生态保健树种最新研究进展

通过对提取的侧柏挥发油进行抗肺癌细胞实验,结果表明100mg/ml侧柏挥发油对肺癌细胞NCL-H460抑制率高达97%。采用气质联用法对侧柏叶挥发油4℃低温下重结晶得到的雪松醇进行了鉴定,纯度达97.06%,对雪松醇进行抗肺癌细胞实验,结果表明雪松醇对肺癌细胞NCL-H460达到死亡的浓度为44.98mg/ml。从而证实了侧柏叶挥发油中雪松醇是抑制肺癌细胞的有效物质。因此,侧柏叶挥发物不仅能有效抑菌抗菌,而且具有抗肿瘤的明显保健功能。       

几种柏科植物挥发物质及抗肿瘤活性初步研究

用Alamar blue法对提取的5种柏树叶挥发油进行了抗人肺癌细胞实验,结果表明,刺柏、圆柏、龙柏、日本扁柏和绒柏5种树叶挥发油对肺癌细胞NCI-H460抑制率分别为36.93%、78.4%、73.77%、81.22%和56.53%,其中日本扁柏挥发油对肺癌细胞NCI-H460抑制活性最大。采用气-质联用法对6种柏树叶挥发油的化学成分进行了研究,刺柏、圆柏、龙柏、日本扁柏和绒柏5种柏类含有的挥发物质种类分别为32、36、48、22和27种。     

桂花叶挥发油化学成分分析及其生物活性

采用水蒸气蒸馏法(SD)提取挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术分析桂花叶的精油成分,检测出 13 种成分,共确认其中 10 个化合物,占挥发油色谱总馏出峰面积的 95.13%.其中含量较高的物质为苯乙醇(60%)、苯甲醇(15%).体外抑菌实验表明,该挥发油对大肠杆菌无抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌和红酵母有一定的抑制能力.Alamar Blue法测定桂花叶的挥发性物质对人非小细胞肺癌(NCI-H460)的抑制作用不大,质量浓度为 100 μg/mL时抑制率为(10.18±1.29 )%.     

光叶拟单性木兰挥发油的化学成分及其生物活性的初步研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法(SD)提取光叶拟单性木兰叶片中的挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术分析挥发油的成分,鉴定出34个化合物。其主要成分为1R-α-蒎烯(7.432%)、香桧烯(13.516%)、β-松节烯(7.615%)、间-甲基异丙基苯(7.21%)、桉油醇(7.139%)、松油-4-醇(5.004%)、β-石竹烯(5.577%)、β-荜澄茄烯(4.435%)。体外抑菌和抗肿瘤实验表明,光叶拟单性木兰挥发物质对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、红酵母有一定的抑制作用;对人非小细胞肺癌(NCI-H460)、胃腺癌(SGC-7901)有较强的抑制作用,当挥发油质量浓度为50μg.mL-1时,抑制率分别达到83.24%、72.26%。     

乳源木莲挥发油的化学成分及生物活性

采用水蒸气蒸馏法(SD)提取乳源木莲叶中的挥发油,经过气相色谱一质谱(GC-MS)联用技术分析挥发油成分,共分离出16个峰,通过与软件中的质谱标准谱图库比较确定出其中14种化合物,应用色谱峰面积归一法分析各成分的质量分数,含量较高的物质有:反-橙花叔醇(38.831%)、二环基丙二腈(13.892%)、δ-杜松烯(7.814%)、香叶醇(6.367%)。体外抑菌实验表明,该挥发油对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌无抑制作用,对红酵母有一定的抑制作用。Alamarblue法测定乳源木莲的挥发油对人非小细胞肺癌(NCI-H460)的抑制作用很强,浓度为100μg/mL达到100%。       

新疆圆柏干叶香气成分的研究

使用气相色谱-质谱仪对新疆圆柏干叶进行了挥发油化学成分分析。结果表明:气相色谱分离出50个组分,质谱鉴定了23个化合物。主要成分是:乙酸香桧酯、2,7-二甲基-3-辛烯-5-炔、α-雪松醇、β-香茅醇、4-甲基-1-异丙基-3-环己烯-1-醇、柠檬烯、β-蒎烯、Δ3?蒈烯、α-长叶蒎烯、Δ杜松烯、α-松油烯、α-异松油烯、侧柏烯等;鉴定的成分种类占总挥发油的66%,其含量占总含量的93.55%。     

大叶冬青叶抗肿瘤活性初步研究

用MTT法对大叶冬青叶不同提取物和挥发油抗肿瘤活性的测定表明,大叶冬青提取物具有一定的抗肿瘤活性.其中老叶乙醇提取物和鲜叶挥发油抗肿瘤活性最高,老叶乙醇提取物对胃癌细胞株SGC-7901的抑制率为62.40%,鲜叶挥发油对肺癌细胞株NCI-H460抑制率为93.33%.进一步实验表明大叶冬青挥发油对NCIH460(肺癌)细胞的IC50为42.86μg/mL.研究结果为大叶冬青叶保健、药用产品的开发提供了科学依据.     

侧柏心材和树皮精油的GC-MS分析

侧柏富含树脂.气相色谱-质谱分析结果表明侧柏树干上部心材精油与下部和中部树皮精油的最高相对含量成分均为柏木醇,三者共有组分为4-松油醇、α-柏木烯、罗汉柏烯、雪松烯、γ-依兰油烯、花侧柏烯、榄香醇、柏木醇、α-杜松醇和乙酸柏木酯.其树干下部和中部树皮精油的主要挥发物组分基本相同,而相对含量不同.柏木醇具有抗蚁、抗螨、抗...     

木棉花醇提物中石油醚溶解组分的化学成分研究

采用GC/MS对木棉花醇提取物石油醚溶解组分的化学成分进行了研究，共鉴定出20种成分。主要成分为十六烷酸（24.76%)、β-雪松醇（19.68%）、3-甲基-3-氢苯并呋喃-2-酮（8%）、α-雪松醇（5.82%)和十四烷酸（4.38%)等，其中脂肪酸成分最多，约占40.27%。     

3种南洋杉科植物叶挥发油的化学成分

应用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对水蒸气蒸馏的异叶南洋杉、大叶南洋杉和贝壳杉叶挥发油化学成分进行研究。结果表明:异叶南洋杉叶挥发油共分离鉴定出36种成分,占色谱峰总面积的98.21%,挥发油的主要成分为β-蒎烯(35.38%)和芮木泪柏烯(33.57%);大叶南洋杉叶挥发油有27种成分被鉴定,占色谱峰总面积的96.68%,其主成分为hibaene(77.88%);贝壳杉叶挥发油鉴定了37种成分,占色谱峰总面积的97.44%,β-荜澄茄烯(56.34%)为其主要成分。3种南洋杉科植物叶挥发油除主含萜类化合物外,还含烷、醇和酮等化合物,其中贝壳杉叶挥发油还含少量的醛、醚和酯,异叶南洋杉叶挥发油还含少量的呋喃类化合物。3种南洋杉科植物叶挥发油中,含有α-蒎烯、柠檬烯、α-石竹烯、γ-依兰二烯、β-荜澄茄烯、杜松烯、匙叶桉油烯醇、α-杜松醇和6,10,14-三甲基-2-十五烷酮等9种共同成分,但挥发油的主成分类型和含量差异很大。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.