提高农机安全生产"三率"的思考

文章简述了农机安全生产"三率"的概念及其重要性,分析了当前农机安全生产"三率"的状况及制约农机安全生产"三率"提高的主要因素,提出了提高农机安全生产"三率"的工作思路及对策,为推动我区农机安全生产工作提供参考.     

泗水:农机手抢答"安全卷"

泗水县农机局以创建"平安农机"为总抓手,切实加强对农机安全生产的监管,认真落实农机安全生产责任制,严把农机驾驶员考试这道关,强监管,重服务,出现了农机手抢答"安全卷"的新局面,从源头上消除了安全隐患,为确保全县的安全形势稳定作出了积极贡献.     

牡丹区农机生产平安"越"冬

为了营造<农业机械安全监督管理条例>实施的良好氛围,菏泽市牡丹区农机局立足实际,强化措施,狠抓落实,保障了冬季农机安全生产. 一是加强领导,促进‘平安牡丹区"建设.该区始终把抓好农机安全生产工作作为"平安牡丹区"建设的一项重要措施,区、乡、村逐级成立农机安全生产领导小组,制定实施方案,层层签订<农机安全生产责任书>,做到任务具体,目标明确,责任到人.同时,定期召开农机安全生产调度会,有重点、有计划地安排部署安全生产管理工作.     

构筑"三大防线"保障农机安全生产

农机安全生产的落实关系到农业的健康发展.农机管理服务工作是农机安全工作的一个重要组成部分,管理工作的好坏也直接关系到整个农机发展体系.目前我省已经形成一个运转良好的农机安全生产管理体系,但仍需不断完善.笔者结合目前正在开展的创建"农机安全示范村"活动,谈谈如何通过构筑"三大防线"来保障农机安全生产.     

长沙县举办农机安全生产"百千万"大培训

2017年6月29日,长沙县农机监理站在安沙镇天健农机专业合作社举行农机安全生产"百千万"大培训.安沙、北山、福临、青山铺等四个镇的农机专干、农机生产经营企业、农机合作社负责人、农机手代表共计120余人参加培训.今年是长沙县"落实企业安全生产主体责任年",也是"全民安全文明素质提升工程"的开局之年,全县农机管理部门将通过集中开展一系列深入基层、贴近群众、面向社会的安全生产宣传教育培训活动,进一步强化红线意识,规范安全生产秩序,排查整治安全隐患,有效预防和减少农机事故的发生,确保全县人民群众生产财产安全和社会和谐稳定.     

推广"柳堡模式"构建镇村农机安全监管新机制

近年来,宝应县积极探索建立镇村农机安全监管机制,以推广"柳堡模式"为切入点,深入推进"平安农机"建设,保障了农机安全生产形势持续稳定,为全县农机化高质量发展提供了安全保障。     

农机安全生产管理要做好"4"字文章

农机安全生产是国家安全生产的组成部分,是农机化管理的基础性工作,抓好农机安全生产的方法措施得当,就能收到事半功倍的效果.反之可能会找不着头绪,甚至顾此失彼.笔者从事农机安全监督管理工作多年,认为抓好农机安全生产管理工作要着重在"实、细、全、严"4个字上做文章下功夫.     

坊子区突出重点抓"三率"

为强化安全生产监督管理,保持全区农机安全生产形势持续稳定好转,推动"平安坊子"和"平安畅通县区"建设,近日坊子区人民政府办公室下发了<关于进一步加强农机安全生产工作,切实提高农机"三率"水平的通知>,区农机局认真贯彻文件精神,以提高拖拉机联合收割机登记挂牌率,年度检验率及驾驶员持证率为中心工作,成立了专门领导小组和两个稽查小分队,全力以赴做好路检路查工作.     

杭州市农机安全生产"十一五"发展规划思考

农机安全生产事关广大人民群众生命和财产安全,做好这项工作,是统筹城乡经济发展、全面建设小康社会的重要内容,也是实践"三个代表"重要思想的具体表现.目前农村经济正处于转型期,由于受生产力发展水平和广大农民素质等因素的制约和影响,农村安全生产基础薄弱,农机安全生产形势相当严峻.农机重大事故的频繁发生,将直接影响到农村经济可持续健康发展和全面建设小康社会目标的实现.为保障广大农民群众生命财产,促进农村社会稳定,各级政府和部门必须充分认识到抓好农机安全生产的必要性、艰巨性和紧迫性,从农村经济和社会发展全局出发,对农机安全生产工作引起足够重视,制定和实施好"十一五"期间农机安全生产发展规划.     

进一步深入开展农机"黑车非驾"安全整治活动

为了贯彻落实党中央、国务院和省委、省政府关于切实抓好安全生产工作的指示精神和农业部2002年开展"农机质量安全年"活动的部署,进一步深化全省农机"黑车非驾"安全整治活动的内容和方式,把阶段性的安全整治活动与强化安全监管措施结合起来,逐步建立农机安全生产源头管理的长效机制.省农业机械监理所发出"关于进一步深入开展农机‘黑车非驾'安全整治活动的通知".     

