YIELD,FRUIT QUALITY AND NITROGEN UPTAKE OF ORGANICALLY AND CONVENTIONALLY GROWN MUSKMELON WITH DIFFERENT INPUTS OF NITROGEN,PHOSPHORUS, AND POTASSIUM

The effects of varied amounts of fertilization on yield, fruit quality, and nitrogen (N) uptake of muskmelons (Cucumis melo L. var reticulatus Naud) grown under both organic and conventional farming conditions were evaluated. Organic fertilizer (0.0, 0.55, 1.1, and 2.2 kg m^?2) and mineral fertilizers containing the same amounts of estimated plant available nutrients [N, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)] were applied to organic and conventional farming plots, respectively, in both the spring and autumn seasons of 2005. In comparison to conventional farming conditions, muskmelons grown under organic farming conditions had the same yield, total soluble solids (TSS) and soluble sugar contents in both growing seasons, and fruit pulp nitrate content was significantly reduced by 12% on average in spring and 16% on average in autumn. At harvest maturity the aboveground plant N concentration was significantly higher in the conventional treatments than in the organic treatments. At the vine growth stage, the plant N concentrations were similar in all treatments in both seasons. The ratios of nitrate N to total N amount in aboveground biomass were higher in conventional and high fertilized organic treatments than in low or not fertilized organic treatments under limited N supply from the soil. Muskmelon plants absorbed mainly inorganic N, and the protein N fraction in the xylem sap was larger than the amino acid N fraction. Plants grown in the organic system had a higher proportion of organic N in their xylem sap, especially when manure input was low.     

Application of Excess Nitrogen,Phosphorus, and Potassium Fertilizers Leads to Lowering of Grain Iron Content in High-Yielding Tropical Rice

Influences of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer doses were assessed on iron (Fe) accumulation in leaves and grains of three high-yielding rice cultivars differing in grain Fe concentration. Effects of these treatments were also measured on grain yield, leaf area, and plant biomass of the cultivars. Nitrogen, P, and K applications improved plant biomass and grain yield of all cultivars. Among the nutrients, N was most effective in increasing leaf Fe concentration, followed by P and K in all three rice cultivars. Sharbati accumulated the greatest concentration of leaf Fe followed by IR-64 and Lalat. However, greater doses of these nutrients adversely affected grain yield and Fe content of leaf and grain. Application of excess N, P, and K fertilizers may, thus, sometimes results in lowering of grain Fe content in rice. Judicious application of the elements is recommended for prevention of Fe-induced malnutrition.     

大豆养分专家系统在我国大豆主产区的应用与评价

[目的]平衡施肥是实现作物高产高效的主要因素,而推荐施肥方法是实现作物平衡施肥的重要手段.本研究通过田间试验评价养分专家系统(Nutrient Expert,NE)推荐施肥在我国大豆上的应用效果.[方法]于2014-2015年在春大豆产区(东北三省)进行了21个田间试验,2017-2018年在夏大豆产区(安徽、江苏、河...     

Use efficiency of nitrogen from biodigested plant material by ryegrass

Apparent nitrogen‐use efficiency of the applied mineral N (NUE_min) in effluent from biodigested plant material (BE; C : N_org ratio 14:1; mineral N–to–total N ratio 0.5:1) and a nitrate‐based inorganic fertilizer (IF), both applied at two rates was investigated in a six‐month pot experiment with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Dry‐matter (DM) production was 7% lower and total amount of N in aboveground biomass was 8% lower in BE than in IF at 40 d after sowing (DAS), equal at 81 DAS, and higher in BE than in IF at 136 and 172 DAS. NUE_min calculated on the basis of accumulated N in aboveground biomass of ryegrass in fertilized treatments compared to a control without N application was significantly lower in BE than in IF up to the third cut (136 DAS). Total NUE_min, total N recovery, and amount of foliage DM were similar for both fertilizers at the end of the experiment. Root biomass, total DM produced including roots and stubble, the fraction of root N to total plant N, and soil mineral N at 172 DAS were higher for BE than for IF. Mineral N applied with biogas‐reactor effluent was almost as effective as the nitrate‐based mineral fertilizer used for comparison. Within the six‐month experimental period net N mineralization, estimated at 12% of organic N in effluent, was not substantial. Hence, the organic compounds in the effluent were relatively recalcitrant.     

