内质网应激在骨骼肌中的功能研究进展

内质网是真核生物中一类参与调控蛋白质合成、折叠、加工及其质量监控的重要细胞器。当内质网的折叠能力不能满足细胞内新合成的未折叠蛋白需求时,细胞会处于内质网应激状态,激活细胞的未折叠蛋白响应(UPR)。该动态过程对实现细胞的稳态、维持机体的正常生理功能至关重要。近年来的研究表明,内质网应激过程有可能是控制畜禽肉产量的新途径,通过对内质网应激在动物骨骼肌发育中的作用研究,今后有望通过育种、营养等措施,实现提高肌肉产量的目的。对内质网应激在脊椎动物骨骼肌生长发育中的作用及其相关机制做出综述,为提高肌肉产量和全面解析内质网应激信号的生理功能提供理论依据。     

内质网应激相关蛋白GRP78及caspase-12在SAP大鼠急性肺损伤中的变化

目的观察内质网应激(ERS)相关蛋白在重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)大鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)中的变化,探讨ERS是否参与SAP大鼠ALI。方法 60只SD雄性大鼠,随机取30只大鼠采用逆行胆胰管注射牛磺胆酸钠的方法制备SAP模型,造模后3、6、12h三个时间点分批处死大鼠,分别为SAP1组、SAP2组、SAP3组各10只;30只为假手术(sham)组,仅打开腹腔,翻动胰腺组织后关腹,手术后3、6、12h三个时间点分批处死大鼠,分别为sham1组、sham2组、sham3组各10只。检测血清淀粉酶、动脉血气分析、HE染色观察大鼠肺组织形态学变化、Western blot法检测大鼠肺组织GRP78及caspase-12表达情况。结果血清淀粉酶检测结果显示,SAP组大鼠各时间点血清淀粉酶较sham组对应时间点显著升高(P0.05),SAP组大鼠各时间点血清淀粉酶呈时相性变化,随时间逐渐升高(P0.05),sham组大鼠各时间点血清淀粉酶比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。动脉血气分析结果显示,SAP组大鼠各时间点二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)较sham组对应时间点显著升高(P0.05),动脉血氧分压(PaO2)明显下降(P0.05);且SAP模型组按1、2、3组顺序,PaCO2逐渐递增,PaO2逐渐递减。HE染色结果显示,sham组大鼠肺组织病理学无明显变化,SAP组大鼠肺组织损伤逐步加重。Western blot结果显示,SAP模型组按1、2、3组顺序,GRP78及caspase-12表达水平逐渐增高,且SAP模型组明显高于对应时间点sham组表达水平(P0.05),Sham各组之间GRP78及caspase-12表达差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ERS可能是SAP急性肺损伤发病机制之一。     

猪肺泡巨噬细胞中长链非编码RNA在副猪嗜血杆菌感染中的作用

[目的]副猪嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus parasuis)是猪上呼吸道中常见的革兰氏阴性胞外菌,能在应激条件下引起猪格拉瑟氏病,本试验旨在探索副猪嗜血杆菌与宿主之间的相互作用.[方法]用标准血清型5型副猪嗜血杆菌(Hps5)感染猪肺泡巨噬细胞系(3D4/21),通过RNA-Seq检测长链非编码RNA(lncRNA...     

WT1和SPRY2在上皮性卵巢癌中的作用研究

为探讨肾母细胞瘤(WT1)基因和信号通路特异性抑制蛋白(SPRY2)在上皮性卵巢癌(EOC)中的临床意义,通过qRT-PCR和Western blot检测WT1与SPRY2的表达,分析两者与EOC患者临床病理特征及复发的关系;分析两者之间的相关性;通过体外细胞试验初探两者在EOC细胞侵袭中的作用机制.结果 表明:EOC...     

p53信号通路在MTB感染肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞系A549中的免疫调控作用

【目的】探讨p53通路在结核分枝杆菌(MTB)感染肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞(AECⅡ)中的免疫调控作用。【方法】将供试的p53基因过表达和干扰载体转染293T细胞,对其作用效果进行验证。利用脂质体分别转染p53基因过表达和干扰载体到AECⅡ细胞系A549中,建立p53基因过表达和干扰A549系模型细胞。用牛结核分枝杆菌减毒株(BCG)分别感染未经任何处理的A549细胞(感染对照组)及模型细胞,以未感染BCG的各类A549细胞为参照。以β-actin为内参基因,通过实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot来分析信号分子p53、p300、NF-κB、TLR-4、TRAF6在mRNA和蛋白水平的表达,以及炎症细胞因子TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-6和IL-8的mRNA表达情况。【结果】过表达载体plRES2-EGFP-p53 WT和干扰载体TP53-RNAi(2648)作用效果明显,成功建立了p53基因过表达和干扰的A549细胞模型。BCG感染的对照组、p53基因过表达组和干扰组的A549细胞中,p53、p300、NF-κB、TLR-4、TRAF6在mRNA和蛋白水平的表达显著或极显著高于相应的BCG未感染组,其中p300表达与p53基因表达量呈正相关,NF-κB、TLR-4、TRAF6表达与p53基因表达量呈负相关;BCG感染可引起TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-6和IL-8的显著表达,且与p53基因表达量呈负相关。【结论】BCG感染A549细胞时,p53信号通路中的p53协同p300来抑制NF-κB、TLR-4和TRAF6的活化及负调控TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-6和IL-8的分泌,从而抵抗MTB的侵染。     

