果蔬平衡调湿包装设计及试验验证

为了探究果蔬多孔膜包装内水分的传递规律,优化并控制包装内的适宜相对湿度条件,降低果蔬失水及袋内凝水对果蔬采后品质的影响,该文对果蔬冷藏期间的蒸腾及包装内水蒸气向膜外扩散的过程进行了分析,并根据Fick扩散模型对多孔膜平衡调湿包装进行设计计算,确定开孔面积与袋内相对湿度的关系,利用计算结果将开孔面积调节到一定范围,能够使包装内形成一个平衡的、且适合于果蔬保鲜需要的最佳相对湿度条件,既可避免包装袋透湿性过小导致凝水现象,又可防止透湿性过大造成的产品失水严重影响品质的问题,从而更好地保持产品品质。以250 g包装的双孢菇在2℃、80%相对湿度条件下贮藏对平衡调湿包装进行了试验验证,结果表明,适宜的开孔(11个直径2 mm的孔,孔的总面积约34.6 mm2)能够避免凝水的生成,且产品在贮藏10 d后的失重率为4.9%±0.2%,较好地保持产品的贮藏品质,保鲜期可达13 d,试验数据与模型预测值具有较高的吻合度,研究结果为采后果蔬平衡调湿包装的设计及实际应用提供了参考。     

天然植物提取物在果蔬保鲜中应用研究进展

农产品采后保鲜始终是关系到农业可持续发展的重要问题，采用天然植物提取物对果蔬进行保鲜可以减少化学合成杀菌剂对人类健康的不良影响，并有效防止植物病原菌的抗药性。能够应用到果蔬贮藏保鲜中的天然植物提取物主要是天然香辛料和部分中草药, 其提取物对果蔬贮藏保鲜过程中的主要病原菌具有较强的抑制作用。天然防腐保鲜剂的活性成分大多是挥发性精油，主要通过作用于微生物的细胞膜或者能量代谢途径达到抗菌效果。天然植物提取物在果蔬保鲜中的主要应用方式有浸蘸、熏蒸、喷洒或与保鲜纸及涂膜剂等载体相结合，但目前尚缺乏成熟的产业化应用技术。发展植物源果蔬保鲜剂的未来研究应集中于确定植物提取物的活性成分与构效关系，以及产业化应用的系统工程技术。     

电解水技术在果蔬采后保鲜和商品化处理中的研究应用进展

电解水技术是果蔬采后保鲜和商品化处理的热点技术,该研究对电解水抑制微生物、去除农药残留和提质延时保鲜3个方向开展技术总结和机理研究综述,并从电解水技术在采后果蔬的处理方式和专利申请方面对其应用性开展应用分析。总结发现,1）不同类型的电解水在果蔬采后保鲜领域研究不完善,酸性电解水较碱性电解水研究更丰富;2）酸性电解水是有效去除食源性致病细菌的农产品加工工程技术,但酸性电解水对果蔬腐烂真菌的抑制研究还不充分;3）电解水可以有效去除果蔬表面农药残留,在机磷农药上阐明了具体机理,对于有机氯、菊酯农药的降解研究不足;4）电解水处理可以有效提升果蔬的抗性、缓解果蔬低温贮藏冷害并抑制鲜切果蔬褐变;5）目前电解水应用方式较为单一,不适宜所有果蔬保鲜处理流程,技术专利申请较少。通过本文梳理归纳以期为电解水技术的工程技术应用拓展提供理论依据和参考。     

酵母菌对果蔬采后病害防治的研究进展

该文对酵母菌对果蔬采后病害防治的研究现状进行了综述，其中包括防治效果、防治机理、防治的优势及最新研究成果。许多酵母菌对果蔬采后病害具有明显的抑制作用，酵母菌抑制霉菌的机理主要在于营养与空间的竞争、对病原菌的直接寄生作用及诱导寄主产生抗病性。酵母菌与其它生防微生物相比，具有拮抗效果好、不产生毒素、可以和化学杀菌剂共同使用等优点。使用生物工程技术改造拮抗酵母菌从而提高其生防效果，是酵母菌对果蔬采后生物防治的最新研究领域。该文还指出了酵母菌对果蔬采后生物防治存在的问题，并对未来的研究提出了新的思路。     