Growth and Heavy-Metal Uptake by Lettuce Grown in Soils Applied with Sewage Sludge Compost

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sewage sludge compost (SSC) alone and applied with chemical fertilizer on growth and heavy-metal accumulations in lettuce grown on two soils, a Xanthi-Udic Ferralosol and a Typic Purpli-Udic Cambosol. The treatments included control; nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) fertilizer; sewage sludge compost applied at the rates of 27.54 (SSC), 82.62 (3SSC), 165.24 (6SSC) t hm^–2; and coapplication treatment (1/2 SSC + 1/2 NPK), where the N, P, and K inputs from NPK fertilizer, SSC, and coapplication treatments were normalized to the local recommend rates. The SSC application increased the biomass; copper, zinc, and lead contents in lettuce; and soil total and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable metals. However, SSC alone at the recommended rate caused less plant biomass than NPK fertilizer alone. Coapplication treatment obtained greater or similar biomass to NPK fertilizer alone and did not increase heavy-metal accumulation in soils and plants. The results demonstrated that SSC should be applied to soils with chemical fertilizers.     

Nutrients balance for improvement of phytoremediation ability of teak seedlings (Tectona grandis)

As a green technique, plant-based remediation systems can be used to remove nitrogen (N) pollutants from N-rich wastewaters. However, the excess amount of N and shortage of other nutrients in this system limits the plant growth and affects the plant remediation efficiency. In this study, the effect of adding phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) to the N-enriched wastewater on growth and N-removal efficiency of teak seedlings (Tectona grandis) was evaluated. Twelve ratios of N:P:K were applied to teak seedlings and the related effects were compared with those in control solution containing only N. The results indicated that a ratio of 1N:0.5P:1K increased dry matter accumulation in teak seedlings by improving the balance of nutrients in plants. Teak seedlings grown in nutritionally-improved system eliminated 33.8% N more than those grown in only N solution. The water loss through plant uptake was also enhanced in the improved system up to 56%.     

Soil carbon sequestration,plant nutrients and biological activities affected by organic farming system in tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) fields

There is growing interest in investigations into soil carbon (C) sequestration, plant nutrients and biological activities in organic farming since it is regarded as a farming system that could contribute to climate mitigation and sustainable agriculture. However, most comparative studies have focused on annual crops or farming systems with crop rotations, and only a few on perennial crops without rotations, e.g. tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). In this study, we selected five pairs of tea fields under organic and conventional farming systems in eastern China to study the effect of organic farming on soil C sequestration, plant nutrients and biological activities in tea fields. Soil organic C, total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg), available nutrients, microbial biomass, N mineralization and nitrification were compared. Soil pH, organic C and total N contents were higher in organic tea fields. Soil microbial biomass C, N and P, and their ratios in organic C, total N and P, respectively, net N mineralization and nitrification rates were significantly higher in organic fields in most of the comparative pairs of fields. Concentrations of soil organic C and microbial biomass C were higher in the soils with longer periods under organic management. However, inorganic N, available P and K concentrations were generally lower in the organic fields. No significant differences were found in available calcium (Ca), Mg, sodium (Na), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) concentrations between the two farming systems. These findings suggest that organic farming could promote soil C sequestration and microbial biomass size and activities in tea fields, but more N-rich organic fertilizers, and natural P and K fertilizers, will be required for sustainable organic tea production in the long term.     

