沙质草原槽形风蚀坑表面沉积物粒度特征

通过对呼伦贝尔沙质草原槽形风蚀坑表面沉积物粒度的观测分析,发现活跃发展时期的槽形风蚀坑沙物质总体结构以中沙为主,其次是细砂,粗砂和粉沙含量很少,且不含砾石。由于沙源沉积物粒度组成比较均一,风蚀坑各部位粒径频率曲线均呈单峰对称（或近对称）。响应于风力侵蚀和堆积,在粒度诸参数中,粗沙和细沙含量,频率曲线众数粒径,以及平均粒径等发生了明显的变化。该研究结果作为表面气流的响应,支持了先前提出的槽形风蚀坑动力学过程。     

Blowout dynamics on Lake Huron sand dunes: analysis of digital multispectral data from colour air photos

We adapted a digital image analysis procedure to extract multispectral data from sequential colour air photos of a Lake Huron sand dune system and then classify land cover into water, sand, and vegetation. We isolated portions containing individual blowouts from georeferenced land cover maps of the dune system in 1973 and 1998 and overlaid the sequential images using geographic information systems (GIS). This allowed us to quantify changes in blowouts over the 25-year period. Net change in land cover (m²) within each blowout was expressed as the difference between retrogression (bare areas created by erosion or burial of existing vegetation) and colonization (vegetation patches created by plant establishment on bare areas). The analysis procedure produced maps with an overall accuracy of ≥90% for land cover classification within blowouts. The individual blowouts fell along a continuum of activity, varying from significant retrogression (+748 m²) to significant colonization (−1148 m²). Overall, sand movement in all sampled blowouts produced 3991 m² (17.9% of the blowout area in 1998) of bare sand patches that replaced formerly existing patches of vegetation. Colonization of bare areas over the 25-year period was 4127 m² or 18.5% of the 1998 blowout area. Retrogression and colonization are natural cooccurring processes in coastal dune systems, and the technique described here represents a new tool for the study of temporal and spatial vegetation dynamics in blowouts.     

草地近地表风速脉动及其与平均风速、摩阻风速的关系

[目的] 研究草地近地表脉动风速与平均风速、摩阻风速之间的关系,揭示草地风速脉动规律。[方法] 利用三维超声风速仪对天然草地近地表风速进行连续观测。[结果] 草地近地表风速存在明显的脉动特性,脉动强度与平均风速之间呈显著线性正相关。湍流度在较小风速下分布非常分散,随平均风速的增大而趋于集中,在2~14 m/s风速范围内概率分布峰值对应的湍流度为0.23。摩阻风速与瞬时风速之间缺乏相关性;1 s时距下摩阻风速与平均风速呈显著线性正相关,但风速脉动导致摩阻风速计算结果波动仍非常明显;1 min时距下摩阻风速波动范围降低至10%以下,摩阻风速与平均风速线性相关性极为显著。[结论] 风速脉动对摩阻风速的计算有很大影响,采用1 s或1 min时距的平均风速,可有效降低这一影响。     

风电场建设对周边扰动区域土壤养分和植被的影响

研究了风电场的建设对周边扰动区域土壤养分和植被的影响。结果表明:风电场的建设增加了扰动区域土壤容重、pH和总孔隙度,降低了土壤电导率、含水量和全盐,同时也降低了植被生长各指标和土壤养分（除了土壤全磷）等;在扰动区域（0~3 km）,植被生长各指标和土壤养分均随远离风电场距离的增加而增加,距离风电场4 km时,植被生长各指标和土壤养分基本与未扰动区域达到一致,初步表明了风电场对于植被和土壤养分的影响范围均在方圆3 km以内;风电场扰动区域土壤微生物量的变化幅度和变异系数最大,说明风电场对土壤微生物量的空间变异影响较大;风电场扰动区域和非扰动区域土壤养分均随土层深度的增加而逐渐降低趋势,表现出明显的“表聚性”,而土壤深层（40—60 cm）未扰动区和扰动区土壤养分基本一致,表明了风电场的建设并没有改变土壤养分的垂直分布特征,也并未影响深层土壤养分含量;风电场未扰动区域植被与土壤因子相关性基本与扰动区域相一致,表明风电场对周边区域植被和土壤均有影响,而此影响具有同等的重要性,也即同等程度下影响了植被和土壤因子,同时也体现了植被和土壤因子的互作效应。     