基于"工作过程"的《PLC应用技术》课程开发思路

随着社会发展,专业人才的缺乏成为阻碍许多行业发展的重要因素,所以培养出适合发展要求的人才成为发展过程中研究和关注的重点.传统的PLC应用技术过于注重理论教学,对学生动手能力培养存在一定缺陷,培养出的学生就业后不能适应技术岗位要求.文章就当下工作过程中的实践能力要求现状进行分析,介绍PLC应用技术含义进行分析,提出促进技术进一步发展的有力措施.     

Plant water parameters and the remote sensing <Emphasis Type="Italic">R</Emphasis><Subscript>1300</Subscript>/<Emphasis Type="Italic">R</Emphasis><Subscript>1450</Subscript> leaf water index: controlled condition dynamics during the development of water deficit stress

Plants with different abilities for osmotic adjustment (cowpea, bean, and sugarbeet) were subjected to gradually decreasing soil water content. During the development of water deficit stress, various plant water parameters were measured to characterize their relationship to the near infrared R ₁₃₀₀/R ₁₄₅₀ leaf water index, which is based on the measurement of light reflected from leaves. In all three species, leaf water thickness (LWT), leaf cell relative water content (RWC), and overall leaf thickness remained relatively constant under moderate water deficit stress. However, at the point when plants could no longer cope with the increasing level of water deficit stress, LWT, RWC, and leaf thickness were found to decrease substantially, signaling the onset of leaf dehydration. The R ₁₃₀₀/R ₁₄₅₀ leaf water index followed the RWC very closely in cowpea and bean leaves, and with some time lag in sugarbeet leaves. The R ₁₃₀₀/R ₁₄₅₀ index may therefore be used as a feedback-signal in precision irrigation control, signaling effectively the physiological response of plants when water deficit stress becomes detrimental. RWC and the R ₁₃₀₀/R ₁₄₅₀ index were linearly correlated in cowpea and bean leaves, but not in sugarbeet leaves.     

Improving estimates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">P</Emphasis> loads in irrigation water from swine manure lagoons

The implementation of nutrient management plans for confined animal feeding operations requires recording N and P loads from land-applied manure, including nutrients applied in irrigation water from manure treatment lagoons. By regulation, lagoon irrigation water nutrient records in Mississippi must be based on at least one lagoon water nutrient analysis annually. Research in Mississippi has shown that N and P levels in lagoon water, and the N:P ratio, vary significantly through the year. Nutrient estimates based on one annual analysis do not account for this variability and may overestimate or underestimate N and P loads. The present study reports an improved method to more precisely estimate N and P loads in irrigation water from swine manure lagoons. The method is based on predictable annual cycles of N and P levels in lagoon water and employs simple curve-fitting of lagoon-specific formulas derived by analyses of historical data. Similarity of curves from analyses of Mississippi lagoons and other lagoon studies suggests that the method can be applied using the often limited nutrient data for a lagoon to more precisely estimate seasonal shifts of N and P and to improve the precision of estimates for N and P in irrigation water. Although the present study focused on swine manure lagoons in the southern US, recognition that the annual N cycle in lagoon water is temperature driven, suggests that additional research incorporating temperature into future models could extend these models to other types of waste treatment lagoons and climates.     

Response of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sorghum bicolor</Emphasis> varieties to soil salinity for feed and food production in Karakalpakstan,Uzbekistan

Water and land salinization, caused by ill-practiced irrigation and drainage is acute and widespread in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan. A crop frequently grown in these marginal areas is sorghum because of its capability to adapt to saline conditions. However, the salt uptake potential of local varieties for salt-ameliorative purposes, as well as possible income-generation benefits, have not yet been studied. Therefore, field experiments on low, medium and highly saline soils were conducted using four sorghum cultivars (S. vulgare, S. cernuum, S. durra, and S. technicum). The effect of soil salinity on biomass, stover and grain yield, the baking and feed quality, and total water soluble salt (TDS) accumulation, was assessed according to varieties, plant fractions and growth phases. Results showed that S. cernuum had the highest grain yield on the low (5.13 t ha⁻¹), medium (6.05 t ha⁻¹) and highly (3.3 t ha⁻¹) saline soil. S. technicum showed the lowest growth potential under all salinity levels. TDS accumulation varied between 406 and 185 kg ha⁻¹ depending on variety, site, plant fractions and growth stage. Irrespective of the soil salinity levels and varieties, TDS was highest in stover and leaves, while highest TDS uptake, mainly chlorides and bicarbonates, occurred between booting and flowering. Baking quality of all varieties was extremely low, whereas the in-vitro feed was assessed as of medium quality. The findings indicate the scope of local sorghum varieties for phytomelioration of marginal lands in Karakalpakstan, while concurrently satisfying a wider range of rural livelihood needs.     