Influence of varied soil microbial and inorganic nutrient conditions on the growth and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash]

Summary A difference in biomass production between plants grown in autoclaved soil and non-autoclaved soil under N and base (Ca + Mg) treatments was probably caused by soil microbes other than vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The plants were grown for 70 days in autoclaved soil, autoclaved soil with a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal-free filtrate of non-autoclaved soil added, and non-autoclaved soil. The plants in each substrate received additional N, P, or Ca + Mg (base treatment) weekly. Control plants received no additional nutrients. The plant response to various substrates was a function of nutrient treatment. Colonization of roots by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in non-autoclaved soil was lowest with the N and P treatments. There were significant negative correlations between vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and all plant growth variates. For all nutrient treatments, there were no differences in total biomass between plants grown in non-autoclaved soil and in the autoclaved-plus-filtrate substrate.     

沼液施用量对毛竹林地土壤理化性质及碳储量的影响

为了解决沼液资源化利用,化肥减施的问题,该文以沼液替代化肥来研究相同氮磷钾含量肥料施用的前提下,不同沼液用量与化肥配合施用(N_1P_1K_1Z_1—沼液全氮替代化肥施氮总量的25%,N_2P_2K_2Z_2—沼液全氮替代化肥施氮总量的50%,N_3P_3K_3Z_3—沼液全氮替代化肥施氮总量的75%)对毛竹林地土壤理化性质及竹林固碳增汇效应的影响。结果表明,单独施用化肥或者化肥与沼液配合施用对毛竹林地土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、磷、钾含量的影响不明显(P0.05),而沼液与化肥配合施用(特别是N_3P_3K_3Z_3—高量沼液)对土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量提高的幅度较为显著(单施化肥处理除外)(P0.05)。单独施用化肥或化肥与沼液配施显著降低了放线菌的比例(单施化肥处理除外),却显著增加了细菌和真菌的比例(P0.05)。与不施肥对照CK处理相比,单施化肥处理显著增加了细菌与真菌数量的比值,增幅为24.51%;而沼液与化肥配施则与CK处理之间的差异不显著(P0.05)。化肥与沼液配施均能显著提高毛竹林地土壤微生物量碳和氮的含量,而且能够显著提高土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性(P0.05),各施肥处理均以N_3P_3K_3Z_3提高的幅度最大。此外,单独施用化肥或者化肥与沼液配施均能显著提高I度竹、II度竹和林分的平均胸径以及I度竹和林分的碳储量(P0.05),各施肥处理仍以N_3P_3K_3Z_3处理增加的幅度最大。可见,施用沼液替代化肥能够提升土壤肥力水平,促进毛竹生长,尤其是新竹的生长和固碳增汇。     

不同有机肥对花生营养吸收、土壤酶活性及速效养分的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究等养分投入条件下,施用化肥与不同有机肥(猪粪、牛粪、鸡粪、麸酸有机无机复混肥)对花生营养吸收、土壤酶活性及速效养分的影响。结果表明,与化肥相比,施用有机肥脲酶活性提高6.2%～22.1%,磷酸酶活性提高7.9%～27.9%,过氧化氢酶活性提高45.1%～65.2%,分别以猪粪、鸡粪、麸酸有机无机复混肥最高,而转化酶活性各处理表现不一。施用有机肥较化肥促进了N、P、K养分向花生果仁转移累积,果仁吸N量、吸P量、吸K量、吸S量分别较化肥提高22.7%～78.0%、47.1%～74.5%、65.2%～91.6%、5.6%～61.2%,其NPK养分总吸收量以麸酸有机无机复混肥最高。施肥均提高了种植花生后的土壤N、P、K速效养分含量,施用麸酸有机无机复混肥还明显改善了土壤S素营养。     

Do Compost and Vermicompost Improve Macronutrient Retention and Plant Growth in Degraded Tropical Soils?

