The social goals of agriculture

An analysis of social goals for agriculture presupposes an account of systematic interactions among economic, political, and ecological forces that influence the performance of agriculture in a given society. This account must identify functional performance criteria that lend themselves to interpretation as normative or ethical goals. Individuals who act within the system pursue personal goals. Although individual acts and decisions help satisfy functional performance criteria, individuals may never conceptualize or understand these criteria, and, hence, social goals for agriculture may not be intentionally sought or desired by any human being. The statement of social goals is not, therefore, reducible to statements about individual desires and preferences, and the validity of social goals does not depend upon deriving a social welfare function, nor upon measuring interpersonal utility. The paper examines a series of strategies for defining social goals for agriculture, beginning with the statement of goals offered by William Aiken in 1983. Aiken's view stresses individually based constraints upon action, but social goals cannot be adequately defined on this view. Successively more adequate approaches to the problem of social goals are examined with respect to production and efficiency, Jeffersonian democracy, and ecosystem goals of community and self-reliance. The role of family farms, and the change in farm structure is evaluated in light of this analysis for social goals.     

秸秆菌业循环利用模式与低碳农业的发展对策

在总结和分析农田秸秆菌业发展现状与存在问题的基础上,阐述了循环农业和低碳经济框架下秸秆菌业的内涵和发展模式,分析了秸秆菌业发展的循环模式与低碳农业模式的相互关系,并进一步提出开拓发展区域低碳农业的设想与若干对策和建议。     

Sustaining sustainable agriculture: The rise and fall of the Fund for Rural America

Sustainable agriculture has lately madesignificant inroads into US agricultural policydiscourse. An examination of the ``life cycle' of theFund for Rural America, a component of the 1996 farmbill, provides an example of the complex and contestedways in which the goals of sustainable agriculture areadvocated, negotiated, and implemented at the level ofnational policy, in the context of the evolvingpolitical and institutional arrangements of Americanagricultural policy. The Fund, with its relativelylarge endowment of $100 million annually, and itsexplicit emphasis on alternative agriculture research,is emblematic of both the growing politicaleffectiveness of the alternative agriculture movementand the increasing institutionalization of alternativeagriculture representatives in Federal agencies. Theuntimely demise of the Fund in the appropriationsprocess, however, illustrates the extent to whichcertain key spaces within the state remain outsidesustainable agriculture's broadening sphere ofinfluence. This suggests that while some aspects ofthe movement's organizing strategy are indeedeffective, some may need to be rethought in light ofthe experience with the FRA.     

Social sustainability, farm labor, and organic agriculture: Findings from an exploratory analysis

Much of the attention by social scientists to the rapidly growing organic agriculture sector focuses on the benefits it provides to consumers (in the form of pesticide-free foods) and to farmers (in the form of price premiums). By contrast, there has been little discussion or research about the implications of the boom in organic agriculture for farmworkers on organic farms. In this paper, we ask the question: From the perspective of organic farmers, does “certified organic” agriculture encompass a commitment to “sustainability” that prioritizes social goals? Specifically, we aim to broaden our understanding of the relationship between social sustainability and organic agriculture by drawing attention to issues affecting farmworkers, whose labor and contribution tends to elude most discussions of organic agriculture. We present findings from a survey of organic farmers in California about the possible incorporation of social standards into organic certification criteria. Our findings suggest that, at best, lukewarm support for social certification within organic agriculture exists among certified organic farmers in California. They also question expectations that organic agriculture necessarily fosters social or even economic sustainability for most of the farmers and farmworkers involved. However, we also find exceptions to the patterns evidenced in our survey. In-depth interviews with select organic farmers demonstrate that there are individuals whose practices are atypical and demonstrate that, under some circumstances, an organic production system can be at once environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable.     

