外来入侵种的危害与防治对策

外来入侵种对当地的自然生态系统结构和功能以及生物多样性都有着深远的影响,而且可能对地方的生态环境和经济造成严重危害.四川已经成为遭受外来入侵种威胁的省份之一,全省现有20多个外来入侵种.为了防止外来入侵种的泛滥,应当建立外来物种的引入评价机制,慎重进行有意引种;加强口岸管理,防止外来入侵种通过贸易途径无意引入,同时采取措施控制已经产生危害的外来入侵种.     

外采入侵种的危害与防治对策

外来入侵种对当地的自然生态系统结构和功能以及生物多样性都有着深远的影响，而且可能对地方的生态环境和经济造成严重危害。四川已经成为遭受外来入侵种威胁的省份之一，全省现有20多个外来入侵种。为了防止外来入侵种的泛滥，应当建立外来物种的引入评价机制，慎重进行有意引种：加强口岸管理，防止外来入侵种通过贸易途径无意引入，同时采取措施控制已经产生危害的外来入侵种。     

东北草地外来入侵植物现状与防治策略

外来入侵植物已经对东北草地造成严重的经济损失和生态破坏。通过野外调查、查阅植物标本信息和文献资料,确定东北草地外来入侵植物共38种,隶属于12科35属。东北草地外来入侵植物主要集中在菊科、禾本科、茄科、豆科和苋科这5个科中,其植物种数占东北草地外来入侵植物总种数的81.58%,成为外来植物入侵东北草地的主力军。种植地、草地、路边和水边是东北草地外来入侵植物的主要生境。从入侵途径看,有意引入和无意引入东北草地的植物种数大体相等。建议从重点类群防治、主要生境防治、切断入侵途径和采取科学防治措施等方面控制东北草地外来入侵植物的蔓延。东北草地外来入侵植物现状与东北地区、全国外来入侵植物现状有很大的相似性,其防治策略具有参考价值。     

加拿大一枝黄花研究进展

外来植物的引入或入侵,对我国农林牧业已经产生了惊人的直接经济损失,它们引起生态系统紊乱、生物多样性的丧失而造成的间接经济损失更是无法估计。外来植物入侵已成为生物多样性保护和生态系统恢复研究的热点问题,对外来种的入侵理论,即入侵生态学的研究也正在兴起。通过从外来入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花的生物学特性、对环境条件的适应性、对植物多样性的危害、药用价值及防治方法等方面进行了综述。     

我国外来入侵种的蜜粉源植物刍议

按《中国外来入侵物种编目》和《中国外来入侵种》所录的物种中植物,有24种属蜜粉源植物.自引进至今发现2种危害生态环境,其他种都在各地广为种植.今后引进外来物种必须严防在先,但对有益无害的外来物种引入必不可少.     

外来牧草入侵风险评估体系研究

风险评估是预防外来物种入侵的有效手段,为科学评价外来牧草的入侵风险,防止盲目引种带来生态安全威胁,本研究将频度分析法与层次分析法结合,建立外来牧草入侵风险评估指标体系;该体系由5个一级指标和18个二级指标组成,包括外来牧草的入侵性、适应性、扩散性、生物学特性、危害性、防除难度等方面;本研究中,利用4种禾本科外来入侵牧草和3种禾本科外来牧草对构建的评估体系进行验证,并利用该体系对外来牧草柳枝稷（Panicum virgatum L.）进行了入侵风险评估实例研究,得出其入侵风险为中等,主要体现在适应性强和扩散性强方面。本研究建立的评估体系,可初步明确柳枝稷入侵风险的主要来源,为外来牧草的引种管理提供参考。     

辽宁省外来入侵有害生物特征初步分析

通过2006-2008年野外实地调查和文献资料分析,对辽宁省外来有害生物进行总结。结果表明,目前对辽宁省造成危害的外来物种共计116种,分别为外来植物89种、外来害虫17种和外来病原微生物10种,其中危害性较强的主要有14种。这些外来物种的传播和扩散速度较快,传播途径多以无意引入为主,对辽宁省的经济和生态环境危害严重。外来物种入侵地多为生态系统结构单一的农田草场或人工林系统;入侵地多为辽宁省气候温暖湿润的南部,且生物多样性比较丰富的地区。     

华北农牧交错带外来植物入侵特征分析

基于相关资料的整理和专家咨询,运用样带调查法对华北农牧交错带的外来植物入侵状况进行了调查。结果表明:华北农牧交错带现有外来入侵植物19种,隶属于11科18属,其中禾本科和菊科两大科的外来植物种类最多,分别占21.05%和15.79%。在生活型方面,一、二年生的外来入侵植物种类最多,占总数的84.21%;在起源地方面,原产地为美洲的外来入侵植物种类占到入侵植物总数的52.63%;在引入途径方面,人为有意引入占63.16%。通过分析外来入侵植物与生境之间的关系表明:相比较沙地和天然草地,道路两旁、撂荒地、庭院村旁、农田以及农田草地边界等人为干扰强烈的地方所受到外来植物的危害相对更为严重。因此,针对不同的入侵生境类型采取相应的防护措施对于农牧交错带的生态保护和生态恢复具有重要意义。     