Chaperone selection during glycoprotein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum

A variety of molecular chaperones and folding enzymes assist the folding of newly synthesized proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Here we investigated why some glycoproteins interact with the molecular chaperone BiP, and others with the calnexin/calreticulin pathway. The folding of Semliki forest virus glycoproteins and influenza hemagglutinin was studied in living cells. The initial choice of chaperone depended on the location of N-linked glycans in the growing nascent chain. Direct interaction with calnexin and calreticulin without prior interaction with BiP occurred if glycans were present within about 50 residues of the protein's NH2-terminus.     

产PVL金黄色葡萄球菌对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞内质网应激和自噬的影响

【目的】研究产PV-杀白细胞素（Panton Valentine leukocidin,PVL）金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC49775（产PVL标准菌株）、ΔPVL 49775（PVL基因缺失株）以及体外重组PVL（rPVL）对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞（bovine mammary epithelial cells,BMECs）内质网应激和自噬的影响,为系统阐述金黄色葡萄球菌及PVL对BMECs损伤的分子机制奠定基础。【方法】用感染复数（MOI）为30的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株ATCC49775和ΔPVL 49775感染BMECs,于感染后3和6 h取样;用100 ng/mL rPVL处理BMECs,于处理后1,3和6 h取样;以未处理的BMECs为对照（CK）。用免疫荧光法检测样品BMECs细胞的自噬体荧光强度;提取样品细胞的总蛋白,以GADPH为内参蛋白,采用Western blot法检测各处理组内质网应激相关蛋白（CHOP和GRP78）和自噬相关蛋白（LC3 Ⅱ、ATG5、Beclin1和p62）的相对表达量。【结果】ATCC49775、ΔPVL 49775感染后不同时间,BMECs自噬体荧光强度均极显著（P＜0.01）高于CK,内质网应激相关蛋白（CHOP和GRP78）和自噬相关蛋白（LC3-Ⅱ、ATG5、Beclin1和p62）的表达水平也大多显著(P<0.05)或极显著（P＜0.01）高于CK;同一处理时间下, ATCC49775感染组自噬体荧光强度和相关蛋白表达水平均显著(P<0.05)或极显著（P＜0.01）高于ΔPVL49775感染组。 rPVL处理后不同时间,BMECs的自噬体荧光强度均极显著（P＜0.01）高于CK,内质网应激和自噬相关蛋白的表达水平大多极显著（P＜0.01）高于CK。【结论】产PVL金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC49775、ΔPVL 49775以及rPVL均加剧了BMECs的内质网应激和自噬,说明PVL在金黄色葡萄球菌感染BMECs的过程中有重要作用。     

Membrane proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum induce high-curvature tubules

The tubular structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) appears to be generated by integral membrane proteins, the reticulons and a protein family consisting of DP1 in mammals and Yop1p in yeast. Here, individual members of these families were found to be sufficient to generate membrane tubules. When we purified yeast Yop1p and incorporated it into proteoliposomes, narrow tubules (approximately 15 to 17 nanometers in diameter) were generated. Tubule formation occurred with different lipids; required essentially only the central portion of the protein, including its two long hydrophobic segments; and was prevented by mutations that affected tubule formation in vivo. Tubules were also formed by reconstituted purified yeast Rtn1p. Tubules made in vitro were narrower than normal ER tubules, due to a higher concentration of tubule-inducing proteins. The shape and oligomerization of the "morphogenic" proteins could explain the formation of the tubular ER.     

Biochemical basis of oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) supports disulfide bond formation by a poorly understood mechanism requiring protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and ERO1. In yeast, Ero1p-mediated oxidative folding was shown to depend on cellular flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) levels but not on ubiquinone or heme, and Ero1p was shown to be a FAD-binding protein. We reconstituted efficient oxidative folding in vitro using FAD, PDI, and Ero1p. Disulfide formation proceeded by direct delivery of oxidizing equivalents from Ero1p to folding substrates via PDI. This kinetic shuttling of oxidizing equivalents could allow the ER to support rapid disulfide formation while maintaining the ability to reduce and rearrange incorrect disulfide bonds.     

