能发生的食品安全危害消除在生产过程中，而不是靠事后检验来保证产品的可靠性。HACCP体系最早出现在20世纪60年代，美国在为太空计划提供食品期间，率先应用HACCP概念。他们认为现存的质量控制技术，在食品生产中不能提供充分的安全措施防止污染。因为以往对产品的质量和卫生状况的监督均…     

危害分析与关键控制点(HACCP)在剁辣椒罐头生产中的应用

介绍了HACCP的概念、历史和基本原理,并通过把HACCP应用于剁辣椒罐头的生产实践,分析了剁辣椒罐头生产中的潜在危害,找出了关键控制点,制定了实施评价办法.还对实施HACCP进行了简要说明.     

我国推广新型生产管理模式确保食品安全

卫生部目前正在食品行业内积极推广“危害分析关键控制点”（HACCP）等国际先进管理技术，通过对食品生产、加工实施全过程监控来保证食品安全。据卫生部卫生法制与监督司官员李泰然介绍，HACCP是一种预防性的企业自身食品安全控制系统。它通过对食品生产加工、存储、运输过程中存在的实际和潜在的各种危害因素进行分析判定，在准确预测其危害性的基础上，确立关键控制点，制定相应的控制措施，使危害性减少到最低，最大限度地保障终产品的安全性。卫生部已于2002年7月颁布了《食品企业HACCP实施指南》，鼓励并指导食品企业实施这一技…     

鲜切生菜全程安全控制的HACCP管理模式

应用HACCP原理,根据鲜切生菜（叶用莴苣）实际生产及加工情况,提出鲜切生菜HACCP管理模式,并对鲜切生菜生产、加工过程中关键控制点进行了验证分析。     

HACCP在苹果汁生产中的应用

苹果汁富含鲜果的风味和营养价值，素有“液体水果”之称，具有色泽艳，香味馥郁、酸甜适度，清鲜爽口之特点，现已成为大众营养饮料，美国于1998年4月提出两个针对果蔬汁HACCP管理的强制性提案，并且详细规定了其使用范围与生效日期。日本也紧跟其后，制定了“饮料综合卫生管理制造过程”的提案。HACCP作为食品工业中的一种有效的管理模式，应用于果汁生产企业中，将有益于果汁生产水平、产品质量与安全的全面提高与完善，提高国产果汁在国内外市场的竞争力。     

HACCP体系在西瓜嫁接苗BFB综合防控中的应用研究

应用HACCP的原理和方法 ,对西瓜嫁接育苗过程中的每个环节进行危害分析,结合西瓜嫁接育苗场BFB的发生与防治经验,确定了西瓜嫁接苗BFB综合防治中的7个关键控制点,提出了相应的预防和控制措施,并制定出完善的HACCP计划。经实践验证,将HACCP应用于西瓜嫁接苗生产,嫁接苗BFB的发病率大幅降低,嫁接育苗企业经济损失锐减,为西瓜嫁接苗健康种苗的生产提供了可靠保障。     

HACCP体系在西瓜嫁接苗BFB综合防控中的应用研究

应用HACCP的原理和方法,对西瓜嫁接育苗过程中的每个环节进行危害分析。结合西瓜嫁接育苗场BFB的发生与防治经验,确定了西瓜嫁接苗BFB综合防治中的7个关键控制点,提出了相应的预防和控制措施．并制定出完善的HACCP计划。经实践验证,将HACCP应用于西瓜嫁接苗生产,嫁接苗BFB的发病率大幅降低,嫁接育苗企业经济损失锐减,为西瓜嫁接苗健康种苗的生产提供了可靠保障。     

甘蔗渣培养基栽培木耳过程中主要组分的降解和有关酶活的变化

实验以甘蔗渣加少量麦麸栽培毛木耳和光木耳,在栽培的不同阶段分析测定培养物的的主要化学组成成分和有关酶活性的变化。结果表明,两种木耳利用栽培底物的能力有明显差别;在栽培后期,毛木耳和光木耳分别消耗纤维素为74%和43%,半纤维素为78%和61%,木质素寿60%和35%。不过它们对这些底物的消耗又具有相似的阶段性变化的特点,即在子实体形成期的消耗速率都比菌丝生长期快。培养物的纤维素酶和半纤维素酶的活性也有阶段性变化特点。底物降解速率的变化与酶活水平的变化之间有一定对应关系,其中尤以毛木耳较明显。实验还分析培养物的过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶的活性变化,简要地讨论了它们在栽培底物降解中的作用。     

