柴油机燃用生物柴油的经济性和排放特性

在一台电控高压共轨增压中冷柴油机上进行了燃用B10,B20和B30等3种掺混比例的黄连木籽生物柴油与纯柴油的经济性和排放特性试验。试验发现,在相同转速下,柴油机的燃油消耗率随负荷的增加而降低。2000 r/min时,生物柴油在中小负荷的燃油消耗率略低于柴油;大负荷时,4种燃料的燃油消耗率相当;随着负荷的增大,柴油机的CO和THC排放降低,NOx升高;相同工况下,生物柴油的NOx排放与生物柴油相当,无明显变化。由此可见,高压共轨柴油机燃用黄连木籽生物柴油可以在NOx排放基本不升高的前提下降低CO和THC的排放。     

低温环境下ISG技术柴油机起动性能分析

分析了低温环境下ISG技术柴油机起动性能的主要影响因素,结合柴油机的起动阻力矩、最低起动转速和ISG电机工作特性等因素,确定了ISG电机的最大输出功率;考察了极板结构、电解液温度对蓄电池容量的影响,研究了起动阻力矩与ISG电机功率、蓄电池容量之间的匹配关系,得到了起动阻力矩随环境温度、起动转速的变化规律.试验表明:减少板极厚度、增加板极高度,适当提高电解液密度,可以提高蓄电池容量;在相同的环境温度下,起动阻力矩随起动转速的提高而增大,当转速高于200 r/min时,转速每提高50 r/min,起动阻力矩增加4～11 N·m;当环境温度低于0℃,转速不变时,环境温度每降低5 oC,起动阻力矩增加约3～5 N·m;-25℃下ISG技术柴油机的起动着火转速可达350 r/min以上,起动时间缩短,且起动过程中转速过渡较为平滑,有利于提高起动工况下的动力性、改善排放性.     

低温环境下ISG技术柴油机起动性能分析

分析了低温环境下ISG技术柴油机起动性能的主要影响因素,结合柴油机的起动阻力矩、最低起动转速和ISG电机工作特性等因素,确定了ISG电机的最大输出功率;考察了极板结构、电解液温度对蓄电池容量的影响,研究了起动阻力矩与ISG电机功率、蓄电池容量之间的匹配关系,得到了起动阻力矩随环境温度、起动转速的变化规律。试验表明：减少板极厚度、增加板极高度,适当提高电解液密度,可以提高蓄电池容量;在相同的环境温度下,起动阻力矩随起动转速的提高而增大,当转速高于200r/min时,转速每提高50r/min,起动阻力矩增加4～11N?m;当环境温度低于0℃,转速不变时,环境温度每降低5℃,起动阻力矩增加约3~5N?m;-25℃下ISG技术柴油机的起动着火转速可达350r/min以上,起动时间缩短,且起动过程中转速过渡较为平滑,有利于提高起动工况下的动力性、改善排放性。     

处理柴油机氮氧化物和颗粒的低温等离子体法

柴油机氮氧化物和碳烟处理的方法有很多种，低温等离子体技术的涌现，为解决柴油机NOx和碳烟排放问题指出了一条新路。为此，重点阐述了运用于柴油机上的低温等离子体技术原理；比较分析了几种低温等离子体的产生，主要是电极的布置；提出了两种新的电极布置方法；设计了无声放电运用于氮氧化物和颗粒排放处理的实验流程。     

柴油机燃用乙醇-生物柴油-柴油混合燃料试验研究

先对0＃柴油（ D ）和乙醇-生物柴油-柴油混合燃料（ EBD ）的部分理化性质进行了试验、计算和对比;再基于柴油发动机台架,研究了柴油机燃用替代燃料后,其动力特性、经济特性和常规排放特性的变化。研究结果表明：在外特性下,柴油机燃用EBD的功率和转矩相对 D有0～2．84％的小幅度上升;在负荷特性下, EBD 的油耗量和油耗率相对D有较大幅度的上升,在2000r/min 转速时,增幅分别为11．26％～12．14％和7．69％～34.69％,在1700r/min转速时,增幅分别为11．86％～12．48％和5．18％～19．28％;在发动机六工况循环下的常规排放中,EBD 在CO,HC和碳烟减排方面的优势主要体现在中高负荷下,而在 NOx减排方面的优势则主要体现在中小负荷的情况下。     

柴油机NO_X排放降低的机外措施

NOx是柴油机排气中的主要有害排放物,机外措施是控制柴油机NOx排放的有效措施,是柴油机排放控制的关键技术之一。本文主要介绍了采用SCR技术、等离子体辅助催化还原技术、NOx的吸附一催化技术和稀NOx技术。     

柴油机燃用油焦浆试验

在一台安装了油焦浆燃料供给系统的R180型柴油机上,进行了燃用油焦浆的试验.测量了发动机燃用油焦浆时的转速、转矩、燃料消耗量、排气温度、HC、CO、NOx和碳烟排放量等参数,并与原机燃用0号柴油进行了对比.试验结果表明,在1 200、1 600、1 800 r/min转速下,发动机燃用油焦浆时最大输出功率比燃用柴油时分别下降了约6.2％、19％和21％,排气温度平均升高了约5.3％、19.1％和34.2％.HC排放量在1 200 r/min时比柴油低,在1 600、1 800 r/min时两者比较接近;CO排放量在3种转速下和柴油相近;NOx排放量在3种转速下比柴油低;碳烟排放量在1 200r/min时与柴油比较接近,在1 600、1 800r/min时比柴油高.     

EGR冷却强度对增压柴油机NOx排放的影响

研究了3种不同冷却强度的EGR气体对增压柴油机的NOx排放性能的影响.结果表明:采用不同冷却强度的EGR 比热EGR更能降低NOx排放,但不同冷却强度的EGR降低NOx排放的效果在不同的工况下表现不同;发动机在较低转速的中低负荷工况下,降低NOx排放的效果更好;另外,不同冷却强度EGR气体对发动机的燃油经济性影响不大.     

多级喷射对柴油机燃烧与NOx排放影响的数值模拟

基于KIVA-3V程序并应用引导喷射策略,对柴油机燃烧过程与NOx排放进行了数值模拟研究。研究结果表明：与传统的单级喷射相比,引导喷射可缩短主喷滞燃期,降低最高燃烧温度,从而降低NOx排放。若引导喷射提前角过小,则NOx排放降低较少;若引导喷射提前角过大,则NOx排放增加。在11°CA的引导喷射提前角、15%的引导喷射量和4°CA的主喷提前角下,NOx排放降低了约13%。     

S195型柴油机燃用柴油/甲醇双燃料排放特性试验

在S195型柴油机基本不改变其结构和调整参数的基础上,实现了柴油/甲醇双燃料排放特性的台架试验,分析了供油提前角(fθd)的变化对柴油/甲醇双燃料中NOx和CO排放的影响。推迟供油提前角,双燃料的CO排放增加,NOx排放降低。并在等转速和等过量空气系数条件下,研究了甲醇掺入量对NOx和CO排放影响的规律和原因。CO排放随甲醇掺入量的增加而下降,但掺入甲醇使NOx排放升高。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。