呼伦贝尔沙质草原槽形风蚀坑表面气流特征

根据野外对呼伦贝尔沙质草原槽形风蚀坑表面二次流的观测结果,利用相对风速（v／vR400）比较不同部位之间气流在水平方向上的变异情况。发现：槽形风蚀坑内气流结构紊乱,坑内前部位置出现风速随高度降低的现象,形成反向回流;风蚀坑内在斜向气流的情况下有螺旋环流产生,由于气流聚集,在坑后部形成的高速气流容易将大量沙物质搬运到坑后;在坑口积沙区坡脚遇阻减速后气流辐散溢出。认为槽形风蚀坑是在碟形坑的基础上,沿强风能方向延伸扩展,3个出风口最终合并而形成的大型风蚀地貌形态。     

土壤结皮坡面流水动力学特征

为了深入探讨土壤结皮对侵蚀的影响机制以及两者之间的关系,以10°坡为例,在变流量(1.0,1.4,2.0,2.4和2.8 L/min)条件下进行室内冲刷试验,研究土壤结皮坡面径流水动力学特征(平均流速、平均径流深度、雷诺数、水流剪切力、水流功率、阻力系数)并分析坡面流水动力学参数与土壤侵蚀量的关系。结果表明,土壤结皮对坡面流水动力学参数影响显著。土壤结皮坡面雷诺数始终小于500,坡面流流态为层流;土壤结皮坡面具有较大坡面流流速,较小径流深度、水流剪切力和水流功率。结皮坡面的土壤侵蚀量明显低于无结皮坡面的土壤侵蚀量。土壤侵蚀量与坡面水动力学参数相关关系显著(相关系数R0.90),土壤侵蚀量与雷诺数呈线性正相关,与水流剪切力、水流功率的对数呈线性正相关,与阻力系数呈线性负相关。因此,在本研究中,单纯从径流冲刷侵蚀的角度土壤结皮的存在有利于减小坡面土壤侵蚀量。由于降雨因素对土壤结皮的侵蚀效应影响较大,将雨滴打击与径流冲刷相结合才能更好地研究土壤结皮对侵蚀的影响机制。     

干旱与重吸水对人工藻结皮光合特性的影响

通过接种蓝藻构建人工藻结皮促进荒漠地区生物结皮的生长发育以及整个荒漠生态系统的恢复,被认为是一种行之有效的荒漠化控制方法。在构建藻结皮过程中,接种的蓝藻以及形成的藻结皮,经常遭受干旱等环境条件的胁迫。本研究通过室内人工构建藻结皮,对形成的藻结皮进行干旱及重吸水处理,在此过程中监测结皮光合生物量、多糖含量以及结皮光合特性的变化规律。结果发现,干旱处理1d后,结皮蓝藻胞外多糖的分泌明显增加(p0.05);当结皮完全进入干燥状态后,结皮蓝藻停止所有代谢活动,结皮生物量及胞外多糖含量保持在一个相对稳定的水平。在结皮重吸水后,结皮初始荧光Fo能够迅速恢复,并在10 min内达到最大;之后Fo逐渐下降,同时结皮光合活性(Fv/Fm)按照函数y=ax/(b+x)逐渐上升并达到稳定。此外,在不同水分条件下,结皮光合活性随着水分的增加逐渐增加;然而结皮净光合速率(Pn)却随着水分的增加先增加后又下降,呈现单峰变化模式。该研究表明结皮蓝藻的代谢调节在人工藻结皮适应荒漠干旱环境中具有重要的作用,这对于进一步理解蓝藻乃至蓝藻结皮对干旱胁迫的适应,以及荒漠化防治中人工藻结皮的构建、维护、管理具有重要的理论与实践意义。     