Resveratrol reverses D-galactose-induced senescence in cardiomyocytes

AIM: To investigate the effect of resveratrol on aged cardiomyocytes induced by D-galactose and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Different concentrations of D-galactose (0, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 g/L) were added into the culture medium for different processing time (0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h) to induce cardiomyocyte senescence. Cell senescence was indentified by senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining. Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. FDG method was used to detect the quantity of β-galactosidase. The establishment of the cardiomyocyte aging model was determined according to the outcome of these detections. After that, different concentrations of resveratrol (2, 10, 50 and 250 μmol/L) were added into the culture medium, and the effect of resveratrol on the aged cardiomyocytes was observed according to the outcome of FDG detection. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the protein level of microtubule-related protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) in the cells were measured. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the number of β-galactosidase-positive cells in aging group (10 g/L D-galactose exposure for 48 h) was apparently increased. In aging group, the quantity of β-galactosidase detected by FDG was markedly increased, and the activity of SOD was down-regulated while the content of MDA in the cells was increased. The protein level of LC3 II/LC3 I was down-regulated. No significant change of the cell viability between the 2 groups was observed. Compared with aging group, the quantity of β-galactosidase in resveratrol treatment group (at the concentrations of 10 μmol/L and 50 μmol/L) was decreased. Resveratrol also up-regulated the activity of SOD and decreased the content of MDA in the cells. The protein level of LC3 II/LC3 I was up-regulated by resveratrol. CONCLUSION: Activation of oxidative stress and down-regulation of autophagy exist in D-galactose-induced aged cardiomyocytes. Resveratrol attenuates D-galactose-induced senescence in cardiomyocytes.     

Fractal characteristics of two-dimensional images of ‘Fuji’ apple trees trained to two tree configurations after their winter pruning

The structural diagrams of apple trees are the comprehensive reflection of the effects of their training and pruning as well as their physiological and ecological characteristics and yield. However, there have been few research reports on the characteristics of the structural diagrams of apple trees. The study investigated the fractal dimension numbers and fractal characteristics of the two-dimensional images of 5-year-old and 10-year-old ‘Fuji’ apple trees trained to the tall spindle configuration and the open-center configuration employing box-counting in combination with the image processing technology of the Photoshop. The two-dimensional images of apple trees with the different configurations differed and varied with their ages. The fractal dimension numbers of the two-dimensional images of the 10-year-old apple trees with the tall spindle configuration and with the open-center configuration were 1.6625 and 1.6531 respectively while the fractal dimension numbers of the two-dimensional images of the 5-year-old apple trees with the tall spindle configuration and with the open-center configuration were 1.6429 and 1.6377 respectively. As the age of the apple trees increased, the spatial quantities and distributions of trunks and branches got slightly intensified, and the fractal dimension numbers of their two-dimensional images and the apple yield increased correspondingly. The comparison of the fractal characteristics of the apple trees with the same age, which were trained to the different configurations, revealed that under the same age, the branch quantities and the apple yield of the apple trees with the tall spindle configuration were higher than those with the open-center configuration, so that under the same age the fractal dimension numbers with the tall spindle configuration were higher than those with the open-center configuration. These results showed that the fractal dimension number of the two-dimensional images of apple trees depended upon their trunk and bough distribution and at the same time it increased with their apple yield as well. Therefore, the fractal dimension numbers of the two-dimensional images of apple trees could be employed as an indicator for assessing training and pruning effects on apple trees and their fruit yield.     

Urban greenery as a habitat for parasitoids of the Pimplinae subfamily (Hymenoptera,Ichneumonidae)

Vegetation in green areas such as parks, gardens and allotment gardens provides suitable conditions for the development of parasitic insects, which can effectively reduce the population of plant pests feeding in this environment.The aim of the study was to determine the qualitative and quantitative structure of parasitoids of the Pimplinae subfamily (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) inhabiting urban green areas and to determine the influence of anthropogenic pressure on the structures of these communities.The study was conducted between 2014 and 2016 at five sites in urban green areas in Poznań, which were exposed to low, medium or high anthropogenic pressure.In total 3096 samples were collected and 659 Pimplinae insects belonging to 51 species were caught. The largest population and the highest species diversity of the Pimplinae was noted at the Serbska (S) site, which was exposed to medium anthropogenic pressure. The smallest population and the lowest species diversity were observed at the Zoological Garden (ZG) site, which was exposed to heavy anthropogenic pressure.The research showed that the qualitative and quantitative structure of parasitoids of the Pimplinae subfamily depended on the degree of greenness in a particular area, its abundance in plant species, and the air pollution level.The research showed that the degree of anthropogenic pressure determined the similarity of the qualitative and quantitative structure of Pimplinae communities inhabiting urban green areas.The research showed that the species richness and the number of parasitoids of the Pimplinae subfamily in urban green areas were positively related with a well-developed and species-diverse plant cover with an abundance of shrub plants.Therefore, a floristically diverse urban environment may increase the species abundance of parasitoids of the Ichneumonidae family, including the Pimplinae subfamily, which may effectively regulate the number of pests feeding on plants in this environment.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

