李子果肉单宁结构及其抗氧化能力的研究

对李子果肉的总酚含量与可溶性缩合单宁含量进行了测定,并利用基质辅助激光解吸附离子化飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOFMS)联合核磁共振(NMR)技术详细研究了李子果肉单宁的类型、聚合度及平均分子质量.同时用二苯基苦基肼自由基(DPPH·)法研究了李子果肉单宁的抗氧化活性.结果表明:李子果肉中总酚质量分数为8.29%±1.30%,可溶性缩合单宁质量分数为1.43%±0.93%;构成该单宁的黄烷-3-醇结构单元主要是表儿茶酚,在化学结构上属于原花青定类型,且大部分聚合物的结构单元之间存在A型和B型2种连接方式,平均聚合度为5.3,平均分子质量为1583.7u;李子果肉单宁具有较高的自由基清除能力,其半数有效浓度(EC50)为57.98mg/L.     

几种木麻黄单宁含量及其分布规律研究

探讨了几种木麻黄单宁含量与种类、年龄、部位、生态环境的关系。结果表明:8种木麻黄小枝总多酚含量排序为:细枝木麻黄(Casuarina cunninghamina)>山地木麻黄(C.junghuhniana)>山神木麻黄(C.collia)>短枝木麻黄(C.equisetifolia)>鸡冠木麻黄(C.cristata)>粗枝木麻黄(C.glauca)>肥木木麻黄(C.obesa)>滨海木麻黄(Allocasuari-na littoralis);不同年龄木麻黄小枝总多酚含量随着年龄的增加而增大。短枝木麻黄和细枝木麻黄总多酚、可溶性单宁、蛋白质结合缩合单宁以及纤维素结合缩合单宁含量大体上以细根>树皮>小枝。随着离海岸带距离的增加,木麻黄小枝总多酚含量降低。木麻黄小枝蛋白质结合态缩合单宁含量非常低,而纤维素结合态缩合单宁含量较高,这可能与木麻黄鳞片叶退化为小枝,纤维素含量高有关。     

短枝木麻黄幼苗小枝单宁形成的养分和酸度效应

对养分和pH值对短枝木麻黄幼苗小枝单宁和其他有机物质产生的影响进行研究.结果表明:短枝木麻黄幼苗小枝总酚(TP)、可溶性缩合单宁(ECT)和氮含量,以及ECT:N随着氮肥的施加而显著降低,支持碳氮平衡假说和生长分化平衡假说;施加磷肥对总酚和可溶性缩合单宁含量没有显著影响,随着pH值的升高,总酚含量显著升高,可溶性缩合单宁含量没有显著变化,而淀粉、叶绿素a、叶绿素a/b、类胡萝卜素和氮磷含量显著降低,因而TP:N和ECT:N水平均显著升高;总酚和可溶性缩合单宁与营养物质的关系相反,表明不同类型的单宁存在不同的合成途径,但由于总酚和可溶性缩合单宁均与氮含量没有显著的相关性,故不支持蛋白质竞争模型;TP:N和ECT:N的水平在养分缺乏条件下较高,有利于提高短枝木麻黄的抵御病虫害能力和降低凋落物的分解率,减少养分的损失.     

杨树树皮中化学成分与溃疡病关系的研究(Ⅲ)——几种化学成分的季节变异及与溃疡病的关系

本文对毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)树皮中的总酚、缩合单宁类、其它酚类(水解单宁类、酚苷等)、可溶性总糖含量的季节变异及与溃疡病(Dothiorella gregaria)的关系进行了初步研究。结果表明,总酚、其它酚类对溃疡病菌起着明显的抑制作用,其季节变异与毛白杨树皮生物测定液抗溃疡病能力之间的相关性显著,缩合单宁类、水溶性总糖对溃疡病菌起着一定的促进作用,但其季节变异与毛白杨树皮生物测定液抗溃疡病能力之间的相关性不十分显著。     

木榄花萼缩合单宁制备花青定及抗氧化能力研究

利用MALDI-TOF MS分析了红树植物木榄花萼缩合单宁的结构单元组成类型、平均聚合度和平均分子质量.并以木榄花萼缩合单宁为原料,通过HCl-正丁醇法酸解反应制备了花青定粗产品,同时测定了花青定粗产品对二苯基苦基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)的清除能力及铁离子还原/抗氧化能力(FRAP).结果表明:木榄花萼缩合单宁结构单元组成类型主要为儿茶素或表儿茶素,平均聚合度为7.5,平均分子质量为2 081.60 u;花青定粗产品具有较强的清除自由基能力,DPPH·半数抑制浓度(IC50)为43.889 mg/L,并具有较高的FRAP((7.718± 0.109)mmol/g).     