Soil degradation and water pollution are widespread land degradation problems in Southeast Asia. Policy makers are currently faced with the challenge of designing and implementing strategies to maintain soil fertility and avoid off-site effects. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of organic substrate amendments on soil properties, nutrient leaching and the growth of Ipomea aquatica in an acidic degraded soil from northern Vietnam. Plants were grown in an Acrisol in buckets under natural weather conditions for two months. The same amount of nutrients was applied either in a purely synthetic form (mineral fertilizers) or as two alternative organic substrates (three month old compost or vermicompost from buffalo dung) plus additional amounts of synthetic mineral nutrients to ensure the same quantity of NPK. The influence of these respective substrates on the soil's physical and chemical properties as well as plant growth was examined. Both compost and vermicompost led to an improvement in soil properties with an increase in the pH, soil organic matter and nutrient content, compared to soil fertilized with synthetic mineral products. The highest plant productivity was obtained with vermicompost and synthetic fertilizers, with no significant difference between these two treatments. Chemical fertilization, however, is the least effective practice based on the amount of nutrients leached from the soil (about 38% of N and 22% of K, compared to less than 10 and 5% of N and K with organic amendments). P leaching was not influenced by the fertilizer treatments. In conclusion, vermicompost does appear to be a relevant alternative to chemical fertilizers because it leads to similar enhancements in plant growth, at the same time as increasing soil quality and decreasing nutrient leaching.     

Effects of root-zone temperature and N,P, and K supplies on nutrient uptake of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings in hydroponics

The nutrient uptake and allocation of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedlings at different root-zone temperatures (RZT) and different concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) nutrients were examined. Plants were grown in a nutrient solution for 30?d at two root-zone temperatures (a diurnally ?uctuating ambient 10°C-RZT and a constant 20°C-RZT) with the aerial parts of the plants maintained at ambient temperature (10°C–30°C). Based on a Hoagland nutrient solution, seven N, P, and K nutrient concentrations were supplied to the plants at each RZT. Results showed that total plant and shoot dry weights under each nutrient treatment were significantly lower at low root-zone temperature (10°C-RZT) than at elevated root-zone temperature (20°C-RZT). But higher root dry weights were obtained at 10°C-RZT than those at 20°C-RZT. Total plant dry weights at both 10°C-RZT and 20°C-RZT were increased with increased solution N concentration, but showed different responses under P and K treatments. All estimated nutrient concentrations (N, P, and K) and uptake by the plant were obviously influenced by RZT. Low root temperature (10°C-RZT) caused a remarkable reduction in total N, P, and K uptake of shoots in all nutrient treatments, and more nutrients were accumulated in roots at 10°C-RZT than those at 20°C-RZT. N, P, and K uptakes and distribution ratios in shoots were both improved at elevated root-zone temperature (20°C-RZT). N supplies were favorable to P and K uptake at both 10°C-RZT and 20°C-RZT, with no significantly positive correlation between N and P, or N and K uptake. In conclusion, higher RZT was more beneficial to increase of plant biomass and mineral nutrient absorption than was increase of nutrient concentration. Among the three element nutrients, increasing N nutrient concentration in solution promoted better tolerance to low RZT in cucumber seedlings than increasing P and K. In addition, appropriately decreased P concentration favors plant growth.     

不同施肥处理对白菜的物质积累与养分吸收的影响

研究了在洞庭湖平原的冲积性菜园土条件下,不同施肥结构对白菜生育期间的物质积累与白菜对N,P,K养分的吸收规律以及土壤有效N,P,K养分的动态变化.结果表明,不同处理白菜的产量相差较大,各施肥处理比不施肥对照平均增产达33.1%,但各施肥处理之间产量差异不显著.白菜对N,P,K养分的吸收都是在移栽30 d以后的生长中、后期,与其地上部生物产量的积累规律一致.专用肥处理和有机无机肥配施处理明显促进白菜对N,P,K养分的吸收.从而提高白菜对肥料养分的利用率.当地习惯施肥处理的N,P施用量明显过大,浪费肥料,也对当地水体及环境造成污染.其施K量明显低于白菜一季的总吸钾量,既影响白菜产量和品质,也造成土壤K素的耗竭.根据不施肥对照和4个平衡施肥处理白菜地上部分的养分吸收总量结果,以白菜对肥料N,P,K的当季利用率分别为40%,25%和60%计算,供试土壤条件下白菜一季所需N,P_2O_3,K_2O的施用量分别为195.25 kg/hm~2,145.60 kg/hm~2,228.53 kg/hm~2.其N:P_2O_5: K_2O值为1:0.75-1.17.     