不同光质照射下真姬菇的生长发育与光受体的响应表达

采用 5 种不同光质光源,分别对真姬菇（Hypsizygus marmoreus）的菌丝、原基和子实体进行照射,检测菌丝生长速度、原基形成数量、子实体菌柄长度、菌柄直径、菌盖直径以及产量等。结果显示：真姬菇菌丝在黑暗和红光下生长较快,在红绿蓝复合光下生长最慢;在蓝光下形成的原基数量最多,而在红光下原基数量最少;子实体阶段,黑暗下菌柄的长度及直径最大,绿光下菌柄长度及直径最小;而在蓝光和红绿蓝复合光下菌盖直径最大。相同培养时间,真姬菇在黑暗和蓝光下产量较高,在绿光下产量最低。进一步检测真姬菇光受体基因 WC1 和 WC2 在不同光质条件下的差异表达。结果表明,在菌柄中 WC1 在黑暗下表达量最高,WC2 在蓝光下表达量最高;而在菌盖中 WC1 和 WC2 均在蓝光下表达量最高。     

抚育间伐对冀北山地蒙古栎林分结构的影响

为了解抚育间伐对蒙古栎林结构特征的影响,以塞罕坝机械林场的蒙古栎林为研究对象,研究了抚育间伐对林分的直径分布、树高分布以及空间分布格局的影响。研究结果表明,抚育间伐前后林木直径和树高分布均服从于Weibull分布,间伐后小径级林木所占比例明显减小,中大径级比例明显增加;抚育间伐前后,蒙古栎林在多数尺度上都表现为集群分布,但抚育间伐后其聚集程度明显下降;取样大小对蒙古栎的空间分布格局具有明显影响,随取样面积的增大,蒙古栎林的聚集程度逐渐下降,逐渐向随机分布转化。综上,抚育间伐使蒙古栎林的林分状况得到了明显改善,结构趋于合理。     

铜、锌元素对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果与机理

 为寻找香蕉枯萎病防治措施,通过盆栽试验和室内试验,研究铜、锌（EDTA-Cu、EDTA-Zn）对香蕉尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense）生理特性的影响,以及锌与拮抗菌21号（SQR21^＃,多粘芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus polymyxa）配合使用对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果。结果表明：（1）用尖孢镰刀菌培养得到的粗毒素处理香蕉幼苗96 h后,对照植株萎蔫严重,呈枯死状,添加EDTA-Cu或EDTA-Zn,显著减轻了粗毒素对香蕉幼苗的伤害。（2）与对照相比,添加EDTA-Cu或EDTA-Zn均显著增加了香蕉尖孢镰刀菌小型分生孢子数量和真菌生物量,但显著降低了镰刀菌酸的产量,分别降低73%和96%。（3）盆栽试验中,加锌（ZnSO₄ · 7H₂O）处理显著降低了香蕉枯萎病的病情指数。其中锌与拮抗菌21号菌同时使用防治效果最好,处理75 d病情指数比直接接菌处理降低62%。（4）21号菌显著降低了香蕉根际土壤尖孢镰刀菌数量,与直接接菌处理相比降低了18%,锌与21号菌同时使用显著增加了尖孢镰刀菌数量,比直接接菌处理增加了30%。上述结果表明,锌离子可能通过降低香蕉尖孢镰刀菌镰刀菌酸的产量以及增强拮抗菌21号菌的生防活性来有效降低香蕉枯萎病的发病率。     

The expression of adrenomedullin mRNA in the right ventricle in chronic hypoxic rats

AIM: To study the role of adrenomedullin(AM) in the pathogenesis of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. METHODS: Rats were exposed to chronic hypoxia for 14 days. After the measurement of the right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), the rats were executed. The weight of the right ventricle (RV), the left ventricle(LV) and the ventricular septum(SP) were determined. The ration RV/(LV+SP) was used to express the thickness of RV. In situ hybridization was used for the detection of the expression of AM mRNA in the lung and RV. RESULTS: The RVSP in the hypoxic group was (63.63±3.42) mmHg,which was significantly higher than that in control group [(34.13±3.40) mmHg]. The RV/(LV+SP) in hypoxic group was 0.439±0.039,which was increased obviously when compared with that of control (0.230±0.025). The level of AM mRNA expressed in the RV in the hypoxia group was significantly higher than that in the control group. CONCLUSION: The expression of AM mRNA in RV increased in the hypoxic condition, which suggests that AM may attenuate the inappropriate increase in pulmonary artery pressure.     

核桃内果皮硬化期生长素动态变化及差异表达基因分析

为研究核桃内果皮硬化主要涉及的生物过程及生长素在硬化过程中的作用,以'新露'核桃为研究试材,形态学观察及木质素沉积分析表明,内果皮硬化与其表面维管束分布具有密切关系,靠近维管组织附近的内果皮硬化先于远离维管的区域.IAA含量在内果皮硬化过程中呈V字形变化;IAA在5个时期平均含量最高(16.467 ng·g-1),约为...