p38MAPK通路激活内质网应激参与高糖诱导血管平滑肌细胞钙化

目的 探讨p38 MAPK通路是否通过激活内质网应激及凋亡参与高糖所致血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscular cell,VSMCs)钙化.方法 大鼠VSMCs分为对照组、高糖组(35 μmol/L D-葡萄糖)、内质网应激抑制剂4-苯基丁酸(4-PBA)组、p38 MAPK通路抑制剂SB203580组、β-磷酸甘油组、4-PBA+高糖组、SB203580+高糖组、β-磷酸甘油+高糖组,分别用比色法、o-cresolphthalein法和Western blot测定碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性、钙含量和骨分化转录因子(Runx2和Osterix)表达.结果 D-葡萄糖处理3、7 d上调VSMCs ALP活性、钙含量和骨分化标志蛋白表达;SB203580下调ALP活性、钙含量和骨分化转录因子表达,而4-PBA抑制高糖引起VSMCs内质网应激及凋亡.结论 p38 MAPK通路通过激活内质网应激和凋亡可能是高糖诱导VSMCs钙化的重要机制.     

Regulation of protein secretion through controlled aggregation in the endoplasmic reticulum

A system for direct pharmacologic control of protein secretion was developed to allow rapid and pulsatile delivery of therapeutic proteins. A protein was engineered so that it accumulated as aggregates in the endoplasmic reticulum. Secretion was then stimulated by a synthetic small-molecule drug that induces protein disaggregation. Rapid and transient secretion of growth hormone and insulin was achieved in vitro and in vivo. A regulated pulse of insulin secretion resulted in a transient correction of serum glucose concentrations in a mouse model of hyperglycemia. This approach may make gene therapy a viable method for delivery of polypeptides that require rapid and regulated delivery.     

Glucose-6-phosphatase in tubular endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes

The histochemical localization of glucose-6-phosphatase activity in neonatal mouse liver was studied under electron microscopy. The activity was demonstrated in the tubular endoplasmic reticulum, which pervades the glycogen areas of the cell during glycogenolysis. Activity was also demonstrated in the nuclear envelope and ergastoplasm.     

山羊胎儿肺泡上皮的电镜观察

对山羊胎儿肺泡上皮进行透射电镜观察 ,结果表明 :腺状期 (第 6～ 12周 ) ,终蕾上皮细胞胞质内线粒体、粗面内质网及核糖体随着胎龄增加而逐渐增多 ,胞核向细胞顶端移行 ;小管期 (第 13～ 14周 ) ,终蕾上皮由单层柱状上皮逐渐演变为立方形的原始肺泡上皮 ,胞质内线粒体、粗面内质网及核糖体较发达 ;囊状期 (第 15周 ) ,肺泡上皮细胞开始分化为 型细胞和 型细胞 ,嗜锇小体首次出现 ,气血屏障开始建立 ;肺泡期 (第 16～ 2 2周 ) ,以肺泡的形成和分化为主 , 型细胞的超微结构特征为嗜锇小体出现 ,核糖体显著增多 ,粗面内质网池扩张 ,线粒体膨大 ,出现多泡体。     

Tip20p prohibits back-fusion of COPII vesicles with the endoplasmic reticulum

Directionality in intracellular trafficking is essential to ensure the correct localization of proteins along the secretory pathway. Here, we found evidence for an active mechanism that prohibited back-fusion of de novo-generated vesicles with their donor compartment. Tip20p is a peripheral membrane protein implicated in consumption of COPI vesicles at the endoplasmic reticulum. However, a specific mutant of TIP20 did not interfere with COPII vesicle generation but allowed these vesicles to fuse back to the endoplasmic reticulum, a process that does not occur normally in the cell.     

A peptide sequence confers retention and rapid degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum

A nonlysosomal pathway exists for the degradation of newly synthesized proteins retained within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This pathway is extremely selective: whereas some proteins are rapidly degraded, others survive for long periods in the ER. The question of whether this selectivity is due to the presence within the sensitive proteins of definable peptide sequences that are sufficient to target them for degradation has been addressed. Deletion of a carboxyl-terminal sequence, comprising the transmembrane domain and short cytoplasmic tail of the alpha chain of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR-alpha), prevented the rapid degradation of this polypeptide. Fusion of this carboxyl-terminal sequence to the extracellular domain of the Tac antigen, a protein that is normally transported to the cell surface where it survives long-term, resulted in the retention and rapid degradation of the chimeric protein in the ER. Additional mutagenesis revealed that the transmembrane domain of TCR-alpha alone was sufficient to cause degradation within the ER. This degradation was not a direct consequence of retention in the ER, as blocking transport of newly synthesized proteins out of the ER with brefeldin A did not lead to degradation of the normal Tac antigen. It is proposed that a 23-amino acid sequence, comprising the transmembrane domain of TCR-alpha, contains information that determines targeting for degradation within the ER system.