控释复合肥对番茄生长效应的影响研究

采用流化床包膜技术制作的控释期为90d的4种养分比例不同的控释复合肥与等养分量的普通复合肥进行了番茄肥效对比盆栽试验。试验结果表明,控释复合肥具有养分缓慢释放的特点,施肥后40d达到高峰,有利于番茄生殖生长对养分的需求。施用控释复合肥番茄株高、叶面积、叶片数和鲜果重明显优于普通复合肥,且对防止病虫害有良好效果。施用控释复合肥番茄鲜果产量平均比普通复合肥提高63.1％。在本试验条件下,以CRF3处理,N-P2O5-K2O用量为0.4-0.26-0.37g/kg(即N:P2O5:K2O养分比例为1:0.65:0.93)肥效最好。     

深松耕对玉米根茎叶氮磷比及地上生物量的影响

植物器官的氮磷比（N/P）可以揭示植物生长发育过程的营养平衡。深松耕作为黄土高原半干旱区一种较好的农田耕作方法被广泛应用,尽管已被证实深松耕可以提高作物产量和地上生物量,但深松耕是否影响作物器官N/P及从作物器官N/P角度能否解释地上生物量增加的机制尚有待进一步研究。该研究于2016－2018年在黄土高原区设置了不同耕作方法（深松耕、旋耕、翻耕和免耕）和施氮量（基肥200 kg/hm2、基肥200 kg/hm2+拔节期肥100 kg/hm2）的田间裂区试验,研究了不同处理对玉米地上生物量、不同器官（根、茎和叶）中N/P的影响以及其N/P与地上生物量的关系。结果表明：1）相比翻耕、免耕,深松耕能显著提高地上生物量（P<0.05）,2016和2018年深松耕的地上生物量比翻耕、免耕分别提高了9.56%、9.29%和4.67%、5.94%;2）相比翻耕、免耕,深松耕和旋耕均能显著降低根、叶的N/P（P<0.05）,深松耕的根、叶N/P分别为19.90、17.74,降幅最大;施肥措施及耕作方法与施肥措施的交互作用对根、茎和叶的N/P无显著影响;3）通过结构方程模型分析发现,耕作方法通过影响根和叶N/P,间接影响地上生物量,效应值分别为0.10和0.14,耕作方法对地上生物量无直接显著影响,说明根和叶的N/P是影响地上生物量的两个重要的间接因素;通过线性混合效应模型分析得出,地上生物量与根、叶N/P呈显著负相关关系,与茎N/P无相关性。研究表明,深松耕通过降低玉米根和叶N/P、促进植物氮磷营养平衡的生态策略来提高地上生物量。研究结果对进一步揭示耕作与施肥对玉米生产与农田生态系统氮磷平衡的影响机制具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Agronomic Efficiency of Feldspar,Quartz Silica,and Zeolite as Silicon (Si) Fertilizers in Sandy Soil

ABSTRACT

Partial replacement of synthetic chemical fertilizers by naturally occurring alternatives is environmentally recommended. Feldspars (F), quartz silica (S), and zeolites (Z) are silicon (Si)-rich minerals that may be utilized as Si fertilizers. This study aims to assess the agronomic efficiency (AE) of the mentioned minerals as Si fertilizers and to estimate Si-use efficiency (Si-UE) in sandy soil. A field experiment was carried out (summer seasons of 2016 and 2017) in which F, S, and Z were mixed with surface soil in an application rate 500 mg kg^?1 soil with and without potassium humate (K-H, 2 mg kg^?1 soil). Treatments were distributed in a complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replicates including control before cultivation of soybean (Glycine max L.). Yield (kg ha^?1) of soybean, available Si (mg kg^?1) in soil and uptake (mg kg^?1) of N, P, K, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Si by soybean seeds and straw were estimated. The most significant increase was by 67.87% followed by 38.69% was recorded for the S and S K-H treatments, compared to the control. Same treatments showed nonsignificant decrease in the available Si (mg kg^?1) that may refer to partial replenishment of plant available Si (PAS) in soil and avoid significant deficiency. Silica treatments resulted in the most significant increase in the uptake (mg kg^?1 soil) of Si, N, P, K, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn by seeds and almost by straw. Silica was more efficient agronomically than feldspar and zeolite. Absorption of more biocompatible Si-organo species may depend on Si source.     