Wind erosion from crusted playa surfaces by no saltation and with saltation: A comparison through laboratory wind tunnel experiments

Playas are common in many arid regions and recognized as a major source of hypersaline particles. A better understanding of wind erosion on crusted playas has significant implications for land management and pollution control practices. We hypothesized that wind erosion rates of crusted playas were complicated and controlled by the interactions between playa crust and wind-induced saltation conditions. However, comparisons regarding the effects of different playa crusts on wind erosion under no saltation (NS) and with saltation (WS) conditions were lacking. In this study, laboratory wind tunnel experiments were carried out to simulate both NS and WS conditions, to investigate the erosion rates of different crust types (Salt, Takyr, and Puffic crust) at different wind speeds. Results showed that: 1) Salt crust had greater crust strengths than did Takyr crust and Puffic crust; 2) wind erosion rates under the WS condition were up to 60 times greater than those under the NS condition, suggesting that sand bombardment was the dominant mechanism responsible for removal of fine material from crusted playa surfaces; 3) both sand bombardment rate and wind erosion rate of the playa crusts increased with increasing wind speed under the WS conditions; 4) Puffic crust exhibited a greater rate of wind erosion compared to both the Takyr and Salt crusts under the NS condition, yet tended to have a lower rate of wind erosion compared to both the Takyr and Salt crusts under the WS condition. This difference can be attributed to the fact that soft Puffic crusts are pliable and can dissipate the force of impacting grains under the WS conditions. Our results indicated that wind erosion processes on crusted playas are complicated and are affected by wind-induced saltation and crust type, specifically crust strength and elasticity of the surface.     

人工藻结皮对河套平原盐碱土理化性质和酶活性的影响

土壤藻结皮主要由土壤中的藻类和土壤颗粒胶结而形成,具备水土保持、土壤改良、防风固沙等优良的生态功能。为了研究土壤藻结皮对盐碱土的改良效果,在河套平原盐碱地野外试验区分别接种了C. miniata HJ-01,C. miniata HJ-01和S. javanicum,C. miniata HJ-01和土著丝状混合藻,培植人工土壤藻结皮。结果表明:人工藻结皮发育45 d后,0—10 cm深度土壤中水分损失减弱,土壤pH值轻微下降,电导率降低57%(p<0.05),有效氮和有效磷增加(p<0.05); 0—5 cm深度土壤中脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性分别增加52.1%,20.7%,16.7%,41.7%(p<0.05)。因此,人工土壤藻结皮能有效改良盐碱地。     

绿洲荒漠过渡带涡动相关仪和大孔径闪烁仪的通量源区特征

以甘肃民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带涡动相关仪（EC）和大孔径闪烁仪（LAS）的同步观测数据为基础,借助通量足迹模型,分析生长季和非生长季通量源区的分布与变化特征,比较了源区在不同风向下,足迹权重比的变化对二者观测值之间差异的影响。结果表明：（1）研究区在非生长季盛行西北风,在生长季则盛行东风,EC和LAS源区的空间分布与盛行风向一致,二者在非生长季源区的面积均大于生长季。（2）大气稳定条件下EC和LAS的源区面积普遍大于不稳定条件下。随着源区贡献率的增加（由50%增至90%）,EC和LAS源区的重叠面积和足迹权重比也增加,并且非生长季的源区重叠程度优于生长季。在生长季和非生长季,EC和LAS源区都呈现不规则分布的特点。（3）相比于东西风向,生长季南北风向下的足迹权重比更高,二者所观测显热通量值更为接近,决定系数（R2）也更高。说明源区的足迹权重比在一定程度上可以解释EC和LAS在观测结果上的差异,这为地表通量的尺度扩展提供了方法学上的参考。     

