Yield,Potassium Uptake,and Use Efficiency in Upland Rice Genotypes

Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient for higher plants. Information on K uptake and use efficiency of upland rice under Brazilian conditions is limited. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate influence of K on yield, K uptake, and use efficiency of six upland rice genotypes grown on Brazilian Oxisol. The K rate used was zero (natural soil level) and 200 mg K kg^–1 of soil. Shoot dry weight and grain yield were significantly influenced by K level and genotype treatments. However, K × genotype interactions were not significant, indicating similar responses of genotypes at two K levels for shoot dry weight and grain yield. Genotypes produced grain yield in the order of BRS Primavera > BRA 01596 > BRSMG Curinga > BRS 032033 > BRS Bonança > BRA 02582. Potassium concentration in shoot was about sixfold greater compared to grain, across two K levels and six genotypes. However, K utilization efficiency ratio (KUER) (mg shoot or grain yield / mg K uptake in shoot or root) was about 6.5 times greater in grain compared to shoot, across two K level and six genotypes. Potassium uptake in shoot and grain and KUER were significantly and positively associated with grain yield. Soil calcium (Ca), K, base saturation, acidity saturation, Ca saturation, K saturation, Ca/K ratio, and magnesium (Mg)/K ratio were significantly influenced by K application rate.     

肥料配施对杂交中稻氮素积累与分配及氮肥利用率的影响

通过大田试验,评价有机无机肥配合施用对我国南方杂交中稻氮素积累与转移特性及氮肥利用效率影响。结果表明,叶氮积累量、茎鞘氮积累量及植株氮素积累总量在配施有机肥处理与不配施之间在抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期均存在显著差异;有机肥的配施有利于植株各器官氮素的积累。配施有机肥对叶及茎鞘氮的表观转运率影响差异不显著。配施有机肥的氮收获指数在成熟期以尿素配施饼肥最高,比尿素+控失剂并配施有机肥高15.2%。配施有机肥与相对应不施有机肥的氮肥利用率能提高10%左右。尿素+控失剂处理的生物产量及籽粒产量均较高,分别比不施肥处理高50.6%,16.4%。品种间差异主要表现为叶氮积累量及氮素积累总量且在生育后期差异显著。因此,配施有机肥作基肥有利于叶氮、茎鞘氮及氮素积累总量的积累。氮素的表观运转率在不同的肥料处理及高产杂交水稻品种间均无显著差异。配施有机肥能显著提高氮肥利用率及氮收获指数。     

Nutrient Uptake and Use Efficiency of Dry Bean in Tropical Lowland Soil

Dry bean is an important source of protein for the population of South America, and yield of this legume is very low in this continent. Knowledge of nutrient uptake and use efficiency of a crop is fundamental to improve yield. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate growth, nutrient uptake, and use efficiency of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. BRS Valente) during the growth cycle. Plant samples were collected at 15, 30, 45, 60, 73, and 94 days after sowing. Root dry weight, maximum root length, shoot dry weight, and number of trifoliates were significantly increased in a quadratic fashion with the advancement of plant age. Root dry weight and number of trifoliates had significant positive association with shoot dry weight. Uptake of nutrients in the grain was in the order of nitrogen (N) > potassium (K) > calcium (Ca) > magnesium (Mg) > phosphorus (P) > iron (Fe) > manganese (Mn) > zinc (Zn) > copper (Cu). Hence, it can be concluded the N requirements for bean is greatest and Cu is minimal compared to other essential nutrients for grain yield. Uptake efficiency for root, shoot, and grain production was in the order of P > Mg > Ca > K > N > Cu > Zn > Mn > Fe. The greatest P-use efficiency among macro- and micronutrients can be considered a positive aspect of mineral nutrition of bean, because recovery efficiency of P in acidic Inceptsols is less than 20%.     