Evapotranspiration of “Superior” grapevines under intermittent irrigation

This study deals with the effects of intermittent irrigation on actual evapotranspiration (ET) and leaf area index (LAI) of “Superior” grapevines grown in a semiarid environment in northeastern Brazil. The field experiments were carried out during two consecutive fruiting cycles (dry season and rainy season) of grapevines (Vitis vinifera, L) irrigated by drip at a rate of 2.3 L h⁻¹. Four irrigation time intervals were used as follow: one turn irrigation-time (I-1), two turn irrigation-time (I-2), three turn irrigation-time (I-3), and four turn irrigation-time (I-4). The growing cycles received different amounts of water by irrigation, which for dry and rainy seasons were 470.5 and 243.5 mm, respectively. The ET increased from 5.7 to 7.5 mm day⁻¹ when the irrigation time interval changed from I-1 to I-4 and resulted in a higher value of LAI. The values of ET during the rainy-season growing cycle were much lower throughout the phenological stages, reaching a maximum of 6.4 mm day⁻¹ for I-4 in the maturation stage. For both growing cycles, an increase in the cumulated vineyard evapotranspiration was observed when changing the irrigation time interval from I-1 to I-4, except I-2, which was slightly greater than I-3. Soil water drainage had a very gradual exponential decrease from I-1 to I-4 in both fruiting cycles. The grapevine coefficient under intermittent irrigation can be described as function of days after pruning by polynomial models.     

Identification and discrimination of water stress in wheat leaves (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) by means of reflectance measurements

Available water is one of the most limiting factors in crop production. As current methods for the determination of plant water content are time-consuming and require numerous observations to characterize a field, managers could benefit from remote sensing techniques to assist in irrigation decisions and further management practices. Adoption will depend on the development of technologies, which allow real time sensing of the soil and plant water status and the discrimination of several stress factors. A greenhouse study was initiated to determine specific wavelengths and/or combinations of wavelengths indicative of water stress in wheat and to evaluate these wavelengths for discriminating water stress from other biotic stresses. Reflectance of wheat leaves from plants grown under six different water treatments ranging from 65 to 26% field capacity was determined once a week from the beginning of the fourth leaf stage until the sixth leaf stage. Reflectance measurements were performed at the fourth leaf of wheat plants with an imager (LEICA S1 Pro) under controlled light conditions. Reflectance was measured in different wavelength ranges throughout the visible and infrared spectra (380–1,300 nm). Leaf scans were evaluated within the L*a*b*-color system. Total water content of wheat leaves was calculated after the difference between total fresh and total dry weight of wheat plants. Significant reflectance changes and correlations between water status and leaf reflectance were obtained at a water content <71% and enabled the identification and quantification of water status of wheat plants. Reflectance patterns at 510₇₈₀, 540₇₈₀, 490_1,300, and 540_1,300 nm were found most suitable to describe to the water status regardless of the sampling date or growth stage. To evaluate the validity of leaf reflectance as a method for separating water stress from other biotic stresses such as nutrient deficiencies reflectance pattern of water deficient plants were compared with reflectance patterns of N, P, Mg, and Fe deficiency obtained in earlier studies by calculating the color distance ΔEab as additional reflectance parameter. ΔEab increased under different nutrient deficiencies, but remained constant under water stress, thus enabling the discrimination of the investigated stress factors. The approach indicated that various stress factors could be clearly identified by reflectance measurements, thus enhancing a better plant management by the use of remote sensing techniques.     

Effect of irrigation regimes on persistence of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmonella enterica</Emphasis> serovar Newport in small experimental pots designed for plant cultivation

Increased outbreaks of foodborne illness throughout the world have raised concern over the potential health hazard of pre-harvest colonization of crops by human pathogens originating from contaminated irrigation water, or manure-amended soil. Contradictory reports currently exist concerning the ability of pathogenic bacteria to penetrate internal plant tissues via the root and translocate to edible aerial tissues, which suggest dependence of the process on experimental variables employed. Mechanistic investigations of internalization into plants require development of regulated, experimental, co-cultivation systems for the plant and the bacteria. In the present study, we have evaluated the effect of three irrigation regimes: ‘no-irrigation’ and irrigation with or without leachate, on the capacity of Salmonella enterica serovar Newport to survive in a potting medium in small experimental pots designed for internalization studies. The duration of bacterial survival in the potting-medium varied under the irrigation regimes employed, ranging from 4.7 to 10 weeks. The survival duration under irrigation without leachate was longer than in the ‘no-irrigation’ treatment. Leaching reduced the concentration of Salmonella in the experimental pots, presumably by a washing effect and consequently shortened the duration of survival from 70 to 33 days. The observed dependency of Salmonella viability in the experimental pots, upon the irrigation schemes applied, points at the need to consider the irrigation conditions in experimental systems aimed at studying the interactions between human enteric pathogen and the plant ecosystem.