Yield response of wheat and barley to inoculation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria at various levels of nitrogen fertilization

The yield response of a wheat (Kirik) and a barley (Tokak 157/37) cultivar to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense Sp246 and Bacillus sp. OSU‐142 was studied in relation to three levels of N fertilization (0, 40, and 80 kg ha^–1) under field conditions in Erzurum, Turkey, in 1999 and 2000. Seed inoculation with A. brasilense Sp246 significantly affected yield and yield components, both in wheat and barley. On average of years and N doses, inoculation with A. brasilense Sp246 increased spike number per m², grain number per spike, grain yield, and crude protein content by 7.2, 5.9, 14.7, and 4.1 % in wheat and by 6.6, 8.1, 17.5, and 5.1 % in barley, respectively, as compared to control. Inoculation with Bacillus sp. OSU‐142 significantly increased kernel number per spike in wheat, but no significant effect was determined in the other characteristics. Grain yields and yield components were also higher at all levels of nitrogen fertilizer in the inoculated plots as compared to the control. However, these increases diminished at high fertilizer levels. These results suggest that application of the growth promoting bacteria A. brasilense Sp246 may have the potential to be used as a biofertilizer for spring wheat and barley cultivation in organic and low‐N input agriculture.     

Isolation and characterization of phosphate solubilizing bacteria from the rhizosphere of crop plants of Korea

Whole-cell fatty acids methyl ester (FAME) profile and 16S rDNA sequence analysis were employed to isolate and identify the bacterial groups that actively solubilized phosphates in vitro from rhizosphere soil of various crops of Korea. Out of several hundred colonies that grew on Pikovskaya's medium 13 best isolates were selected based on the solubilization of insoluble phosphates in liquid culture and further characterized and identified. They were clustered under the genera Enterobacter, Pantoea and Klebsiella and the sequences of three representative strains were deposited in the GenBank nucleotide sequence data library under the accession numbers AY335552, AY335553, AY335554.     

小麦蚕豆间作对红壤有效磷的影响及其与根际pH值的关系

在云南红壤上采用田间小区试验,通过测定分蘖～拔节期、孕穗～抽穗期、灌浆～乳熟期不同土层深度小麦根际土壤有效磷(available phosphorus)含量和根际pH值,比较研究了小麦蚕豆间作对小麦根际土壤有效磷含量和pH值的影响,探讨了间作小麦根际pH与根际土壤有效磷之间的相互作用.结果表明,与小麦单作相比,小麦蚕豆间作显著地促进了小麦产量的提高.同时,小麦蚕豆间作促进了小麦根际土壤有效磷含量的提高,分蘖～拔节期、孕穗～抽穗期0-10 cm、10-20 cm土层单、间作差异显著;间作显著降低了分蘖～拔节期10-20 cm土层、孕穗～抽穗期0-10 cm、10-20 cm、20-30 cm土层小麦根际土壤pH.分蘖～拔节期、灌浆～乳熟期,单、间作小麦根际土壤有效磷含量与根际pH呈负相关关系.试验表明,在红壤上间作小麦根际土壤有效磷含量的提高与间作降低根际pH有密切关系.     

不同磷效率小麦对低铁胁迫的基因型差异

用营养液培养方法研究了不同磷效率小麦幼苗对低铁胁迫的基因型差异。结果表明,低铁胁迫(-Fe)对磷高效基因型小麦生长的抑制作用显著大于对磷低效基因型。低铁处理下,磷高效基因型81(85)-5-3-3-3、Xiaoyan54和Taihe-5025的植株地上部干重平均比正常供铁(+Fe)处理下降55.2%;磷低效基因型Jinghe90-Jian-17、NC37和Jing41平均33.0%。低铁胁迫显著降低了磷高效基因型小麦的叶片叶绿素含量,3个磷高效基因型的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素a+b含量分别降低了35.6%、35.3%和35.3%,磷低效基因型分别降低了16.8%、7.7%和11.9%。低铁胁迫对小麦的根系生长、根系吸磷量和磷利用效率均未产生明显的影响,但显著降低了磷高效基因型小麦的植株地上部吸磷量和根效率比。与正常供铁的处理相比,磷高效和磷低效基因型小麦的地上部吸磷量和根效率比在低铁处理中平均降低了55.0%、54.9%和32.5%、36.4%。磷高效基因型小麦植株体内积累的磷量明显高于磷低效基因型,这是磷高效基因型不耐低铁的主要原因。磷效率越高,对低铁的反应越敏感。     