保护性耕作农田对近地表风速阻挡效果分析

为了评价保护性耕作农田对近地表风速的阻挡效果,利用移动式风蚀风洞对保护性耕作农田相对于传统耕作农田的近地表风速阻挡效果进行了测试,对比分析了残茬覆盖对近地表的风速廓线挡风效果的影响。结果表明,不同残茬覆盖的保护性耕作农田近地表风速廓线明显区别于传统耕作农田,在距地表高度50 cm以下时,保护性耕作农田的风速低于传统耕作农田地表2.5～10倍;茬高30 cm的保护性耕作农田地表挡风效果的最好高度为距地表0.1 m,植被盖度90%时风速相对减小率可达76.32%;随着风洞中心风速的增大挡风效果逐渐增强,在12 m/s时达到最佳。     

The mutual interference of spruce canopy structural elements

The drag force on fourteen three-prong spruce shoots (Picea rubens) has been measured in a wind tunnel in velocities ranging from 0.4 to 4.5 m s^?1. The influence of wind velocity and shoot needle density on momentum transfer and the mutual interference to momentum transfer are evaluated.The influence of the shoot needle density (ranging from 0.6 to 1.7) on momentum transfer is velocity dependent. The shoot needle density does not influence the momentum transfer to the shoot when the wind velocity is less than about 1.5 m s^?1. However, a slight trend of increased momentum transfer to the shoot with decreased shoot needle density was found for wind velocities between 1.5 and 4.5 m s^?1. This trend is not statistically significant.The shelter factor, a measure of the mutual interference to momentum transfer to the shoot structure, is shown to be dependent on the model used to describe the flow around and through the shoot. This suggests that any apparent velocity dependence of the shelter factor may actually be due to a change in flow conditions. It is concluded that: (1) the needles are the vegetative component involved in mutual interference within the shoot for wind speeds between 0.4 and 1.5 ms^?1, and (2) the shoots themselves are the vegetative component involved in mutual interference within a shoot array for wind speeds between 1.5 and 4.5 ms^?1. The shelter factor at the low wind speeds is estimated to be 2.1 The shelter factor at the higher wind speeds should be based on interference between shoots and not between needles within a single shoot.     

Wind erosion roughness index response to observation spacing and measurement distance

The cumulative shelter angle distribution (CSAD) is a physically-based roughness index that can be used to estimate the amount of soil surface impacted by saltating sand grains which produce wind erosion. But little is known of how observation spacing and other measurement factors affect CSAD estimates. This study was designed to determine the effect of observation spacing and range of influence (distances within which calculations are made) on CSAD parameters. Soil surface roughness measurements were made using a laser profile meter on a chiselled sandy clay loam soil after seven levels of simulated precipitation applied at four intensities. In this study, the different rainfall amounts and intensities were used only to create different roughness levels. Calculations were made on replicated plots using five observation spacings ranging from 4 to 48 mm in directions parallel and perpendicular to the tillage direction and ranges of influence of 150, 300, 400 and 600 mm. Calculations of roughness using different observation spacings and range of influence produced significant differences (P≤0.05) in CSAD estimates. Each observation spacing tested was different from all others. Ranges of influence of 300 mm or more produced similar CSAD parameter values. Estimates of the fraction of the soil surface susceptible to wind erosion decreased as the observation spacing decreased. When measured parallel to tillage, 92% of the soil surface was susceptible to abrasion when the observation spacing was 48 mm but 54% of the surface was susceptible when the observation spacing was 6 mm, suggesting roughness elements as small as 6 mm offer protection to the soil surface if they are nonerodible.     

Relationships between the biomass of algal crusts in fields and their compressive strength

In the desert areas of China investigated by the authors, various biological crusts were predominately associated with three blue-green algal (cyanobacterial) species, Microcoleus vaginatus Gom., Phormidium tenue (Menegh.) Gom. and Scytonema javanicum (Kütz.) Born et Flah. Their biomass and their compressive strength were measured simultaneously in the field in this study. It was also found that the compressive strength of algal crusts was enhanced with the increasing of algal biomass from an undetectable level to a value as high as 9.6 mg g⁻¹ dry soil. However, when the algal biomass decreased, the compressive strength did not descend immediately, but remained relatively steady. The higher the algal biomass became, the thicker were the algal crusts formed. Given the same biomass, the highest compressive strength of man-made algal crusts in fields was found at an algal ratio of 62.5% M. vaginatus, 31.25% P. tenue and 6.25% S. javanicum, and it reached 0.89 kg cm⁻². When the biomass of the crusts increased above the value of 8.16 mg chla g⁻¹ dry soil, the compressive strength would not ascend easily. It indicated that the compressive strength of man-made algal crusts appeared temporarily saturated in the field.     