生态脆弱地区现代农业产业发展的思路与对策研究——以贵州省为例

本文通过对贵州现代农业发展背景、发展目标的分析,指出依托特色农业资源优势,大力发展特色农业产业,是构建贵州现代农业产业体系、推动现代农业发展的战略重点;为进一步发挥特色农业在推动贵州现代农业发展中的作用,针对特色农业发展中面临的一系列困难和问题,提出了加快贵州特色农业发展的思路与对策建议.     

我国区域现代农业发展途径与战略重点

发展现代农业是推进农业现代化的必然要求和新农村建设的首要任务,我国幅员辽阔,不同区域应有相应的区域发展重点与布局。本文从剖析国家四大战略对区域农业发展的定位入手,指出区域农业战略制定必须服务于国家的区域目标,在此基础上,深入探讨了未来区域现代农业发展的思路、战略目标、功能定位、战略重点与战略布局。     

浅议我国农业标准化的现状、问题与对策

通过对我国农业标准体系相关数据的分析研究,阐述了我国目前在农业标准方面存在的不足,并据此提出改善当前局面的有效方法：增强标准化意识、完善农业标准化体系、积极合理的采用国际标准和国外先进标准、执行ISO14000系列标准和ISO9000系列标准等。首次提出将农业标准进行特定分类,农业标准体系分为农产品标准和服务与支撑行业标准,并建立一种特殊的“金字塔”式框架结构,从而达到对农业标准体系进行系统的信息化管理的目的。     

安徽省智慧农业发展战略与发展机制研究

安徽省智慧农业的发展处于初级阶段,目前主要还是示范应用。通过文献分析法与实地调查法,发现安徽省智慧农业发展中存在规划协调不完备、技术不成熟、成本制约发展、专业技术人才数量较少等问题。为了加快安徽省智慧农业的发展步伐,可选择政府与市场双轮驱动的战略框架。一方面,政府推动智慧农业发展。另一方面,市场拉动智慧农业发展。还应构建安徽省智慧农业发展的政、产、研协同系统,着力培育安徽省智慧农业发展机制,可从规划协调机制、技术体系推进机制、政策扶持机制和人才培养机制四个方面合力推进。     

贵州现代农业产业体系构建的基本思路

发展现代农业,核心在于构建具有竞争力的现代农业产业体系.在对贵州现代农业发展的特殊背景、现代农业发展的内涵与目标分析的基础上,提出了贵州现代农业产业体系构建的基本思路,即全力打造高效农业产业体系、特色农业产业体系、生态文明产业体系、农产品加工体系和乡村生态旅游产业体系,促进传统农业向现代农业的跨越.     

Growing food,growing a movement: climate adaptation and civic agriculture in the southeastern United States

This article examines the role that civic agriculture in Georgia (US) plays in shaping attitudes, strategies, and relationships that foster both sustainability and adaptation to a changing climate. Civic agriculture is a social movement that attracts a specific type of “activist” farmer, who is linked to a strong social network that includes other farmers and consumers. Positioning farmers’ practices within a social movement broadens the understanding of adaptive capacity beyond how farmers adapt to understand why they do so. By drawing upon qualitative and quantitative data and by focusing on the cosmological, organizational, and technical dimensions of the social movement, the study illuminates how social values and networks shape production and marketing strategies that enable farmers to share resources and risks. We propose a conceptual framework for understanding how technical and social strategies aimed to address the sustainability goals of the movement also increase adaptive capacity at multiple timescales. In conclusion, we outline directions for future research, including the need for longitudinal studies that focus on consumer motivation and willingness to pay, the effects of scale on consumer loyalty and producer cooperation, and the role of a social movement in climate change adaptation. Finally, we stress that farmers’ ability to thrive in uncertain climate futures calls for transformative approaches to sustainable agriculture that support the development of strong social networks.     

