不同包装方式对酸地参储藏品质的影响

为研究不同包装方式对酸地参储藏期间品质的影响,以地参为试验材料,通过乳酸菌发酵,定期测定PE+PA复合真空包装、铝箔复合真空包装和PET塑料瓶包装酸地参的亚硝酸盐、VC、pH、单宁、总酸等成分含量,并进行感官评价。结果表明:4℃条件下储藏15 d时,铝箔复合真空包装的酸地参品质最好,其感官评分、VC含量、pH、单宁含量和总酸含量最高,分别为89分、0.15 mg/100 g、3.21、13.02 mg/kg和2.34 g/kg,同时其亚硝酸盐最低,为0.15 mg/kg;PE+PA复合真空包装的酸地参品质次之,而PET塑料瓶包装效果最差。因此,铝箔复合真空包装比较适合酸地参的储藏。     

茶多酚-海藻酸钠涂膜处理对草鱼储藏品质的影响

对茶多酚-海藻酸钠复合涂膜提升储藏过程中草鱼品质的可行性进行了研究。在1.5%海藻酸钠溶液中分别加入0、1%、2%、3%(m/m)的茶多酚,制成茶多酚与海藻酸钠复合涂膜剂处理草鱼片,并以不作涂膜处理为对照组（CK）,考察草鱼储藏过程中鱼肉的持水性、pH、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）、硫代巴比妥酸值（TBARS）及质构特性的变化。结果表明：与对照组相比,茶多酚-海藻酸钠涂膜组草鱼品质变化程度明显较低,并且涂膜中茶多酚含量越高,鱼肉品质保持越好。由此说明,茶多酚-海藻酸钠涂膜能够有效控制鱼肉品质的劣变,保鲜效果良好,且以3.0%茶多酚+海藻酸钠涂膜组处理保鲜效果最佳,能够有效延长鱼肉的储藏期6 d左右。     

冰温对热缩真空包装牛肉保鲜性质的影响

对热缩包装牛肉冰温条件下保质期内新鲜度进行了试验研究。结果表明,2种包材BB4和NT1热缩真空包装后在-2℃条件下贮藏,在贮藏时间相同的条件下,NT1比BB4包材包装牛肉的p H值、出汁率、TVB-N值和细菌总数稍高;贮藏80d时,牛肉pH值分别为5.85和5.83,出汁率分别为3.28%和2.91%,TVB-N值分别为9.20 mg/100g和9.04 mg/100g,细菌总数分别为9.70×10~3CFU/g和9.20×10~3CFU/g。2种包装均适合冰鲜牛肉贮藏,指标符合一级鲜肉的标准。     

襄荷黄酮对冷藏羊肉的保鲜作用研究

探讨将襄荷黄酮纯化物作为保鲜剂对冷藏羊肉的保鲜效果。以蒸馏水处理为对照,考察3种质量浓度（0.3、0.6、0.9 mg/mL）襄荷黄酮对冷藏羊肉的汁液损失率、pH、总挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）值、高铁肌红蛋白含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（TBARS）值及感官评分的影响。结果表明：在冷藏5~9 d时,与对照相比,高质量浓度的襄荷黄酮（0.6、0.9 mg/mL）处理可明显减少冷藏羊肉的汁液损失和pH升高幅度（P＜0.05）,显著降低TVB-N、TBARS和高铁肌红蛋白含量（P＜0.05）,有助于改善冷藏羊肉的感官品质,而对照组羊肉冷藏7 d后已腐败变质。因此,襄荷黄酮能有效延长新鲜羊肉的冷藏保存期。     

姜黄素微胶囊对冷藏猪肉糜氧化稳定性及品质的影响

为提高冷藏猪肉糜的氧化稳定性和品质,以姜黄素为芯材,大豆分离蛋白和β-环糊精为壁材,利用冷冻干燥法将姜黄素微胶囊化。通过测定不同处理组（0.20 g/kg 姜黄素微胶囊、0.35 g/kg姜黄素微胶囊、0.50 g/kg姜黄素微胶囊、0.1 g/kg 丁基羟基茴香醚（BHA）和对照组）冷藏猪肉糜的硫代巴比妥酸反应物（TBARS）值、总巯基含量、总羰基含量、pH、蒸煮损失率及色差,研究姜黄素微胶囊对猪肉糜脂质和蛋白质的抗氧化效果及其对猪肉糜品质的影响。结果表明,添加0.50 g/kg姜黄素微胶囊的猪肉糜的TBARS值和总羰基含量显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,总巯基含量显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,与添加0.1 g/kg BHA效果接近,姜黄素微胶囊可以减少猪肉糜冷藏期间pH值和颜色的变化,显著降低猪肉糜冷藏过程中的蒸煮损失率。综上所述,0.50 g/kg姜黄素微胶囊能够显著抑制冷藏猪肉糜的脂肪和蛋白氧化,更好地保持其冷藏品质。     