Thermal processing of vegetables increases cis isomers of lutein and zeaxanthin

Carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, found in fruits and vegetables, comprise the macula pigment of the eye. These carotenoids exist in plants as the all-trans geometric form; however, in human plasma, cis isomers of these carotenoids have also been identified. Thermal processing can induce carotenoid trans to cis isomerization. The aim of this research was to determine if thermal processing induces isomerization of lutein and zeaxanthin and to quantify the extent of this reaction. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to separate and quantitate geometric isomers of lutein and zeaxanthin. Isomers were tentatively identified by UV-visible absorbance spectra, comparison of retention times to those of isomerized standards using C(30) chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Thermal processing increased the percent cis isomers of lutein and zeaxanthin up to 22 and 17%, respectively. Further studies are needed to consider the physiological impact of consuming carotenoid isomers in processed vegetables.     

中国主要粮食作物产后损失特征及减损潜力研究

为减少作物产后损失,增加粮食供应数量。该文基于物质流分析方法以及农产品流动特征,建立了一套量化作物产后损失的计算方法,在已有数据基础上,重点分析了2010年中国三大粮食作物(水稻、小麦和玉米)产后(包括收获、运输、干燥和储藏)损失特征及其减损潜力。结果显示,中国作物产后损失率较高,水稻、小麦和玉米产后综合损失率分别为6.9%、7.8%和9.0%,三者平均损失率7.9%,高于发达国家作物产后损失水平。粮食产后损失中,储藏环节损失比重最高,损失比例达到40.3%,其次是收获环节,为31.4%,运输和干燥环节损失较小,分别为11.1%和17.2%。农户储藏和收获是作物产后减损的重点环节。情景分析结果显示,通过改进产后不同环节技术条件,可以有效减少作物产后损失,情景5(粮食产后环节技术条件达到最优)三大粮食作物产后损失率均可以降低到4.0%以下。由此可见,中国粮食作物产后减损存在较大潜力,减损重点应落在农户储粮环节以及作物收获环节。作物产后减损需要国家农业科技政策作保障,通过提升农户科学储粮意识以及提高作物机械收获水平和改进作物收获质量等综合措施,最终实现中国粮食作物产后损失的降低。研究结果为中国粮食产后减损政策和措施的制定及实施提供借鉴。     

Colorimetric determination of propoxur and its residues in vegetables

A method has been developed for the determination of propoxur (o-isopropoxyphenyl N-methylcarbamate) based on the hydrolysis of propoxur with methanolic potassium hydroxide to its phenol and coupling with diazotized 4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone. The orange complex formed has an absorption maximum at 500 nm and obeys Beer's law in the range 0.25-5.0 micrograms/mL. The method can be applied to levels as low as 0.5 ppm propoxur from vegetables.     

采后苹果电特性与生理特性的关系及其应用

为了了解果蔬的电学特性,并为果蔬品质自动化识别提供新方法,该文从生理特性角度分析了影响采后苹果电参数变化的原因。基于电参数的变化,将BP神经网络技术应用于苹果新鲜等级的识别。研究结果指出：采后红富士苹果相对介电常数的变化规律与乙烯释放量变化规律相似,电阻率与乙烯释放量变化规律相反,在乙烯释放峰出现时,相对介电常数达到最大值,电阻率达到最小值。根据采后苹果可溶性固形物含量和pH值的变化,将苹果分为3个新鲜等级,以相对介电常数和电阻率作为BP神经网络的输入特征参数,在2-20-3的网络结构下,苹果新鲜等级平均识别率达到79%。该研究为了解采后果品电特性变化的原因提供了信息,为基于电特性的新型果品内部品质检测技术的研究提供了基础。     

甜高粱茎秆采后生理特性及其自发气调包装贮藏的研究

为延长甜高粱茎秆贮藏期,研究了甜高粱茎秆采后呼吸速率、蔗糖转化酶、多酚氧化酶等变化规律,并用不同厚度的低密度聚乙烯薄膜(LDPE)进行了自发气调包装(MAP)贮藏试验.结果表明,甜高粱茎秆采后呼吸速率随温度升高而增大,温度从10℃上升到30℃,呼吸速率升高2倍左右;在相同温度下,辽甜一号茎秆的呼吸速率高于辽饲杂一号茎秆的呼吸速率.辽甜一号茎秆在O2 2.2%、CO2 7.6%下贮藏10 d,辽饲杂一号茎秆在O2 3.6%、CO2 6.4%下贮藏17 d会发生厌氧呼吸.甜高粱茎秆内中性、酸性蔗糖转化酶和多酚氧化酶在MAP贮藏中活性呈上升趋势,贮藏至30 d,总糖有2.8%～20.9%的损失,还原糖升高134.3%～523.1%,茎秆失重率为1.37%～1.51%.甜高粱茎秆在厚度为0.034 mm的低密度聚乙烯包装中蔗糖转化酶和多酚氧化酶活性增加幅度较小,总糖损失减少.该项研究为解决甜高粱茎秆制取燃料乙醇过程中的茎秆贮藏问题提供了科学的参考.     