Long‐term effects of manure and fertilization on soil organic matter and quality parameters of a calcareous soil in NW China

Long‐term applications of inorganic fertilizers and farmyard manure influence organic matter as well as other soil‐quality parameters, but the magnitude of change depends on soil‐climatic conditions. Effects of 22 annual applications (1982–2003) of N, P, and K inorganic fertilizers and farmyard manure (M) on total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TON), light‐fraction organic C (LFOC) and N (LFON), microbial‐biomass C (MB‐C) and N (MB‐N), total and extractable P, total and exchangeable K, and pH in 0–20 cm soil, nitrate‐N (NO ‐N) in 0–210 cm soil, and N, P, and K balance sheets were determined using a field experiment established in 1982 on a calcareous desert soil (Orthic Anthrosol) at Zhangye, Gansu, China. A rotation of irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)‐wheat‐corn (Zea mays L.) was used to compare the control, N, NP, NPK, M, MN, MNP, and MNPK treatments. Annual additions of inorganic fertilizers for 22 y increased mass of LFON, MB‐N, total P, extractable P, and exchangeable K in topsoil. This effect was generally enhanced with manure application. Application of manure also increased mass of TOC and MB‐C in soil, and tended to increase LFOC, TON, and MB‐N. There was no noticeable effect of fertilizer and manure application on soil pH. There was a close relationship between some soil‐quality parameters and the amount of C or N in straw that was returned to the soil. The N fertilizer alone resulted in accumulation of large amounts of NO ‐N at the 0–210 cm soil depth, accounting for 6% of the total applied N, but had the lowest recovery of applied N in the crop (34%). Manure alone resulted in higher NO ‐N in the soil profile compared with the control, and the MN treatment had the highest amount of NO ‐N in the soil profile. Application of N in combination with P and/or K fertilizers in both manured and unmanured treatments usually reduced NO ‐N accumulation in the soil profile compared with N alone and increased the N recovery in the crop as much as 66%. The N that was unaccounted for, as a percentage of applied N, was highest in the N‐alone treatment (60%) and lowest in the NPK treatment (30%). In the manure + chemical fertilizer treatments, the unaccounted N ranged from 35% to 43%. Long‐term P fertilization resulted in accumulation of extractable P in the surface soil. Compared to the control, the amount of P in soil‐plant system was surplus in plots that received P as fertilizer and/or manure, and the unaccounted P as percentage of applied P ranged from 64% to 80%. In the no‐manure plots, the unaccounted P decreased from 72% in NP to 64% in NPK treatment from increased P uptake due to balanced fertilization. Compared to the control, the amount of K in soil‐plant system was deficit in NPK treatment, i.e., the recovery of K in soil + plant was more than the amount of applied K. In manure treatments, the recovery of applied K in crop increased from 26% in M to 61% in MNPK treatment, but the unaccounted K decreased from 72% in M to 37% in MNPK treatment. The findings indicated that integrated application of N, P, and K fertilizers and manure is an important strategy to maintain or increase soil organic C and N, improve soil fertility, maintain nutrients balance, and minimize damage to the environment, while also improving crop yield.     