Enhancement of maize plant growth with inoculation of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and biochar amendment in soil

Maize plant has an absolute requirement of nutrients (N, P, and K) for growth and development. The microbial application can facilitate in addressing limited access to chemical fertilizer concern. Moreover, biochar and phosphorus-solubilizing bacterial (PSB) community can contribute together in nutrient availability. Both have the P-supply potential to the soil, but their interaction has been tested less under semiarid climatic conditions. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the potential of biochemically tested promising PSB strains and biochar for maize plant growth and nutritional status in plant and soil. Therefore, two isolated PSB strains from maize rhizosphere were biochemically tested in vitro and identified by 16S rDNA gene analysis. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse where the plant growth and nutrient availability to the plants were observed. In this regard, all the treatments such as PSB strain-inoculated plants, biochar-treated plants, and a combination of PSBs + biochar-treated plants were destructively sampled on day 45 (D₄₅) and day 65 (D₆₅) of sowing with four replications at each time. PSB inoculation, biochar incorporation, and their combinations have positive effects on maize plant height and nutrient concentration on D₄₅ and D₆₅. In particular, plants treated with sawdust biochar + Lysinibacillus fusiformis strain 31MZR inoculation increased N (32.8%), P (72.5%), and K (42.1%) against control on D₆₅. Besides that, only L. fusiformis strain 31MZR inoculation enhanced N (23.1%) and P (61.5%) than control which shows the significant interaction of PSB and biochar in nutrient uptake. PSB and biochar have the potential to be used as a promising amendment in improving plant growth and nutrient absorption besides the conventional approaches.     

冬小麦不同生育阶段水分利用对保水剂与氮肥的响应

为探明保水剂和氮肥及其配施后对冬小麦不同生育阶段水分利用的作用机理,通过大田试验,以不施保水剂和氮肥为对照,研究了保水剂(60 kg.hm 2)与氮肥[0、225 kg(N).hm 2、450 kg(N).hm 2]单施及其配施后对冬小麦不同生育阶段的土壤水分、干物质积累及水分利用的作用特征。结果表明:保水剂和氮肥的施用均提高了土壤剖面各层次的含水量及冬小麦干物质积累量、产量和水分利用效率。各处理中以单施450kg(N).hm 2氮肥、单施保水剂及保水剂与450 kg(N).hm 2氮肥配施处理土壤含水量较高。不施保水剂时,随施氮量的增加,冬小麦地上部干物质积累量显著提高。施用保水剂时,氮肥用量过高,干物质积累有所降低。拔节—收获期,保水剂与225 kg(N).hm 2氮肥配施处理冬小麦干物质积累量均较高,且到生育后期效果更明显。在播种—拔节期和孕穗—灌浆期,随氮肥用量的增加水分利用效率提高,且保水剂与氮肥配施处理增加幅度更大。而灌浆—收获期,高氮[450 kg(N).hm 2]和保水剂与225 kg(N).hm 2氮肥配施处理的水分利用效率提高幅度最大,分别较对照增加53.8%和57.8%。而最终产量与水分生产效率以60 kg.hm 2保水剂与225 kg(N).hm 2氮肥配施处理最高。说明氮肥用量适宜时,施用保水剂冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的提高幅度更大。     