Nitrogen Application in Irrigated Rice Grown in Mediterranean Conditions: Effects on Grain Yield,Dry Matter Production,Nitrogen Uptake,and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

ABSTRACT

Field experiments were conducted in the major rice growing area of Chile to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization and site on grain yield and some yield components, dry matter production, N uptake, and N use efficiency in rice cultivar ‘Diamante’. Two sites (indicated as sites 1 and 2) and six N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 kg N ha^?1) were compared. Nitrogen fertilization increased yield, panicle density, spikelet sterility, dry matter production, and N uptake at maturity. 90% of maximum yield was obtained with 200 kg N ha^?1 in site 1 (12,810 kg ha^?1) and with 100 kg N ha^?1 in site 2 (8,000 kg ha^?1). These differences were explained by lower panicle density, and the resulting lower dry matter production and N uptake in site 2. Nitrogen use efficiency for biomass and grain production, and grain yield per unit of grain N decreased with N fertilization. While, agronomic N use efficiency and N harvest index were not affected. All N use efficiency indices were significantly higher in site 1, except grain yield per unit of grain N. The observed variation in N use efficiency indices between sites would reflect site-specific differences in temperature and solar radiation, which in turn, determined yield potentials of each site. On the basis of these results, cultivar ‘Diamante’ would correspond to a high-N use efficiency genotype for grain yield.     

不同基因型水稻钾素吸收利用对施钾量的生理响应

以常规粳稻武运梗7号、武香粳14号和杂交粳稻86优8号、泗优422为材料,研究了施钾量对不同基因型水稻钾素累积、分配和利用的影响.结果表明,施钾提高了水稻产量和经济系数,以12 kg/667 m2K2O处理最高;施钾提高了水稻群体吸钾量及拔节期到成熟期吸钾比例;施钾使植株钾素快速累积的平均速率和最大速率增大.但起止时间和持续时间缩短;施钾提高了水稻抽穗期和成熟期叶片、茎鞘和穗的钾素分配量及茎鞘分配比例,但降低了叶片分配比例,并以茎鞘分配量差异最大;随施钾量增加,水稻钾素回收效率、利用指数和植株钾生产效率降低.钾素农学效率、生理效率和生理指数则先升后降,以钾素生理指数、生理效率与产量的相关性较高.常规粳稻的产量、拔节期到成熟期吸钾比例、钾素快速累积的起止时间和持续时间及钾素生理效率、生理指数、植株钾生产效率高于杂交粳稻,但群体吸钾量、移栽到拔节期吸钾比例、钾素快速累积的最大速率和平均速率、茎鞘钾素分配量及比例、钾素回收效率低于杂交粳稻.     

Nitrogen Uptake and Use Efficiency in Upland Rice under Two Nitrogen Sources

Upland rice is an important crop in South America, including Brazil. Nitrogen (N) is one of the most yield-limiting nutrients in upland rice production in Brazil. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate N uptake and use efficiency as influenced by N sources. The soil used in the experiment was an Oxisol. The N sources were ammonium sulfate and urea, and N rates were 0, 50, 100, 150, 300, and 400 mg kg^?1 of soil. Nitrogen concentrations in the root, shoot, and grain were significantly influenced by N sources. The N rate and N source significantly influenced the N uptake in root, shoot, and grain. Similarly, nitrogen rate by N source interaction was also significant for N uptake in the root, shoot, and grain, indicating N source has a significant influence on uptake of N. Overall, concentration (content per unit dry weight) of N was greater in the grain, followed by root and shoot. Agronomical efficiency, apparent recovery efficiency, and utilization efficiency of N were significantly influenced by N rate and varied with N sources. However, physiological and agrophysiological efficiencies were only influenced significantly by N sources. Overall, N recovery efficiency was 33% for ammonium sulfate and 37% for urea. Hence, the large amount of N lost from soil–plant system may be by denitrification or voltilization.     