Properties and spatial distribution of microbiotic crusts in the Negev Desert,Israel

Playing a cardinal role in surface stabilization and in carbon and nitrogen fixation, microbiotic crusts play a crucial role in arid regions where they may serve as useful biomarkers for wind power and wetness duration. This is especially the case on relatively unstable and infertile sand dunes in the Negev Desert where high correlations between the crust chlorophyll content and the daytime wetness duration were found. Yet, only scarce data are available as to the possible link between the chlorophyll content and other physical (color, thickness, strength, crack density, surface roughness and infiltrability) and biological (protein, carbohydrate, organic matter and species composition) factors, which determine, in turn, the crust type and its effect upon geomorphological and ecological processes. No data are available on crust type distribution. These were the aims of the current research.     

Geologic composition influences distribution of microbiotic crusts in the Mojave and Colorado Deserts at the regional scale

Abiotic and biotic factors influencing distribution of microbiotic crusts within hot deserts, such as the Mojave and Colorado Deserts, are poorly known. Our objective was to examine microbiotic crust distribution with reference to soil and parent material characteristics as well as plant functional groups in wilderness areas of Joshua Tree National Park (JTNP). A total of 75 sites were visually assessed for crust abundance and plant community composition; soil physical and chemical factors also were measured. Microbiotic crusts of JTNP, in particular lichen and moss crusts, were not as well-developed or as widely distributed as in other arid regions of North America. Algal crusts were most prevalent, lichen crusts were sparse, and crusts containing mosses were rare, with average percent land surface absolute (and relative) cover for these three cover categories being 11.4% (17.4%), 1.7% (2.7%), and 0.02% (0.02%), respectively. Previously reported individual drivers of crust development, such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and soil texture, did not appear to strongly influence crust development in this study of the Mojave and Colorado Deserts. Proximity to granitic bedrock and grusy granitic soils associated with it were the key determinants of microbiotic crust distribution in the wilderness areas of JTNP. In particular, crusts were best developed in grusy granitic soils. Overall, our study emphasized the importance of geology in driving crust distribution and its potential value as a predictor of where crusts may occur in the hot deserts of North America.     

库布齐沙漠不同发育类型人工结皮对露水凝结作用的比较研究

露水的形成是干旱、半干旱地区生态系统中重要的环境因子.以库布齐沙漠不同发育类型的人工结皮为研究对象,通过每天野外跟踪观测人工结皮的露水凝结量,比较人工结皮露水凝结量的大小及其凝结能力的差异性.试验以人工蓝藻结皮(ACC)、人工藻结皮(AAC)、人工苔藓结皮(AMC)以及自然苔藓结皮(NMC)和流沙(SS)为材料,并以绒布-平板露水测定法(CPM)为参照,试验时间为42 d.结果表明,CPM法测定的日平均露水凝结量为0.02～0.35 mm,ACC露水凝结量为0.012～0.191 min,AAC为0.032～0.230 mm,AMC为0.048~0.274 mm,NMC为0.056～0.304 mm,SS为0.003～0.083 mm.露水凝结量随结皮的发育状况而存在显著差异,露水凝结量大小依次为NMC>AMC>AAC>ACC>SS.结果还发现.人工结皮的形成明显促进了荒漠地表对露水的吸收和保持,结皮能够比沙表面凝结更多的露水,且结皮的露水千化过程比沙表面更慢.推测结皮藻丝体的发育及其胞外分泌物是结皮凝结较多露水的重要原因,同时依赖于结皮表面的微气候环境.本研究揭示了露水在维系结皮生存中的生态学意义,表明人工结皮具有较好的水土保持功能,同时有利于更好地理解生物结皮对露水的凝结机制与吸收利用情况,并为荒漠化地区有限水源条件下人工结皮利用露水等非降雨型水分进行野外生存提供重要的理论支持和试验依据.     