中国草地外来入侵植物现状研究

草地是中国陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,外来入侵植物已对我国草地造成了严重的生态危害和经济损失。了解草地外来植物的种类组成和入侵现状,是加强草地入侵植物管控,开展有效防控措施的基础。本文基于文献报道和数据库资料,系统分析了我国草地外来入侵植物的种类组成、起源、生活型、入侵途径和分布区域。结果表明,我国草地生境现有外来入侵植物183种,隶属41科123属。其中,菊科植物最多,有47种;禾本科和豆科分别有30种、21种。入侵植物来源于美洲的物种最多,共占总数的56.2%;其次是欧洲和亚洲,分别占比23.14%,13.22%。生活型以一年生和多年生草本植物为主;有意引进是最主要的引入途径。我国草地外来入侵植物种类繁多且分布范围广,急需对其开展进一步的调查,全面监测追踪入侵种群动态,积极控制已产生严重危害的植物种类,实行预防在先、防治结合的原则。本文旨在为我国草地外来入侵植物防控工作提供可靠的理论参考。     

我国正遭受400余种外来生物入侵

农业部最新统计显示,目前已经至少有380种入侵植物、40种入侵动物、23种入侵微生物正“全面”入侵我国,外来入侵生物给我国农业生产和生态环境带来极大的危害。     

内蒙古外来入侵物种及其对草原的影响

生物入侵严重威胁着内蒙古草原的生物多样性和生态安全。目前,内蒙古地区乃至于全国对外来物种只重引进、疏于管理,导致外来物种逃逸到自然环境中,造成潜在的环境灾害。本研究据文献查阅以及中国外来入侵物种数据库信息,整理分析内蒙古境内分布的外来入侵物种的种类、来源地、侵入途径及对草原的危害状况,并对内蒙古草原应对外来物种入侵提出了相应的防控措施。根据统计,外来入侵植物中的牛膝菊(Galinsoga parviflora)和光梗蒺藜草(Cenchrus calyculatus)已表现出蔓延趋势,其他物种有待进一步的调查。     

Digestive efficiency of indigenous and invasive avian species fed fruit of invasive alien plants in South Africa

Many highly invasive plant species produce fleshy fruit that are consumed and dispersed by frugivorous birds. However, little is known about assimilation efficiency of invasive fruit by indigenous and invasive avian species. We investigated whether indigenous Knysna (Tauraco corythaix) and Purple-crested (Gallirex porphyreolophus) Turacos and invasive alien Rose-ringed Parakeets (Psittacula krameri) met their energy demands when fed fruits of four fleshy- fruited invasive alien plant species: Solanum mauritianum, Cinnamomum camphora, Psidium guajava and Morus alba. Birds were fed single-fruit diets for two consecutive days and energetic parameters were calculated for all fruit diets. Our results showed that generally both invasive and indigenous avian species managed to gain their daily energy requirements from fruits of the four respective invasive plants, suggesting that they can meet their energetic demands by feeding on them only. The exception was P. krameri, which did not feed on S. mauritianum fruit. These findings may explain why fruits of invasive alien plants are attractive to most avian frugivores and highlight the role of avian frugivores in their dispersal.     

不同入侵程度喜旱莲子草化学计量特征及其与共存种银花苋的比较

外来种入侵使入侵地物种多样性水平下降、生态系统稳定遭到破坏.通过测定不同入侵程度的喜旱莲子草根茎叶以及土壤C、N、P含量及其化学计量比,探查喜旱莲子草各器官化学元素含量及比率的变化;同时,对喜旱莲子草与共存种银花苋化学计量特征进行比较,以揭示喜旱莲子草的营养策略及其成功入侵机制.结果表明:1)随喜旱莲子草的入侵,其生境...     

Truth and consequences: the bioinvasion of the Mediterranean Sea

Over 660 alien marine multicellular species have been recorded in the Mediterranean Sea, with many establishing viable populations and subsequently dispersing from their points of entry. A brief overview is presented of the current state of knowledge of bioinvasions in the Mediterranean Sea, with particular attention paid to gelatinous invasive species. A database of alien species records was used to characterize their identity, pattern of expansion and native region, and to discuss the relative importance of different taxa and vectors in the various regions of the sea. The temporal and spatial spread of 4 alien scyphozoans and 2 alien ctenophores is outlined. Although thermophilic species constitute the majority of Mediterranean aliens, Erythrean aliens are predominant in the east, with shipping and mariculture being mainly responsible for introductions in the northwest. The propagule pressure driving the Erythrean invasion is powerful in the establishment and spread of alien species in the eastern Mediterranean. The implications of the enlargement of the Suez Canal, reflecting patterns in global trade and economy, are briefly discussed. Finally, as alien species inventories play a pivotal role in informing regional policy and management decisions and identifying resource priorities, the scientific community is called upon to pay particular attention to their accuracy and veracity.     