江淮丘陵区水稻钾、氮吸收特性与施钾效应研究

江淮地区水稻田间小区施钾效应试验结果表明,施钾能明显提高水稻产量,改善水稻生育性状,在氮磷肥充足时,钾肥的增产效果极其显著。水稻钾吸收量明显以秸秆吸钾量为主,约为籽粒吸钾量的5倍。N来自土壤的数量为120.30 kg hm-2;K2O来自土壤的数量为72.83kg hm-2。NPK全素施钾处理吸钾总量平均高出NP处理48.79%,籽粒和秸秆分别平均增加9.21%和56.8%;说明钾吸收量增加对秸秆产量贡献明显小于对籽粒产量的贡献。除最高施钾量和不施氮处理外,其余处理均出现不同程度钾素亏缺,说明在不施氮肥或氮肥不足的情况下,水稻对肥料钾的吸收量也相应减少。本试验钾肥(K2O)产投比以NPK2处理最高为2.54。综上所述,本地区同等肥力土壤,水稻钾肥推荐用量为120kg hm-2,根据土壤钾素平衡状况,水稻施钾量可适当增加。     

钾氮配施对生姜产量和养分吸收的影响研究

1999～2001年在安徽省生姜产区淮北平原砂姜黑土上,连续三年多点开展钾氮配施对生姜产量及养分吸收的影响研究。结果表明:钾氮配合施用可以大幅度提高生姜的产量,施钾增产14.9～58.5%,平均增产率为29.8%。增施氮肥的增产效率为负数,钾肥的增产效率在两种氮肥水平下都较高,高N条件下增加钾肥施用量可以极大地提高钾肥的增产效率。施用钾肥提高了生姜地上部茎叶含氮量及茎叶、姜块和全株P、K养分含量,对全株氮素含量影响不大。两种氮肥水平下,生姜地上部茎叶、块茎和全株的吸K、吸N、吸P量都是随着钾肥施用量的增加而提高。钾氮配施大幅度提高了土壤有效P、K含量,有利于保持和提高土壤肥力。     

钾氮配施对大蒜生长和养分吸收的影响

连续三年多点研究钾氮配施对大蒜生长及养分吸收利用的影响。结果表明:施用钾肥对大蒜的生长发育有明显的促进作用,三年试验平均,蒜苗、蒜苔和蒜头产量较不施钾的对照分别增长29.8~53.7%、30.4~39.7%和19.8~28.2%,平均增产42.9%、35.5%和24.1%。施用适量的氮钾肥提高了大蒜地上部茎叶含N量,大幅度增加茎叶、蒜苔、蒜头和全株P、K含量,改善大蒜植株的营养状况。两种氮肥水平下,大蒜地上部茎叶、蒜苔、蒜头和全株吸N、吸K及吸P量均随钾肥施用量的加大而提高。钾氮配施可促进磷素和钾素向蒜头的转移,从而提高P和K的再利用程度。     

Growth,Nutrient Uptake,and Use Efficiency in Dry Bean in Tropical Upland Soil

Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. ‘BRS Requinte’) is an important legume crop and nutrient availability is one of the most yields limiting factors for bean production in tropical upland soils. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in Brazilian Oxisol to study growth, nutrient uptake, and use efficiency of macro- and micronutrients during growth cycle of bean plant. Plants were harvested at 15, 30, 45, 60, 73, and 99 days after sowing for determination of growth parameters and uptake of nutrients. Root dry weight, shoot dry weight and leaf trifoliate increased significantly (P< 0.01) in a quadratic fashion with the advancement of plant age. However, root-shoot ratio decreased significantly with increasing plant age. Concentrations of nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn) decreased with the advancement of plant age. However, concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) increased significantly with the advancement of plant age. Accumulation of macro- and micronutrients significantly increased with the increasing plant age. Accumulation of N, P, K and Cu was higher in the grain compared with root and shoot, indicating relatively higher importance of these nutrients in improving grain yield of dry bean. Nitrogen, P and Cu use efficiency was higher for shoot weight compared to grain weight. For grain production, nutrient use efficiency was in the order of Mg > Ca > P > K > N for macronutrients and Cu > Zn = Mn for micronutrients.     