壳聚糖-nisin复合包装膜在烧鸡保鲜中的应用

研究壳聚糖- nisin复合包装膜处理对烧鸡保鲜的作用。采用3种包装形式（普通包装、1%壳聚糖膜、1%壳聚糖+0.02% nisin复合膜）对烧鸡进行处理,定期测定菌落总数、pH值、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N值）、脂肪氧化（TBARS值）和感官评定。结果表明,在4℃条件下处理组样品货架期为7~14 d,对照组样品货架期约为3 d。低温贮藏过程中,处理样品的pH值、 TVB-N值、 TBARS值、菌落总数均显著低于对照组。     

涂膜对鸭肉储藏期品质的影响

以壳聚糖、明胶等为主要原辅料制作壳聚糖-明胶涂膜液,对新鲜生、熟鸭肉进行涂膜,考察在（0±1）℃储藏条件下,涂膜后的鸭肉与未处理的鸭肉在储藏期内水分含量、pH、色泽、酸价、MDA含量、羰基含量等指标的变化。结果表明：储藏期内,无论生、熟鸭肉,涂膜对其水分含量、a*值、酸价、MDA含量、羰基含量均有较好的改善,而对于鸭肉的pH及L*值影响不明显。涂膜处理能较好地改善鸭肉储藏期间的品质,是一种鸭肉保鲜的有效措施。     

复配天然保鲜剂对青虾冷藏保鲜效果的影响

采用复配天然保鲜剂(保鲜剂中含有壳聚糖12.5 g/L,卡拉胶1.75 g/L,迷迭香提取物0.9 g/L,Nisin 0.7 g/L)对青虾进行保鲜处理,以青虾肌肉的pH值、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)值和青虾菌落总数为指标,结合青虾肌肉蛋白质的SDS-PAGE电泳结果,分析复配天然保鲜剂对青虾4℃冷藏保鲜效果的影响.结果表明:与对照组相比,采用复配天然保鲜剂处理能延缓青虾冷藏期间肌肉pH值、TVB-N值、TBARS值和菌落总数的增长;SDS-PAGE图谱表明,该复配天然保鲜剂有利于维持青虾肌肉蛋白质结构和性质的稳定性.以上结果说明,在4℃冷藏条件下,复配天然保鲜剂处理青虾能够抑制其蛋白质降解、脂肪氧化酸败和微生物的生长,从而延缓青虾的腐败变质,货架期达到7 d,保鲜效果良好.     

生姜提取液对牦牛肉保鲜效果的研究

以新鲜牦牛肉为原料,采用生姜提取液(鲜生姜汁∶蒸馏水=1∶5)喷淋处理,结合真空复合膜包装技术,研究在(3±1)℃条件下储藏21 d新鲜牦牛肉的感官品质、细菌总数、p H、挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)含量等指标的变化规律。结果表明,生姜提取液处理可保持牦牛肉较高的感官品质,降低水分损失率和菌落总数增长速度,储藏期间肉的p H处在鲜肉范围内,有效减缓了TVB-N含量的升高,明显延长了牦牛肉的储藏时间,具有较好的保鲜效果。     

壳聚糖与生姜提取物复合膜在冷却猪肉保鲜中的应用

以冷却猪肉为试材,通过测定4℃冷藏15 d期间菌落总数、p H、TBARS值、TVB-N值以及感官评价等指标的变化,探讨壳聚糖与不同浓度(60%、80%和100%)生姜提取物复合膜对冷却猪肉的保鲜效果和抗氧化作用。结果表明,添加生姜提取物具有一定的浓度效应,其中80%和100%生姜提取物+壳聚糖复合涂膜处理能有效抑制冷却猪肉菌落总数和p H的上升,抑制脂质过氧化,保持较高水平的感官品质,且保鲜效果优于单独壳聚糖涂膜处理,能延长冷却肉的货架期至15 d以上。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.