IMPACTS OF TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENT ON THE ADOPTION OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND BIOPESTICIDES AMONG FARMERS: EVIDENCE FROM HEILONGJIANG PROVINCE,CHINA

Excessive application of mineral fertilizers and synthetic pesticides poses a substantial threat to the soil and water environment and food security.Organic fertilizer and biopesticides have gradually become essential technology for reducing mineral fertilizer and pesticide inputs. In the process,the technical environment is critical for promoting farmer behavior related to the adoption of organic fertilizer and biopesticides. This paper analyzes the influence of the technical environment on far...     

关于加强我国农业科技创新中心建设的思考

农业科技创新中心是国家农业战略科技力量的重要组成部分,肩负着农业领域新知识、新技术、新产品、新产业策源地等重要使命。“十四五”期间,在高效服务区域经济发展、乡村全面振兴的大背景下,农业科技创新中心在优化资源配置、区域协同创新、技术服务产业发展等方面具有重要意义。文章剖析了农业科技创新中心内涵,梳理了国内外农业科技创新中心发展经验,从找准主体定位、深化机制创新、契合建设运营、提升可持续发展能力4个维度提出了建议。     

以项目为纽带 探索农业科技服务新模式

农业科研单位围绕科技示范推广与产业开发建设而实施综合科技服务,通过项目带动科技服务的模式已悄然出现。这种模式突出地表现出科技示范、提升产业化程度、增强科技培训三大功能,同时,项目的确立与实施是决定科技服务能否到位的重要因素。     

新时期我国农业科技体制改革的思考

文章论述了我国农业科技体制的现状以及深化改革的理论思路及对策。     

加强农业科技档案收集管理的几点建议

提高农业科技档案收集管理水平,更好地发挥农业科技档案见证历史、记录发展、服务社会的功能,是档案管理人员亟待加强的一项基础性工作。该文结合自身的工作实际,提出加强农业科技档案收集管理,要着力做好5个方面的工作。     

河南省农业领域获国家科技奖励情况分析

科技是农业进步的根本动力。近年来,河南省农业取得了长足进步,其中农业科技创新发挥了关键支撑作用,与此同时农业领域也获得了一系列国家科技奖励。文章对2000—2020年河南省农业领域获国家科技奖励情况进行了总结分析,明确了基本特征与存在问题,提出了对策建议,以期为河南省进一步提升农业科技创新水平、促进农业高质量发展提供有益借鉴。     

新型农业科技推广模式的探索和实践

杨凌农业高新技术产业示范区充分依托科教资源优势,探索和形成了政府支持型、大学示范型、企业带动型和协会组织型4种推广模式。     

湖南省农业科技进步的限制因子与对策

从湖南省农业科技进步缓慢这一现实问题入手,探讨了限制湖南农业科技进步的五大因子:a.本源性限制因子——农民文化水平低;b.扩散性限制因子——农业信息产业落后;c.稳定性限制因子——农民应用科技的风险与代价;d.保证性限制因子——农业科技体制僵化;e.激励性限制性因子——环境刺激力的弱小,并在分析这些限制因子的基础上结合实际分别提出了消除对策。     

国家科技奖励对我国种植业创新发展的影响

种植业是我国农业的主体行业,也是我国农业科技创新最具代表性的核心领域。文章以2000—2019年我国种植业领域获得国家科技奖励项目为研究对象,分析了种植业获奖项目在研究方向、产出时间、依托单位等方面的分布特征,归纳总结了获奖项目对种植业科技创新发展的影响,并对今后种植业领域国家科技奖励培育和评审提出了相关建议。     

农户信任如何影响农业绿色生产技术采纳?——基于服务外包的中介效应

基于对河南1 994份农户的调研数据,运用结构方程模型,研究了信任格局和服务外包对农户农业绿色生产技术采纳的影响作用及其传递机制。结果表明:1)农户信任由特殊信任和普遍信任构成,其中加强农户与村集体、乡县级政府间的信任能够显著提高农户特殊信任水平,且表现出特殊信任对农业绿色生产技术采纳行为的正向促进特征,而农户普遍信任则没被验证有效;2)农户服务外包对其绿色生产技术采纳产生了直接的正向效应,且在服务外包的作用机制下,特殊信任对绿色生产技术采纳的正向影响得到强化,而在农户普遍信任中未显示出服务外包的中介效应;3)对不同类型农户的多群组分析还显示,农户特殊信任对农业绿色生产技术采纳的影响因其是否兼业而产生差异,但一旦选择了服务外包,不论农户是否兼业,也不论其信任关系和水平如何,“迂回”采纳绿色生产技术的作用效果显著提升。因此,为促进农户对农业绿色生产技术的采纳,应加快构建高度信任的社区环境,提高农户社会信任水平,培育农业生产性服务市场,完善农业技术推广模式。     