对生态农庄发展现代农业的思考

文章指出发展高效的现代农业是传统农业发展的根本出路,分析了作为农业生态系统的市场主体——生态农庄的特点,即生态农庄正通过经济体制的创新、思维观念的提升、市场运作的突破,并以绿色生态为理念、产业化经营为目标、因地制宜为原则、有效管理为手段、科学技术为支撑、优质服务为后盾来发展现代农业。     

营养导向型的中国食物安全新愿景及政策建议

经过40年显著的经济增长和发展,中国当前的目标是保持经济中高速增长,在提高可持续性和公平的基础上,更好地连接经济与市场,让市场决定最优的生产水平,农业在这一过程中将发挥重要作用。在健康中国2030、国民营养计划（2017—2030）以及乡村振兴战略等中长期战略推动下,政府及学术界对营养问题的关注持续提升,农业与营养的联系逐步增强,但“农业-食物安全-营养”的有机融合与衔接还尚未形成。在中国经济转型过程中,农业和食品行业将发挥至关重要的作用,由中国食物安全战略决定的国民食物营养与健康状况不仅影响中国的国民身体素质,还将在一定程度上影响中国能否顺利转变发展方式、能否成功跨越“中等收入陷阱”。因此,新的发展阶段,中国需要新的食物安全战略提升国民营养水平,并采取系列政策措施加强农业与食物安全和营养的联系。论文基于国际经验的食物安全战略发展思路,梳理中国食物安全面临的新旧挑战,提出食物安全新愿景以及相应政策建议,为营养导向型农业发展的顶层设计提供决策支持。中国食物安全面临的挑战诸多,与食物安全与营养高度相关的挑战主要表现为：耕地资源不足与退化、水资源紧缺与污染、气候变化与极端天气影响等自然资源和环境压力,农业生产补贴提高带来的财政支出压力,膳食能量摄入不足、微量元素缺乏以及膳食能量和营养摄入过剩的营养不良“三重负担”,食品安全问题以及食物损失与浪费问题。因此中国在经济从注重数量增长转向侧重质量增长的深化过程中,将更加重视结构调整和制度及技术创新,这意味着农业需要生产高价值、营养和安全的食物,更高效地使用水、土地和能源,保护环境和促进平等,因而需要中国食物安全战略顶层设计上的系列转变。据此,本文提出了营养导向型的中国食物安全的新愿景,即将营养指标作为中国食物安全战略的发展目标,到2025年消除饥饿和营养不足,并有效降低食品安全风险和超重率以及肥胖率。为此需要以关键领域的重大改革为基础,改进营养治理、通过市场信号传递营养导向、推动营养目标的农业生产、建立更安全的食品价值链、以政策创新促进可持续的营养饮食、加强营养教育并开展循证发展支持营养导向的食物安全新战略的实施。     

财政支农支出对农村居民消费的影响 ———基于2000—2011年面板数据的实证分析

使用2000-2011 年省际面板数据,基于消费者最优选择框架,实证考察了财政支农支出对农村居民消 费的影响结果发现,财政支农支出对农村居民消费并未有显著的挤入效应,对农村居民消费的影响也不存在显著 的时期效应和区域效应,为发挥财政支农支出的消费效应推动我国经济的持续健康发展提出相关的政策建议     

New Vision and Policy Recommendations for Nutrition-Oriented Food Security in China