凹叶厚朴的类型划分及其药用成份含量测定初报

凹叶厚朴按其树皮的不同形状、厚度,可划分为油朴、粗鳞厚朴和细鳞厚朴三个类型,主要药用成份厚朴酚、和厚朴酚的含量以油朴为最高,粗鳞厚朴次之,细鳞厚朴最低。     

毛杨梅及油柑树皮单宁组分的研究(凝缩类单宁组分研究之二)

从毛杨梅(Myrica esculenta)及油柑(Phyllanthus emblica)树皮提取物分离出米的单宁,通过各种降解反应及波谱方法研究判定,毛杨梅单宁是局部带有3-o-棓酰基的原翠雀定。油柑单宁是由局部带有3-o-棓酰基的原翠雀定与原花青定组成的混合型原花色素。两种单宁分子的组成单元大部分具有2,3-顺式构型。     

麻竹开花前后营养元素分配格局及动态变化规律

为了探讨开花麻竹的营养动态变化规律,对麻竹(Dendrocalamus latiflorus)开花前后营养分配格局及动态变化进行研究。结果表明:未开花麻竹枝、秆中氮元素含量最高(分别为74.40%、54.32%),叶中钾元素含量最高(54.45%);开花前期麻竹枝、叶中钾元素含量最高(分别为45.81%、47.85%),秆中氮元素含量最高(76.12%);开花盛期麻竹枝、秆中氮元素含量最高(分别为2.35%、62.88%),叶中钙元素含量最高(34.84%)。麻竹开花前后,枝中氮元素含量差异极显著,磷元素含量差异显著,秆中氮、钙元素含量差异显著,叶中钾元素含量差异极显著,钙元素含量差异显著。综合麻竹各器官营养元素,钾、钙、铁等元素含量差异显著。     

木麻黄枝叶中单宁含量的快速测定

采用皮粉法与胶体滴定法测得pH=7时木麻黄树皮单宁的胶体滴定值与单宁质量的标准曲线,所得标准曲线的线性回归方程为:y=0.4852x+0.8755,线性系数R2=0.9997。再用胶体滴定法滴定来自同一株木麻黄树的叶、粗枝和细枝的浸提液,根据胶体滴定值在标准曲线上对应的单宁质量计算出干体各部位的单宁含量。木麻黄的叶、粗枝和细枝的单宁含量分别为12.11%、7.31%和6.29%,相对极差R小于2%。     

用双波长薄层色谱扫描仪监测反应进程

在棓酸类单宁的水解过程中,通过用双波长薄层色谱扫描仪对薄层图扫描,可以迅速地掌握水解进程。采用本方法用量微,方法简便、可靠,灵敏度高。可用于棓子单宁水解生产过程,监测反应进程。 本文所论棓酸类单宁(gallotannins)取材于黄栌属(Cotinus)植物黄栌(Cotinus coggygria)的叶子。经化学分析,已证实黄栌叶富含水解类单宁,其含量约占干叶重的16％。将其水解,可制得棓酸(gallic acid)。     

Changes in the N and P concentrations,N:P ratios,and tannin content in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Casuarina equisetifolia</Emphasis> branchlets during development and senescence

Changes in the N and P concentrations, N:P ratios, and tannin content in Casuarina equisetifolia branchlets across a coastal gradient were studied at Chishan Forestry Center of Dongshan County, Fujian Province, China. (1) Total phenolics and protein precipitation capacity in young branchlets was significantly higher than in mature and senescent branchlets across a coastal gradient; extractable condensed tannin content was higher in young and mature branchlets than in senescent branchlets. Whereas protein-bound condensed tannins increased with senescence, fiber-bound condensed tannins fluctuated without a consistent pattern; (2) N and P concentrations at various stages of branchlet development across a coastal gradient followed the same order: young branchlets > mature branchlets > senescent branchlets; N:P ratio of young branchlets was the lowest, and increased with maturity and senescence across a coastal gradient; phosphorus resorption efficiency was significantly higher than nitrogen resorption efficiency among corresponding coastal gradients in response to P deficiency (high N:P ratio), but nutrient resorption efficiency was influenced by coastal gradients; (3) significant linear relationships between total phenolics and nutrient contents indicated that polyphenolics had a potential effect on nutrient cycling.     