影响蔬菜体内硝酸盐累积的因素及调控研究

本文综述了影响蔬菜硝酸盐累积的因素,并提出了硝酸盐累积的调控措施以及一些新的建议。     

石灰石粉提高酸性土壤紫云英产量及养分截获

南方耕作土壤酸化问题普遍,探明酸性土壤施用石灰石粉对紫云英产量与养分截获的影响,为紫云英轻简化高产高效栽培提供依据。盆栽试验条件下,在强酸性水稻土和酸性红壤上分别设7个水平的石灰石粉改良剂施用量。每盆装土2 kg,石灰石粉用量分别为0(CK)、0.267 g/盆(T1)、0.534 g/盆(T2)、0.801 g/盆(T3)、1.068 g/盆(T4)、1.335 g/盆(T5)、1.602 g/盆(T6)(折算为0、600、1200、1800、2400、3000、3600 kg/hm²)。盛花期测定紫云英产量、养分截获、土壤pH值及交换性酸。结果表明,与CK相比,水稻土施用石灰石粉的紫云英鲜草产量增幅为41.5%～122.8%,产量随施用量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,红壤增幅为175.2%～989.1%,增产效果随施用量的提高呈递增趋势,两种土壤分别以T4与T6处理鲜草产量最高,与CK差异显著;水稻土施用石灰石粉氮素截获量增幅为147.5%～614.7%,红壤氮素截获量增幅为285.7%～1316.8%。水稻土施用石灰石粉后土壤pH值较CK增长1.5%～5.1%,交换性铝含量降幅为7.3%～55.9%,红壤施用石灰石粉pH值比CK增长3.4%～18.8%,交换性铝含量降幅为32.3%～95.4%;红壤施用石灰石粉后鲜草及干草产量与土壤pH值呈极显著正相关关系。酸化土壤是限制紫云英产量与养分截获提升的重要的因素。在红壤和水稻土上施用石灰石粉能提高紫云英的产量、养分截获、土壤pH值,降低土壤交换性铝含量。相同用量下,在酸性红壤上的改良效果优于强酸性水稻土。强酸性水稻土与酸性红壤施用石灰石粉后土壤pH值分别为4.66和7.05时,紫云英鲜草和干草产量最高。     

A comparative study of the antioxidant power of flavonoid catechin and its planar analogue

The antioxidant ability of the flavanol catechin and its planar derivative, catechin 1 (PC1), was explored using the DF/B3LYP theoretical approach. Their potentiality in the hydrogen abstraction and electron transfer reactions, the main working mechanisms of antioxidants, was evaluated by computing the values of two key parameters, which are the OH bond dissociation energy and the ionization potential. Results indicated that the effect of a planar arrangement in the catechin molecule is small in the case of the hydrogen abstraction but greater for the electron transfer, since the in vacuo ionization potential value decreases by about 3 kcal/mol. The reaction of these molecules with the hydroperoxyl radical (*)OOH indicated that the H(*) abstraction is faster with the planar catechin.     

Evaluation of antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production of some common vegetables

The objectives of this study were to study the antioxidant activities and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging effects of vegetables in vitro systems and to study the inhibitory effects of vegetables on the NO production and NO-induced DNA damage in RAW 264.7 macrophage. The results indicated that water extracts from Indian lotus, Jew's ear, shiitake, eggplant, and winter mushroom showed stronger antioxidant activity and free-radical-scavenging ability than that of other vegetable extracts. The scavenging effects of vegetable extracts on NO derived from sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were in decreasing order of water spinach > Indian lotus > eggplant and garland chrysanthemum. In the macrophage model system, the water extracts from fresh daylily flower, sponge gourd, pea sprout, and eggplant exhibited over 80% inhibition on NO generation stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. The extract from fresh daylily flower that expressed the strongest inhibition on NO production was attributed to the ability to reduce the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction. However, the extracts from pea sprout and eggplant suppressed the NO production by scavenging on NO and inactivating toward iNOS enzyme. In addition, the water extracts from fresh daylily flower, sponge gourd, pea sprout, and eggplant also showed over 40% inhibitory effect on DNA damage induced by SNP in RAW 264.7 macrophage. The data also indicated that eggplant and pea sprout extracts contained higher total phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and ascorbic acids and appeared to be responsible for their antioxidant activities and scavenging effects on NO derived from SNP.     