Sodium hydrosulfide modifies the nutrient ratios of soybean (Glycine max) under iron deficiency

Iron (Fe) deficiency in calcareous soils is a major limiting factor which influences production and yield of field crops. The present study investigated the effect of NaHS, a donor of H₂S, which is emerging as a potential signaling molecule, on the nutrient ratios of soybean (Glycine max L.) under Fe deficiency. Soybean seedlings with and without NaHS were subjected to Fe deficiency and Fe sufficiency for 18 d. Subsequently, we determined the biomass of seedlings, chlorophyll concentration, Fe concentration, as well as the ratios of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). The growth of soybean seedlings was inhibited by Fe deficiency. However, under Fe deficiency the application of NaHS increased the biomass as well as the Fe, N, P, and K concentrations compared to the controls. Furthermore, our results also show that the application of NaHS affected the ratios of C : N, C : P, C : K, N : P, N : K, and P : K in soybean seedlings under Fe deficiency and sufficiency. H₂S played an important role in promoting the growth of soybean seedlings by enhancing the accumulation of nutrients under Fe deficiency.     

中国沿海半干旱地区海水养殖废水灌溉耐盐植物(菊芋)的研究

An experiment with six treatments： CK1 （rainfed）, CK2 （irrigated with freshwater）, and 4 treatments of saline aquaculture effluent blended with brackish groundwater at different ratios of 1：1, 1：2, 1：3, and 1：4 （v/v） was carried out during 2004 to assess the effect of saline aquaculture effluent on plant growth and soil properties in the Laizhou region, Shandong Province, China and to determine an optimal salinity threshold for aquaculture effluent. Cumulative evapotranspiration for the saline aquaculture effluent irrigation and non-irrigation treatments was lower than that for the freshwater irrigation treatment. Soil electrical conductivity was higher with respect to saline aquaculture effluent irrigation treatment compared to that with respect to non-irrigation or freshwater irrigation treatment. For Jerusalem artichoke （Helianthus tuberosus L.）, in comparison to the freshwater treatment, plant height and aboveground biomass for the 1：3 and 1：4 treatments were constrained, whereas stem width and root biomass were enhanced. Concomitantly, higher tuber yield was obtained for the 1：3 and 1：4 treatments compared to that for CK1 and 1：1 treatments. Nitrogen and phosphorus were higher in tubers of the 1：4 treatment. This study demonstrated that saline aquaculture effluent could be used successfully to irrigate Jerusalem artichoke with higher tuber yield and nutrient removal.     

Effects of co-inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum SAY3-7 and Streptomyces griseoflavus P4 on plant growth,nodulation, nitrogen fixation,nutrient uptake,and yield of soybean in a field condition

ABSTRACT

Co-inoculation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria with plant growth-promoting bacteria has become more popular than single inoculation of rhizobia or plant-growth-promoting bacteria because of the synergy of these bacteria in increasing soybean yield and nitrogen fixation. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Bradyrhizobium japonicum SAY3-7 and Streptomyces griseoflavus P4 co-inoculation on plant growth, nodulation, nitrogen fixation, nutrient uptake, and seed yield of the ‘Yezin-6’ soybean cultivar. Nitrogen fixation was measured using the acetylene reduction assay and ureide methods. Uptake of major nutrients [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)] was also measured. This study showed that single inoculation of SAY3-7 significantly increased shoot biomass; nodulation; Relative Ureide Index (RUI %), percent nitrogen derived from N fixation (% Ndfa); N, P, K, Ca, and Mg uptakes; during the later growth stages (R3.5 and R5.5), compared with control. These observations indicate that SAY3-7 is an effective N-fixing bacterium for the plant growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation with an ability to compete with native bradyrhizobia. Co-inoculation of SAY3-7 and P4 significantly improved nodule number; nodule dry weight; shoot and root biomass; N fixation; N, P, K, Ca, and Mg uptake; at various growth stages and seed yield in ‘Yezin-6’ soybean cultivar compared with the control, but not the single inoculation treatments. Significant differences in plant growth, nodulation, N fixation, nutrient uptake, and yield between co-inoculation and control, not between single inoculation and control, suggest that there is a synergetic effect due to co-inoculation of SAY3-7 and P4. Therefore, we conclude that Myanmar Bradyrhizobium strain SAY3-7 and P4 will be useful as effective inoculants in biofertilizer production in the future.