甘肃河西冬小麦保护性耕作对土壤风蚀影响的风洞试验研究

土壤风蚀是指松散的土壤物质被风吹起、搬运和堆积的过程以及地表物质受到风吹起的颗粒的磨蚀过程,其实质是在风力的作用下,表层土壤中的细颗粒和营养物质的吹蚀、搬运与沉积的过程。我国受土壤风蚀及土地沙漠化影响的面积占国土总面积的1/2以上,主要分布于北方干旱、半干旱地区。甘肃河西走廊是我国荒漠化最严重的地带之一,该地区春小麦种植长期采用铧式犁翻耕是导致该地区农田土壤风蚀的主要原因。通过室内风洞试验揭示了冬小麦保护性耕作措施条件下风蚀量、起动风速、风速廓线、地表粗糙度的差异及相关关系。结果表明,各个处理风蚀量、起动风速均高于对照处理,风蚀量与风速存在幂函数关系,16 m s-1风速是土壤风蚀程度由轻变重的一个转折点;在距土样表面5~50 mm范围内,随着高度的递增免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕不覆盖(NT)处理较秸秆翻压(TIS)、传统耕作(T)处理风速增加缓慢,每个处理高度(H)与风速(V)遵循指数函数。NT、NTS处理与对照(SWT)的粗糙度K的差异在0.01水平上达到了极显著,TIS处理与对照(SWT)在0.05水平上差异显著,而T处理与对照(SWT)差异不显著。风蚀率(Q)与地表粗糙度(K)之间存在显著负相关关系。起动风速与地表粗糙度存在显著负相关关系。     

旷野风速对林网内风速分布及防风效能的影响

为了揭示旷野风速对农田林网内风速分布及防风效能的影响,通过空间多点实地观测,利用传统统计分析、Surfer软件、地统计学等方法对3种风速(5.4,7.2和10.3m/s)条件下的林网内风速分布及防风效能进行了分析。结果表明,3种旷野风速下主林带的背风面均形成一个较大范围的降风区;3种旷野风速下林网平均降低风速效能为26.1,23.3和25.7%,平均有效防护面积比为50.8%,41.7%和47.7%,林网的总体防护效能在风速为5.4m/s时为最大,风速为7.2m/s时为最小;3种不同旷野风速下林网风速空间变异函数均可以较好地拟合为球状模型,3种旷野风速下网格内风速块金值与基台值的比值较小,均小于25%,林网内风速均具有强烈的空间自相关性。旷野风速对林网内风速分布及防风效能的影响比较复杂,并不是单一的随着风速的增大而增大或减小,受林带结构及疏透度的影响较大。     

Feasibility of cyanobacterial inoculation for biological soil crusts formation in desert area

Practical testing of the feasibility of cyanobacterial inoculation to speed up the recovery of biological soil crusts in the field was conducted in this experiment. Results showed that cyanobacterial and algal cover climbed up to 48.5% and a total of 14 cyanobacterial and algal species were identified at the termination of inoculation experiment; biological crusts' thickness, compressive and chlorophyll a content increased with inoculation time among 3 years; moss species appeared in the second year; cyanobacterial inoculation increased organic carbon and total nitrogen of the soil; total salt, calcium carbonate and electrical conductivity in the soil also increased after inoculation. Diverse vascular plant communities composed of 10 and 9 species are established by cyanobacterial inoculation on the windward and leeward surface of the dunes, respectively, after 3 years. The Simpson index for the above two communities are 0.842 and 0.852, while the Shannon-Weiner index are 2.097 and 2.053, respectively. In conclusion, we suggest that cyanobacterial inoculation would be a suitable and effective technique to recover biological soil crusts, and may further restore the ecological system.