诺沃霉素A预防番茄采后灰霉病效果及抑菌谱

为探究诺沃霉素A在番茄灰霉病防治的应用,进行了离体和果实生测试验。诺沃霉素A离体条件下对灰葡萄孢菌的菌丝生长具有强烈抑制作用,药剂浓度设置为2.5、1.25、0.625、0.312 5和0.156 25μg/m L求出毒力回归方程为Y=0.8037x+5.160 7,抑制中浓度0.631μg/m L,相关系数r为0.999 7。用1.25μg/m L诺沃霉素A处理菌丝后,在显微镜下观察灰葡萄孢菌丝形态发生异常。在番茄果实条件下,诺沃霉素A对番茄灰霉病仍然具有良好防效。将番茄果实刺破后用50和100μg/m L浓度浸果10 min,结果表明防效分别达到68.29%和100%,与对照药剂多菌灵防效相当。在试验浓度下诺沃霉素A对番茄表皮没有产生药害。诺沃霉素A具有广泛的杀菌谱,对子囊菌核盘菌抑制率为86.11%,对半知菌多主棒孢、茄链格孢、胶孢炭疽菌和茶褐斑拟盘多毛孢抑制率分别为91.11%,82.78%,77.22%和86.46%,对担子菌立枯丝核菌抑菌率为85.56%。对卵菌纲辣椒疫霉和细菌劳尔氏菌无效。诺沃霉素A对番茄果实灰霉病具有良好防控效果,对表皮无损害且对多种植物病原真菌具有良好的抑菌活性,有望成为防治番茄灰霉病的一种新型杀菌剂。     

Anthocyanin and flavonoid production from Perilla frutescens: pilot plant scale processing including cross-flow microfiltration and reverse osmosis

Extraction and concentration at a pilot plant scale of anthocyanins and flavonoids from Perilla frutescens var. frutescens harvested in the Guangzhou area of China were investigated. The study of extraction efficiency using mineral acids and organic acids showed that 0.01 mol/L nitric acid was the most suitable to extract flavonoids from this slightly red leaf cultivar. The red extract contained 12 mg/L (as cyanidin equivalent) anthocyanins and other flavones. The multistep process included cross-flow microfiltration (CFM) with a ceramic type membrane, reverse osmosis (RO), and rotating evaporation (RE). The filtration fluxes were high and constant for CFM (150 L/h/m2 at 0.6 b) and for RO (22 L/h/m2 at 40 b). The red extract was concentrated 9.4 times by RO and then 5.4 times by RE. It contained 422 mg/L anthocyanins, representing 77% of the total extracted anthocyanin. The proportion of flavonoids was found unchanged during processing. The concentrated extract showed a pH of 2.7, and its free acidity was found to be 46% of the acidity added for extraction, because of the buffering capacity of the extract. At the concentration level reached, a crystallized deposit occurred and was identified as tartrate.     

Methane production and its fate in paddy fields

Abstract

Oxidation of methane and total water soluble organic carbon (TOC) in the subsoil, which percolated from the plow layer, was investigated in a column experiment. The amounts of both methane and TOC in the leachate decreased by percolation in the subsoil.

Fe²⁺ percolated from the plow layer was nearly completely retained in the subsoil. The decomposition of methane and TOC in the subsoil was considered to result in the coupling with the formation of Fe²⁺. Methane was estimated to contribute ca. 19–21% to the total amount of Fe²⁺ formed in the subsoil by the organic materials in the leachate.     