铵钾施用次序和比例对油菜生长和氮钾养分吸收的影响

通过油菜盆栽试验研究了铵(NH4 )钾(K )离子施用次序和比例对这两种离子在土壤中的交互作用及其对油菜生长和N、K养分吸收的影响.结果表明:当NH4 、K 摩尔比为1:1时,先NH4 后K ,油菜的生物产量和N、K养分吸收量均较低,该结果与后施入的K 促进了先施入的NIL4 的固定,降低了土壤NH4 -N含量有关.而当NH4 、K 质量比为1:1(其摩尔比约为3:1)时,施用次序对该土壤油菜的生长和养分吸收影响不大,这也说明了合适的N、K比例对作物生长的重要性.     

不同培肥方式对复垦土壤玉米养分吸收及肥料利用率的影响

为研究不同培肥处理对平朔露天煤矿复垦土壤作物养分含量及肥料利用率的影响,进行了玉米盆栽试验,结果表明:不同培肥处理对玉米植株的N,P,K含量均有提高作用,玉米N,P,K在根、茎、叶器官分配顺序为叶 > 茎 > 根;有机肥、菌肥和配施低浓度化肥处理对玉米N素含量增加最明显,有机肥、菌肥和化肥配施各处理对玉米P和K含量增加最明显,其次对玉米N,P,K含量增加较明显的为有机肥配施菌肥处理,而单施有机肥处理对玉米N,P,K含量增加效果最差;有机肥、菌肥和化肥配施处理对玉米N,P,K肥利用率高于有机肥配施菌肥处理更高于单施有机肥处理,此研究为恢复矿区复垦土壤肥力水平提供理论依据。     

Response of Root-Exuded Organic Acids in Irrigated Rice to Different Water Management Practices

Eurasian Soil Science - Knowledge of the composition and volume of root-exuded organic substances is crucial for understanding the biochemical processes in the rhizosphere. The present study was...     

腐殖酸钾对生姜生长、钾素吸收及钾肥利用率的影响

研究了腐殖酸钾对生姜生长、钾素吸收及钾肥利用率的影响。结果表明,生姜植株干物质积累量和钾素积累量随生姜生长发育而增加,变化动态可以用Logistic方程拟合。施用腐殖酸明显提高了根系活力,增加了植株钾素吸收量和干物质积累量,比空白对照增产8.88%。施用腐殖酸钾显著促进了根系生长发育,提高了钾素积累速率和钾素积累量,并最终提高产量,比空白对照增产61.29%,比等量氧化钾对照增产9.92%。施用腐殖酸钾显著提高了钾肥农学利用率和钾肥吸收利用率,而钾素干物质生产效率和钾素收获指数都有所降低。     

Efficiency of Coated Urea on Nutrient Uptake and Maize Production

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of coated urea with urease inhibitor [copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn)], nitrification inhibitor (DMPP), biochar and geopolymer on ammonium, nitrate, Cu, Zn content and crop yield of maize. The treatments were composed of urea alone (control), urea coated Cu and Zn (UCuZn), urea coated with Cu, Zn, and DMPP (UCuZnDMPP), urea impregnated with biochar (Ubio) and urea coated with geopolymer (Ug2). Data showed that treatments with Cu, Zn, and DMPP produced lower ammonium (NH₄) and nitrate (NO₃) in UCuZn and UCuZnDMPP while they had the highest concentration of Cu and Zn in soil and plant tissues. Plots treated with UCuZn and UCuZnDMPP produced maximum N concentrations in grains and yield, with increases by 79.5% and 74.1%, respectively, as compared with urea (control). This finding demonstrates that by slow down the hydrolysis and nitrification process using urease and nitrification inhibitor were beneficial to increased N uptake, ultimately produced higher yield.     