不同生育时期冬小麦叶面积指数高光谱遥感监测模型

高光谱遥感能快速无损获取植被冠层信息,是实现作物长势实时监测的重要技术。为研究不同氮磷水平下冬小麦不同生育时期叶面积指数高光谱遥感监测模型,提高叶面积指数高光谱监测精度,该研究连续5 a定位测定黄土高原旱地不同氮磷水平和不同冬小麦品种各生育时期冠层光谱反射率与叶面积指数,通过相关分析、回归分析等统计方法,构建不同生育时期冬小麦叶面积指数监测模型。结果表明:不同氮磷水平下,冬小麦叶面积指数随施肥量增加呈递增趋势,随生育时期改变呈抛物线趋势变化;随着氮磷供应量的增加,冠层光谱反射率在可见光波段显著降低2%~5%(P0.05),在近红外波段显著增加4%~10%(P0.05);不同生育时期叶面积指数与优化土壤调整植被指数、增强型植被指数Ⅱ、新型植被指数、修正归一化差异植被指数、修正简单比值植被指数均达极显著相关(P0.01);拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期叶面积指数分别与优化土壤调整植被指数、增强型植被指数Ⅱ、增强型植被指数Ⅱ、修正归一化差异植被指数和修正简单比值植被指数拟合效果较好,决定系数分别为0.952、0.979、0.989、0.960和0.993;以不同年份独立数据验证模型表明,所建预测模型均有较好的验证结果,相对误差分别为13.0%、13.5%、12.8%、12.6%和14.0%,均方根误差分别为:0.313、0.336、0.316、0.316、0.324。因此,优化土壤调整植被指数、增强型植被指数Ⅱ、增强型植被指数Ⅱ、修正归一化差异植被指数和修正简单比值植被指数能有效评价拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期冬小麦叶面积指数。同时,叶面积指数分段监测模型较统一监测模型精度有所改善。该结果为实现不同肥力水平下冬小麦不同生育时期长势精确监测提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

不同生育时期渍水对冬小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光及籽粒灌浆特性的影响

渍害是南方稻茬小麦高产障碍因子之一。2011—2013年以小麦品种‘川麦104’和‘内麦836’为材料,设置对照(CK)和不同时期渍水处理(分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期、灌浆期,渍水时间均为35 d),测定花后旗叶叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、叶绿素荧光参数和籽粒灌浆参数,以明确不同生育期渍水对小麦光合特性及籽粒灌浆的影响。结果表明,随时间推移,花后0~25 d,两品种的SPAD值和叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、ΦPSⅡ、q P和NPQ)变化不大;到花后35 d,SPAD值、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0和ΦPSⅡ急剧下降,NPQ明显上升。渍水处理对花后15 d和25 d的SPAD值和多数叶绿素荧光参数无显著影响;花后35 d,分蘖期渍水和灌浆期渍水的SPAD、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、ΦPSⅡ和q P显著高于对照,NPQ则显著低于对照。分蘖期渍水和灌浆期渍水对粒重及籽粒灌浆进程影响较小,拔节期渍水和孕穗期渍水显著提高了灌浆速率、缩短了灌浆持续时间,粒重较低。粒重与SPAD值呈显著正相关,粒重和SPAD值均与灌浆速率无相关性,但与灌浆持续时间(有效灌浆期和活跃灌浆期)、尤其灌浆中后期(快增期和缓增期)呈显著正相关。‘川麦104’在灌浆期均表现出较高SPAD值、Fv/Fm、Fv/F0、ΦPSⅡ和q P。结果表明,分蘖期渍水和灌浆期渍水对旗叶花后光合能力及灌浆进程影响较小,在四川稻茬小麦栽培管理中,应重视拔节期和孕穗期渍害的排除,以保证花后较高的光合能力及较长籽粒灌浆时间,从而保证较高粒重。     

Effects of aluminum on the growth and element composition of 20 winter cultivars of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) grown in solution culture

Seedlings of twenty cultivars of Triticum aestivum L. differing in tolerance to aluminum (Al) were grown with Al (74 uM, 2.0 mg L^‐1 ) and without Al at pH 4.5 to examine the effect of Al on the element composition of leaf and root tissues of juvenile plants. Treatment with Al reduced concentrations of Mg and Mn and increased concentrations of Al, P, Ca, and Fe in roots. Treatment with Al reduced concentrations of P, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn in leaves. Concentrations of Mg, Fe, and Mn in leaves were in the range considered to be deficient.