对万顷沙绿色食品生产示范基地构建情况的调查与思考

阐述了在番禺万顷沙地区建立绿色食品生产示范基地的必要性和可能性，描述了在该地区构建绿色食品生产示范基地的基本思路，指出了建立生态农业开发绿色食品需要正确处理的若干关系．     

TRANSFORMATION OF AGRICULTURE ON THE LOESS PLATEAU OF CHINA TOWARD GREEN DEVELOPMENT

● Agriculture on Loess Plateau has transformed from food shortage to green development. ● Terracing and check-dams are the key engineering measures to increase crop yields. ● Agronomic measures and policy support greatly increased crop production. ● Increasing non-agricultural income is a key part of increasing farmers’ income. ● Grain for Green Program had an overwhelming advantage in protecting environment. Loess Plateau of China is a typical dryland agricultural area. Agriculture there has transformed from food shortage toward green development over the past seven decades, and has achieved world-renowned achievements. During 1950–1980, the population increased from 42 to 77 million, increasing grain production to meet food demand of rapid population growth was the greatest challenge. Engineering measures such as terracing and check-dam were the crucial strategies to increase crop production. From 1981 to 2000, most of agronomic measures played a key role in increasing crops yield, and a series of policy support has benefited millions of smallholders. As expected, these measures and policies greatly increased crop production and basically achieved food security; but, low per capita GDP (only about 620 USD in 2000) was still a big challenge. During 2001–2015, the increase in agricultural and non-agricultural income together supported the increase in farmer income to 5781 USD·yr^–1. Intensive agriculture that relies heavily on chemicals increased crop productivity by 56%. Steadfast policy support such as “Grain for Green Program” had an overwhelming advantage in protecting the natural ecological environment. In the new era, the integration of science and technology innovations, policy support and positive societal factors will be the golden key to further improve food production, protect environment, and increase smallholder income.     

柠条,沙柳制造刨花板生产工艺研究

利用柠条、沙柳制造刨花板，拓宽了刨花板的原料来源，本文研究了柠条、沙化板密度与性能的关系并采用正交试验的方法研究了柠条、沙柳混合原料制造刨花板的工艺，并对其混合比例进行了试验，研究结果表明，利用沙柳、柠条生产刨花板是完全可行的，当刨花权密度为０．７ｇ／ｍｍ＾３时，表芯层施胶量分别为１３％、９％，石蜡施加量为１％时，产品性能指标分别达到国际一等品和二等品的标准要求，混合比例适当可以改善单一原料制造刨     

高校科技创新影响力研究——以河南工业大学为例

高校科技创新其特色和优势成果是提升高校影响力的"源动力";成果推广应用是提高高校影响力的"生产力";积极参与有利于提高高校社会影响力;科技创新平台有利于加强高校科技竞争力;抓住省局共建历史机遇,推动高校科技发展。     

NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY AND LOSSES OF INDUSTRIAL FARMS AND MIXED SMALLHOLDINGS: LESSONS FROM THE NORTH CHINA PLAIN

• Degree of integration of crop and livestock was insufficient on mixed smallholdings. • Liquid manure discharges on industrial farms hamper the closing of nutrient loops. • Coupling with local crop farms is encouraged to achieve integration of crop-livestock systems. The proportion of industrial livestock in China has increased over the past 30 years, which increases animal performance but causes the decoupling of crop and livestock production. Here, we aimed to quantify nutrient flows, nutrient use efficiency, and nutrient losses in different livestock systems in the North China Plain based on the NUFER-farm model. Activity data were collected by face-to-face surveys on pig and dairy (41 livestock farms) during 2016–2018. The two systems included industrial farms and mixed smallholdings. In mixed smallholdings, 4.0% and 9.6% of pig and dairy feed dry matter (DM) were derived from household farmland, but 4.8% and 9.3% of manure DM recycled to household farmland. Nutrient use efficiency in industrial farms was higher than in mixed smallholdings at animal level, herd level, and system level. To produce 1 kg N and P in animal products, nutrient losses in industrial pig farms (2.0 kg N and 1.3 kg P) were lower than in mixed pig smallholdings, nutrient losses in industrial dairy farms (2.7 kg N and 2.2 kg P) were slightly higher than in mixed dairy smallholdings. Liquid manure discharge in industrial farms was the main losses pathway in contrast to mixed smallholdings. This study suggests that feed localization can reduce nutrient surpluses at the district level. It is necessary to improve manure management and increase the degree of integrated crop-livestock in smallholdings. In industrial farms, it is desirable to increase the liquid manure recycling ratio through cooperating livestock and crop production at the district level.     