Organic Acid Effects on Nutrient Uptake by Rice

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the responses of 20 rice cultivars to the phytotoxic effects of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids produced in soils under anaerobic conditions. The study was conducted in a hydroponic system, with four levels (0, 3, 6, and 9 mM) of the three organic acids in the ratio of 6:3:1 in a factorial of complete randomized block design with three replications. The evaluated variables were phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents. The analysis of variance revealed a significant interaction, and the established regressions showed differences among the genotypes as evaluated for both variables. Four genotypes were classified as tolerant in relation to P content and three genotypes as tolerant in relation to K. The best performance was verified with japonica genotypes and the irrigation-based growing system.     

江汉平原稻区16个水稻品种对氮肥的响应及其利用率差异

研究不同水稻品种产量和氮肥利用率对氮肥响应的差异,可以为实施差异化施肥提供依据。以江汉平原稻区16个主推水稻品种为研究对象,通过田间小区试验,研究了施氮肥对水稻产量及其构成因素、氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的影响,比较了不同水稻品种对氮肥响应的差异。与不施氮肥（PK）相比,施氮处理（NPK）显著提高了水稻的产量和氮素吸收量,16个水稻品种增产量为882 ~ 3861 kg hm?2,增产率为9.7% ~ 64.8%;氮肥贡献率8.92% ~ 39.1%,农学效率4.5 ~ 19.8 kg kg?1,偏生产力35.3 ~ 56.6 kg kg?1,吸收利用率23.2% ~ 59.9%,生理利用率11.8 ~ 52.3 kg kg?1;16个水稻品种可大致分为3种类型,其中黄华占、荃优822、荃优丝苗和徽两优898等4个品种为氮肥高效敏感型,主要表现为氮肥贡献率、农学效率和吸收利用率较高;深两优3206、深两优828和泰优梦稻（两优S6）等3个品种为氮肥低效迟钝型,表现为氮肥贡献率、农学效率、吸收利用率和生理利用率均较低;其他9个品种为中间型,对氮肥的响应介于高效敏感型和低效迟钝型之间。实际生产中,高效敏感型品种可维持本研究氮肥用量,通过优化氮肥运筹方式,进一步发挥氮肥的增产作用;低效迟钝型品种需适当降低氮肥用量,以获得较高的氮肥利用率,减轻过量施氮的负面影响;中间型品种的产量潜力较高,建议通过田间试验研究确定最佳氮肥用量,以同时实现水稻高产和氮肥的高效利用。     

长期施用含硫化肥对水稻产量和养分吸收的影响

1975年开始在湖南祁阳红壤站布置了含硫化肥长期定位试验。3个处理(无硫、低硫和高硫)的施硫量分别为0、112、604 kg hm-2a-1。结果表明:SO42-—S在施硫处理的土壤和植株中都有明显的累积,连续施用含硫化肥24年后,表土中SO42-—S含量增加了158~229%,施硫处理稻草中硫浓度比对照高43~57%,而稻谷中硫浓度在处理问无显著差异;施硫对水稻的短期效应(1~7年)为提高产量和品质,中期效应(8~15年)为无显著作用,而长期效应(16年后)为负面影响,长期施用含硫化肥导致水稻(特别是晚稻)对Mg、Fe、B、Mo等元素的吸收量显著减少,并使高硫处理晚稻稻谷产量显著下降(1990~1997年比1982~1989年平均下降31.6%)。     

中国灌溉农田粮食作物水分利用效率的研究

以1980年至1986年、22个省(市、自治区)、10种作物、共计4422个站的年实测作物耗水量和产量数据为基础,用加权平均法计算得到全国灌溉农田上粮食作物平均水分利用效率值约为1.1kg/m³。并根据典型试验站作物产量、总耗水量及水分利用效率之间的相互关系,以及全国粮食作物单产随年分的变化趋势,经分析认为这一数值可以作为衡量全国灌溉农田上粮食作物平均水分利用效率的现状值