Cultivars differed in the effect of Al on element composition. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn in leaves of the 20 cultlvars grown with Al were positively correlated with cultivar tolerance to Al as measured by relative root yield. The variance, however, was relatively high. Leaf P concentrations of seedlings grown with Al were not significantly correlated with tolerance to Al. Differences among cultivars in the effect of Al on element, composition were not likely a primary cause of differential tolerance to Al, but Al‐induced element deficiencies may have a secondary effect on the yield of cultivars grown on sub‐lethal, Al‐toxic substrates.     

不同水分胁迫条件下DSSAT-CERES-Wheat模型的调参与验证

作物模型为人们认识旱区农业生境过程并对其进行调控提供了一种有效的工具。为了探讨小麦生长模拟模型DSSAT-CERES-Wheat能否准确模拟水分胁迫条件下旱区冬小麦的生长发育和产量形成过程,同时确定参数估计和模型验证的最优方案,该研究进行了连续两季(2012.10-2013.06和2013.10-2014.06)的冬小麦分段受旱田间试验。试验将冬小麦整个生育期划分为越冬、返青、拔节、抽穗和灌浆5个主要生长阶段,每相邻两个生长阶段连续受旱,形成4个不同的受旱时段水平(D1-D4),根据小麦生育期的需水量,设置灌水定额分别为40和80 mm 2个水平(I1和I2),共形成8个处理,每处理3次重复,在遮雨棚内采用裂区试验布置,此外在旁边设置1个各生育期全灌水的对照处理。文中设置了5套不同的参数估计和验证方案,利用DSSAT-GLUE参数估计模块得到不同的参数估计结果。通过对比分析冬小麦物候期、单粒质量、生物量、产量、以及土壤水分含量的模拟值和实测值之间的差异,以确定利用DSSAT-CERES-Wheat模型模拟旱区冬小麦生境过程的精度。结果表明,参数P1V(最适温度条件下通过春化阶段所需天数)和G3(成熟期非水分胁迫下单株茎穂标准干质量)具有较强的变异性,变异系数分别为19.07%和16.34%,受基因型-环境互作的影响较大,而其他参数的变异性则较弱,变异系数均小于10%;DSSAT-GLUE参数估计工具具有较好的收敛性,不同参数估计方案所得的参数值具有一定的一致性;不同的参数估计方案所得的模型输出结果有较大差异,其中参数估计方案1(利用两季试验中的充分灌溉处理CK数据进行参数估计,其他不同阶段受旱处理数据进行验证)的模型校正和验证精度最高,其中模型校正的绝对相对误差(absolute relative error,ARE)和相对均方根误差(relative root mean squared error,RRMSE)分别为4.89%和5.18%。在冬小麦抽穗期和灌浆期受旱时,DSSAT-CERES-Wheat模型可以较好地模拟小麦的生长发育过程以及土壤水分的动态变化,但是在越冬期和返青期受旱时,模拟结果相对较差,并且随着受旱时段提前和受旱程度的加重,模拟精度将变得更低。此外,该模型无法模拟由不同水分胁迫造成的冬小麦物候期差异,需要对模型进行相应的改进。交叉验证表明DSSAT-CERES-Wheat模型模拟该研究中不同水分胁迫条件下冬小麦生长和产量的总体性误差在15%~18%左右。总之,DSSAT-CERES-Wheat模型在模拟旱区冬小麦生境过程时存在着一定的局限性,若要更广泛地将该模型应用在中国干旱半干旱地区的冬小麦生产管理和研究,有必要对冬小麦营养生长阶段前期的水分胁迫响应机制和模拟方法进行进一步的深入研究。