内蒙古自治区外来入侵植物的问题与对策

随着全球经济一体化进程的不断深入,生物入侵严重威胁生态环境、公众健康及区域经济发展。本文在多年实践基础上,对国内外文献进行收集、汇总和对比分析,以明确内蒙古自治区外来植物入侵现状、发生的特点和趋势,以及对畜牧业生产和生态安全的影响等,并提出相应的防治对策,以期为内蒙古自治区外来植物入侵的防控提供理论依据。结果表明,目前,内蒙古自治区外来入侵植物已达45种,其中分属16个科36个属。入侵植物以一、二年生草本为主,占总入侵植物的79.5%,入侵来源以国内其他省区传入和国外直接传入两种途径实现;入侵植物有19种原产自美洲,占入侵植物总数的42.2%,欧洲次之,为18种。虽然内蒙古自治区外来植物入侵防控取得了一定成效,但是整体上存在重视程度不足、相关法制法规不健全、监管脱节、投入不足,评估与预警机制不健全、相关研究滞后等问题。因此,应加大资金投入,提高防范意识,建立入侵植物风险评估、早期预警监测体系,提升科研能力和监测技术水平,构建信息平台,加强对外交流,从而保障内蒙古自治区的生态安全,确保人民生命和财产安全,维护社会和谐稳定发展。     

Interspecific association of sika deer in terrestrial animal communities of Liancheng National Nature Reserve,China

The prevention and control of invasive of alien species is an important work for nature reserves. This study analyzes the development trend of the alien species sika deer in Liancheng National Nature Reserve. From October 2019 to June 2020, 3523 valid photos and videos of terrestrial animals were acquired from 130 camera traps, and sika deer were recorded in 21 photos from 13 traps. The survival of the sika deer population was investigated by means of morphological identification, population structure analysis, species relative abundance indices, and species spatial association analysis. A total of 13 sika deer individuals were identified by camera trapping, including two kids and three subadults representing the reproductive capacity of the population. Spatially, sika deer is not associated with any local species and was outside the spatial association network of terrestrial animals in Liancheng National Nature Reserve, indicating that the sika deer population has not been integrated into the local community and has failed to perform its ecological function. It is worth noting that the reserve provides habitat suitable for sika deer and that the population has adequate reproductive capacity. Due to the lack of large apex predators in the reserve, the population size of ungulates such as sika deer, red deer, and Siberian roe deer may expand and lead to population outbreaks and the associated problems for the ecosystem. To restore large- and medium-sized carnivores and avoid the population outbreak of the species, the present challenges require immediate attention in Liancheng National Nature Reserve.     

Seed wasp invasions promoted by unregulated seed trade affect vegetal and animal biodiversity

Cone and seed insects are considered the most important predators of tree seeds during the pre-dispersal phase of development. Among them, exotic seed chalcids in the genus Megastigmus invaded Europe as a result of the rapidly-increasing and mostly unregulated seed trade for afforestation and ornamental plantations. Unlike their economic impact in seed orchards, until recently, little attention was paid to the ecological impact of these insects. In the present study, selected case studies of alien Megastigmus spp. were considered to assess their specific impact on the potential of natural regeneration of native woody plants and on the native entomofauna competing for seed resource. We re-analyzed data from former studies that did not focus on these ecological interactions and, here, present previously unpublished results. Seeds of Douglas-fir, true cedars, true firs and wild roses were sampled all over Europe, and the relative importance of the native and invasive chalcid species was assessed as well as their specific impact on seed yield. In most cases, the recent arrival of alien chalcids resulted in a significant decrease in the regeneration potential of the host trees. In the absence of competitors, alien chalcids occupied the entire seed niche in Douglas-fir, but their impact tended to decrease after the arrival of invasive seed bugs. In firs, alien chalcids tended to displace the native chalcids, but not in wild roses and cedars, where their damage was increasing. Different biological traits that might explain invasive success of alien chalcids are discussed. However, no general invasive patterns seem to exist.     

Contrasting invasion patterns in intertidal and subtidal mussel communities

Two invasive mussel species are known from South Africa, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Semimytilus algosus. Most of the existing research on these invaders has focused on the intertidal zone, with little attention paid to subtidal habitats. This study addresses this knowledge gap by quantifying the relative abundance and size of native and alien mussels from the high-shore down to the subtidal zone, while accounting for the effects of wave exposure. This was achieved through extensive surveys along the west coast of South Africa and the Cape Peninsula. At all shore zones, mussel abundance varied among species and wave exposures. In intertidal habitats, invasive species were recorded in greatest abundances at wave-exposed sites. Specifically, M. galloprovincialis was dominant in the high-shore, but this pattern changed down the shore. In the mid-shore, the invaders were equally dominant over native mussels, while in the low-shore S. algosus became the most abundant. Notably, the native Choromytilus meridionalis was absent intertidally. In the subtidal zone M. galloprovincialis was rarely present, whereas S. algosus maintained a strong presence. The maximum size of native Aulacomya atra and invasive S. algosus in the subtidal zone was roughly double that recorded in the intertidal zone. Importantly, these results highlight that observations made from intertidal studies of mussel invasions cannot be used to infer subtidal patterns.