Early developmental responses of mountain birch (Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii) seedlings to different concentrations of phosphorus

Phenolic compounds, identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and growth were investigated in the first true leaves, cotyledons, stems and roots of 2.5-week-old seedlings of mountain birch (Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii (Orlova) H?metahti) grown with 1.5, 15 and 50 ppm phosphorus (P). Phenolic compounds in seeds and unfertilized 6-day-old seedlings were also studied. Seeds contained few phenolics, but had an abundance of condensed tannins. There were fewer HPLC phenolic compounds in 6-day-old seedlings than in 2.5-week-old seedlings. In 2.5-week-old seedlings, growth of the first true leaves, but not of other plant parts, was affected by P regime. In the first true leaves and stems, the concentration of condensed tannins was significantly affected by P, being higher at 1.5 ppm than at higher concentrations. The concentration of total HPLC phenolics was significantly affected by P only in stems.     

Seasonal variation and ecological importance of tannin and nutrient concentrations in Casuarina equisetifolia branchlets and fine roots

In this study, we investigated the effects of environmental factors on plant phenolic variability, seasonal dynamics of total phenolic content(TP),extractable condensed tannins(ECT), protein-bound condensed tannins(PBCT), fiber-bound condensed tannins(FBCT), total condensed tannins(TCT), protein precipitation capacity(PPC) and nutrient content in the branchlets and fine roots of Casuarina equisetifolia. TP and TCT concentrations in branchlets were lowest in the spring, then increased in summer and autumn, similar to the seasonal dynamics in air temperature. TP and TCT concentrations in fine roots were highest in summer, coinciding with heavy precipitation. In general, TP and TCT concentrations were higher in branchlets than in fine roots. No significant difference was found in C concentration among various seasons for either branchlets or fine roots. Branchlets had significantly higher N and P concentrations than fine roots in most seasons. The C/N and N/P ratios in branchlets were significantly lower than in fine roots in all seasons, except summer. The relationship between branchlets and fine roots was significant for C, P and FBCT, but no significant relationships were found for N, TP, ECT, PBCT and TCT.Additionally, TP and TCT content were each significantly correlated with PPC in branchlets and in fine roots. Both TP/N and TCT/N ratios were highest in the autumn for the branchlets and in the summer for fine roots. The results indicate that high temperatures lead to increased tannin production in branchlets, but that the tannin content in fine roots is mainly affected by precipitation. Tannin content was greater in branchlets than in fine roots, which may indicate that selective pressure is greater on branchlets than on fine roots.     

Chemical structures of the condensed tannins in the fruits of Diospyros species

The structural variety of the condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins) in the fruits of 16Diospyros species are reported. Eleven species contained condensed tannins mostly consisting of a mixture of catechin (CA) and gallocatechin (GCA) repeating units; the other five species did not. The GCA content in the CA-GCA total varied from 0.3% to 84.6%. The number of esterified gallic acid per one flavan repeating unit (degree of galloylation, DG) ranged from 0.01 to 0.89. The GCA content was found to be proportional to the DG values. Thus, 16Diospyros species tested may be classified into five groups by the analytical data of their condensed tannins. It may be interesting to compare their structural characteristics with those of the condensed tannins in other fruits, leaves, woods, and barks from the viewpoint of their biosynthesis and function in the plants.Part of this paper was presented at the 46th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 1995     

红豆杉枝叶中产物分布研究

研究了南方红豆杉枝叶中叶片、树皮、嫩枝和木质部的生物量比例,以及各部位中主要有效成分紫杉醇和10-DABⅢ的含量分布情况。实验结果表明:红豆杉枝叶中叶片的生物量约占30%,叶片中累积的有效产物量最高(约占总量的70%);树皮含量次之,杂质最少;红豆杉枝叶中木质部的生物量最多(占46%),累积的产物最少(约占总量的5%)。叶片是红豆杉枝叶中提取紫杉醇等产物的最有效部位。     