After four-decade significant economic growth and development, China sets a series of goals aiming at sustainable medium to high speed economic growth,reasonable equity, and better market oriented economy. In this pursue, agriculture will take a crucial role. Under the Health China 2030, National Nutrition Plan (2017-2030) and Rural Vitalization Strategy, more attention has been paid on nutrition both in policy and research field, meanwhile the linkage between agriculture and nutrition is enhancing, but the integration of Agriculture-Food Security-Nutrition system is not yet completed. During the economic transformation, agriculture and food industry will play a key role, especially when considering the nutrition and health status will impact the national physical fitness and therefore influence the economic transformation approach. It may also impact whether China can move out of the Middle Income Trap to some extent. In the new development era, China needs a new food security development strategy to improve the national nutrition status and sets of policies to strengthen the integration of agriculture and nutrition. This paper reviewed the major challenges about China’s food security and put forward a new vision based on international experiences, which aimed at providing recommendations for designing China’s food security strategy. The key food security challenges include natural and environmental pressure, such as insufficiency and degradation of land resources, shortage and pollution of water resources, climate change and extreme disaster, fiscal pressure caused by increasing agriculture subsidy, Triple Burden of malnutrition, food safety issues and food loss and waste. It requires institutional and technical innovations for the transformation of agriculture development which means that more value added, nutritious and healthy food should be produced, the productivity and efficiency of water, land and energy should be improved, and environmentally friendly social inclusive development should be considered. All of those call for a transformation of China’s food security strategy. This paper put forwards a new vision for China’s food security: China should set nutrition-oriented food security strategy with nutrition indicators as key targeted goals, aim to eliminate hunger and undernutrition by 2025 while effectively reducing overweight/ obesity and food safety risks. Therefore policy innovations are recommended including: Improve nutrition governance, Market motivated and nutrition oriented agriculture support system, Promote Nutrition-based Food Production, Establish efficient, safe, and inclusive food value chains, Policy innovation for sustainable nutritious diet and nutrition education, and Evidence based research to support policy making.     

加快农业信息化建设推进云南现代农业发展

加强农业信息化建设是发展现代农业的重要内容,农业信息化是现代农业的重要标志。云南省农业信息化工作在十一五期间取得了一定成绩,但还存在一些问题,在十二五时期,要完成既定目标必须采取相应的对策。     

Does certified organic farming reduce greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production? Reply to Muller et al

In this comment I respond to the criticisms put forth by Muller et al. It is my assessment that the authors’ make useful suggestions for future analyses. However, their conclusion regarding the invalidity of my results are based on a misconception of the goals and data used in my article.     

物联网技术在宿迁智能农业发展中应用研究

本文以宿迁为试点,结合物联网技术在宿迁智能农业领域中的应用发展,提出物联网技术是宿迁智能农业的重要支撑,同时提出宿迁智能农业产业发展的目标任务和重点方向。     

多中心治理理论视阈下农业人才培养模式与机制研究

农业人才是支撑现代农业发展的主体力量,如何多途径助力农业人才培养,对实现产业振兴与人才振兴双目标具有重要意义。基于多中心治理理论,构建农业人才培养治理主体—治理方式—治理规则—治理目标(4G)分析框架,运用多案例分析法,分析农业人才培养典型模式,剖析其运行机制。研究表明,实践案例中形成了特征鲜明的产品导向型、职业学徒式、研学一体化和利益共享制4种典型模式,培养了大批与产业发展紧密融合的绿色生产型、经营管理型和技能服务型农业人才,提升了人才的生态环保能力、职业化程度和科学技术水平。各个典型模式已形成多元主体互动衔接协同、差异化培养方式逐渐适配契合、培养规则不断完善规范趋同、提高管理效率目标与追求经济利益双重治理目标为导向的多中心治理运行机制。为了进一步优化与推广农业人才培养模式,提出单一政府主导转变为与市场和社会主体协同、推动多元主体治理方式不断契合衔接、促进多元主体创新规范治理规则趋同一致、兼顾管理效率与市场效益的双重治理目标导向的政策启示。     

精准林业技术的设计与实践

为了阐明精准农业是农业现代化的重要标志之一,精准林业则是以精准农业思想为基础而产生的观点,该文主要介绍了精准农业和精准林业的特点,建立了精准农业的技术流程,设计了精准林业的技术路线.侧重讨论了精准林业与精准农业的相同点和差异,分析了实现精准农林业所要解决的关键问题.同时介绍了北京市小汤山精准林业示范工程和北京林业大学在精准林业方面的一些研究进展,展示了精准农林业技术的广阔发展前景.