中三角区域农业科技创新协同发展状况研究

农业科技创新协同发展是中三角地区农业科技实现跨越式发展的必经之路。目前,中三角区域农业科技创新发展有着自身的先天优势,但仍存在诸多问题,如区域间农业科研单位协作不够,农业科研专项资金使用效率低,农业科技资源配置结构不合理,农业科技成果转化率低等。文章从农业发展现状、农业科技发展的优势与问题这3个角度,对中三角区域农业科技创新协同发展状况进行分析,并根据其存在的问题,提出针对性、合理性的建议。     

PORK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN CHINA: A REVIEW OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT,CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS IN GREEN PRODUCTION

•Large-scale industrial pork production enterprises are preferred in China in the future.•Challenges to green pork production include emissions, feed shortage and residues.•Potential solutions to green production include precise feeding and manure recycling.This paper reviews the changes in pork production in China, the largest pork producing and consuming nation in the world. The pork sector in China has changed dramatically since the 1990s, with large-scale intensive pork production systems replacing the former, exclusively family-based pork production systems. Modern breeding, feeding, vaccinating, and management technologies are widely used now. However, smallholders still account for a large proportion of the total production. The intensification and specialization of the pork sector is expected to continue in the future, but there is increasing awareness and pressure to develop more environmentally-sustainable production systems. The relative shortage of domestically produced feed, the low utilization efficiency of feed ingredients, the large emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus to the environment, the high use of antibiotics, and the presence of residual metals in manures are very large challenges for the pork sector nowadays. To solve these problems, techniques including new feed resource utilization, precise feeding, low-protein diets, alternatives to antibiotics and increased manure recycling are all important topics and research directions today. With new techniques and management approaches, it is possible to build more sustainable pork production systems in China.     

人参茎叶总皂甙提取精制工艺研究

以人参茎叶为试验材料,人参茎叶总皂甙(Ginseng Stem and Leave Saponin,GSLS)提取率为评价指标,运用正交试验,筛选出最佳提取工艺。并对影响树脂精制过程影响最大的吸附容量,洗脱液用量及浓度3因素进行考察,对提取液进行大孔树脂分离纯化,以得到高收率(87％)、高纯度(83．5％)的人参茎叶总皂甙。     

“十四五”时期国立农业科研机构国家科技计划管理探讨

进入“十四五”，国家科技计划管理改革将持续深入推进。文章立足中国农业科学院国家科技计划项目管理现状，提出注重管理政策学习、强化农业问题研究、做好重大项目储备、积极推荐重大科技选题、做好项目申报服务、组织协同创新、创新项目过程管理和绩效管理机制以及完善管理制度建设等措施建议，为规范国立农业科研机构科技计划管理、提高科技创新效率、加快实现农业科技高水平自立自强夯实基础。     

服务国家农业重大需求，打好农业领域关键技术攻坚战以中国农业科学院为例

2020年我国农业科技进步贡献率已经超过60%,农业科技的影响度和引领度位居全球第一。然而,我国农业科技的一些重点领域仍存在制约农业农村现代化发展的关键瓶颈,部分关键核心技术尚未攻克,阻碍农业产业迈向中高端和国际竞争力的提升。文章分析了开展农业领域关键核心技术攻关的迫切需求,围绕粮食作物、经济作物、畜禽种业、动植物疫病防控、农业绿色发展、农机装备、食品制造与营养健康、农业大数据与人工智能等农业重点领域梳理科学问题和任务清单,系统剖析了中国农业科学院开展关键核心技术攻关工作的相关举措,并提出了相关意见和建议,以期为突破农业领域关键技术路径提供参考和借鉴。