热水处理对草莓采后病害的抑制作用及对贮藏品质的影响

研究热水处理对草莓采后病害的抑制作用及对贮藏品质的影响。在预试验的基础上,分别采用38℃、15 min,44℃、10 min,48℃、5 min对新鲜草莓进行热处理,处理后的草莓置于常温下((20±1)℃),每隔12 h观察草莓的腐烂情况,并对草莓品质指标进行检测。结果表明：热水处理能够有效地起到抑制草莓采后病害的作用,热水处理对草莓的失重率、硬度、可滴定酸度等水果品质没有显著的不利影响,热水处理后草莓的细胞膜透性与对照相比没有升高。     

1-MCP和壳聚糖处理保持红枣贮藏品质及其机理研究

以新疆灰枣为试材,研究纸片型1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)与壳聚糖(chitosan,COS)处理在(0±1)℃条件下对灰枣品质及相关酶活性的影响。结果表明:至贮藏90 d时,与对照(CK)相比,1-MCP+COS的腐烂率、失质量率分别降低53.4%、51.2%,可溶性固形物(total soluble solid, TSS)含量高出18.6%。抗氧化酶系统中的超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)峰值水平提高58.2%,过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)峰值高出34.8%;贮藏结束时过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)活性是CK的1.98倍,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase, APX)活性高出51.7%,差异显著(P0.05)。1-MCP、COS及1-MCP+COS处理均可不同程度地降低果实腐烂率、失质量率,保持较高的果实硬度和TSS含量,推迟呼吸高峰和乙烯释放速率高峰的到来并抑制丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)的积累,抑制脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase, LOX)和多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase, PPO)活性,显著提高抗氧化酶系统活性。其中1.50μL/L纸片型1-MCP与1%COS复合处理对保持果实贮藏品质、延缓果实衰老、延长货架期最有利。     

1-MCP和壳聚糖处理保持红枣贮藏品质及其机理研究

以新疆灰枣为试材,研究纸片型1-甲基环丙烯（1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP）与壳聚糖（chitosan,COS）处理在（0±1）℃条件下对灰枣品质及相关酶活性的影响。结果表明：至贮藏90 d时,与对照（CK）相比,1-MCP＋COS的腐烂率、失质量率分别降低53.4%、51.2%,可溶性固形物（total soluble solid, TSS）含量高出18.6%。抗氧化酶系统中的超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase, SOD）峰值水平提高58.2%,过氧化氢酶（catalase, CAT）峰值高出34.8%;贮藏结束时过氧化物酶（peroxidase, POD）活性是CK的1.98倍,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ascorbate peroxidase, APX）活性高出51.7%,差异显著（P＜0.05）。1-MCP、COS及1-MCP+COS处理均可不同程度地降低果实腐烂率、失质量率,保持较高的果实硬度和TSS含量,推迟呼吸高峰和乙烯释放速率高峰的到来并抑制丙二醛（malondialdehyde, MDA）的积累,抑制脂氧合酶（lipoxygenase, LOX）和多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase, PPO）活性,显著提高抗氧化酶系统活性。其中1.50 μL/L纸片型1-MCP与1% COS复合处理对保持果实贮藏品质、延缓果实衰老、延长货架期最有利。     

Ursolic acid induces allograft inflammatory factor-1 expression via a nitric oxide-related mechanism and increases neovascularization

Ursolic acid (UA), a triterpenoid compound found in plants, is used in the human diet and in medicinal herbs and possesses a wide range of biological benefits including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic effects. Endothelial expression of allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) mediates vasculogenesis, and nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial NO (eNOS) represents a mechanism of vascular protection. It is unclear whether UA affects the neovascularization mediated by AIF-1 and eNOS expression. This study investigated the effects and mechanisms of UA on angiogenesis in vivo in hind limb ischemic animal models and in vitro in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCECs). This study explored the impact of UA on endothelial cell (EC) activities in vitro in HCECs, vascular neovasculogenesis in vivo in a mouse hind limb ischemia model, and the possible role of AIF-1 in vasculogenesis. The results demonstrate that UA enhances collateral blood flow recovery through induction of neovascularization in a hind limb ischemia mouse model. In vitro data showed that UA increases tube formation and migration capacities in human endothelial cells, and exposing HCECs to UA increased AIF-1 expression through a NO-related mechanism. Moreover, UA administration increased capillary density and eNOS and AIF-1 expression in ischemic muscle. These findings suggest that UA may be a potential therapeutic agent in the induction of neovascularization and provide a novel mechanistic insight into the potential effects of UA on ischemic vascular diseases.