Effects of elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric O3 on leaf litter production and chemistry in trembling aspen and paper birch communities

Human activities are increasing the concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide ([CO2]) and tropospheric ozone ([O3]), potentially leading to changes in the quantity and chemical quality of leaf litter inputs to forest soils. Because the quality and quantity of labile and recalcitrant carbon (C) compounds influence forest productivity through changes in soil organic matter content, characterizing changes in leaf litter in response to environmental change is critical to understanding the effects of global change on forests. We assessed the independent and combined effects of elevated [CO2] and elevated [O3] on foliar litter production and chemistry in aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and birch-(Betula papyrifera Marsh.) aspen communities at the Aspen free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment in Rhinelander, WI. Litter was analyzed for concentrations of C, nitrogen (N), soluble sugars, lipids, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and C-based defensive compounds (soluble phenolics and condensed tannins). Concentrations of these chemical compounds in naturally senesced litter were similar in aspen and birch-aspen communities among treatments, except for N, the C:N ratio and lipids. Elevated [CO2] significantly increased C:N (+8.7%), lowered mean litter N concentration (-10.7%) but had no effect on the concentrations of soluble sugars, soluble phenolics and condensed tannins. Elevated [CO2] significantly increased litter biomass production (+33.3%), resulting in significant increases in fluxes of N, soluble sugars, soluble phenolics and condensed tannins to the soil. Elevated [O3] significantly increased litter concentrations of soluble sugars (+78.1%), soluble phenolics (+53.1%) and condensed tannins (+77.2%). There were no significant effects of elevated [CO2] or elevated [O3] on the concentrations of individual C structural carbohydrates (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin). Elevated [CO2] significantly increased cellulose (+37.4%) input to soil, whereas elevated [O3] significantly reduced hemicellulose and lignin inputs to soil (-22.3 and -31.5%, respectively). The small changes in litter chemistry in response to elevated [CO2] and tropospheric [O3] that we observed, combined with changes in litter biomass production, could significantly alter the inputs of N, soluble sugars, condensed tannins, soluble phenolics, cellulose and lignin to forest soils in the future.     

兴安落叶松单宁含量的器官差异与季节变化

兴安落叶松是生产落叶松单宁的重要原材料,随着天保工程的实施,使得主要原料树皮供应紧张。通过2003～2004年的测定结果表明,除现用的树皮(8.8%～15.4%)生产原料外,根系(约7.8%)、树枝(1.0%～7.0%)甚至叶片(4.0%～8.0%)都可以成为生产原料,而树干木质部含量过低(0.6%～1.4%)不宜成为生产原材料。不同季节单宁含量差异结果表明,秋季(9～10月)的落叶松单宁含量都显著高于其它季节,因此,原材料的收集应该在秋季。此外,叶片单宁含量与光照强度呈现显著正相关。     

Effects of pruning on the concentration of secondary metabolites in Colophospermum mopane leaves

Colophospermum mopane, commonly known as mopane, produces secondary metabolites during the growing season. However, there is still insufficient knowledge on the quantity of secondary metabolites and the effect of browsers on the concentration of secondary metabolites. A pruning experiment was conducted in the Musina Nature Reserve, Limpopo province, South Africa, to simulate the effect of browsers on the concentration of secondary metabolites in mopane leaves. The twigs from 40 selected experimental mopane trees were pruned back 50 mm from their tips using a hand shear. The total amount of leaf and shoot biomass removed from branches of selected experimental trees was less than 10%. Three independent samples composed of seven mopane leaves per 40 mopane trees were randomly collected from the canopies of experimental and control trees per sampling event. The dried leaves from each three independent samples were then mixed separately and a pooled sample of 10 g per treatment per sample cycle (55 d) was used for determination of total phenols (TP), condensed tannins (CT) and protein-precipitating tannins (PPT). Results showed that <10% pruning does not have an effect on the amount of secondary metabolites in the mopane leaves. The concentration of TP, CT and PPT increased during leaf flush in October and then declined as the leaves matured and aged. It is concluded that the amount of secondary metabolites in mopane leaves is not dependent on <10% pruning, but appeared to be associated with leaf growth stages. The ability of mopane to produce secondary metabolites has implications on the seasonal diet composition and distribution of browsers in mopane woodland.