Grain yield,nitrogen use efficiency and tillage intensity in wheat as affected by precision nutrient management

ABSTRACT

The present studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of different nutrient management practices under two tillage options in wheat. The experiments were laid out in split-plot design with a combination of two varieties (WH 1105 and HD 2967) and two tillage options (Conventional and No tillage) in the main plot and six precision nutrient management practices [absolute control, site-specific nutrient management with Nutrient Expert for wheat (SSNM-NE)(170 kg nitrogen (N)/ha), SSNM NE+GreenSeeker (GS)(153/158 N kg/ha), N₁₂₀ (120 kg N/ha) before irrigation, N₁₂₀ after irrigation and N Rich (180 kg N/ha)] in subplot replicated thrice. The grain yield and quality characters in no tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) were similar but agronomic efficiency was higher in NT. Both the varieties (WH 1105 and HD 2967) gave similar grain yield and quality. Wheat variety WH 1105 recorded significantly higher sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation (SDS) and gluten index. The treatment SSNM NE+GS had resulted in 107.1% higher grain yield than no nitrogen control but similar to enriched N plot (180 kg N/ha). The grain protein, SDS and gluten index in need-based nutrient management (SSNM+GS) treatment were found to be similar as recorded in SSNM-NE (170 kgN/ha) and N enriched plot (180 kg N ha^?1). The agronomic efficiency and recovery efficiency in SSNM+GS were also better than SSNM NE.     

Complementary effect of zoo compost with mineral nitrogen fertilisation increases wheat yield and nutrition in a low-nutrient soil

Excess nitrogen(N) fertiliser use in agriculture is associated with water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.While practices and programs to reduce N fertiliser application continue to be developed,inefficient fertiliser use persists.Practices that reduce mineral N fertiliser application are needed in a sustainable agricultural ecosystem to control leaching and gaseous losses for environmental management.This study evaluated whether fully or partially replacing mineral N fertiliser with zoo compost(Perth Zoo) could be a good mitigation strategy to reduce mineral N fertiliser application without affecting wheat yield and nutrition.To achieve this,a glasshouse experiment was conducted to assess the complementary effect of zoo compost and mineral N fertiliser on wheat yield and nutrition in a sandy soil of southwestern Australia.Additionally,a chlorophyll meter was used to determine whether there was a correlation between chlorophyll content and soil mineral N content,grain N uptake,and grain protein content at the tillering(42 d after sowing(DAS)) and heading(63 DAS) growth stages.The standard practice for N application for this soil type in this area,100 kg ha^-1,was used with a soil bulk density of 1.3 g cm^-3 to calculate the amount of mineral N(urea,46% N) and Perth Zoo compost(ZC)(0.69% N) for each treatment.Treatments comprised a control(no nutrients added,T1),mineral N only(100 kg N ha^-1,T2),ZC only(100 kg N ha^-1,T7),and combinations of mineral N and ZC at different rates(mineral N at 100 kg N ha^-1+ ZC at 25 kg N ha^-1(T3),mineral N at 75 kg N ha^-1+ ZC at 25 kg N ha^-1(T4),mineral N at 75 kg N ha^-1+ ZC at 50 kg N ha^-1(T5),and mineral N at 50 kg N ha^-1+ ZC at 50 kg N ha^-1(T6)).The T6 treatment significantly increased grain yield(by 26%) relative to the T2 treatment.However,the T7 treatment did not affect grain yield when compared to the T2 treatment.All treatments with mineral N and ZC in combination significantly improved the 1 000-grain weight compared to the T2 treatment.Chlorophyll content was better correlated with soil mineral N content(r = 0.61),grain N uptake(r = 0.62),and grain protein content(r = 0.80) at heading(63 DAS) than at tillering(42 DAS).While ZC alone could not serve as an alternative to mineral N fertiliser,its complementary use could reduce the mineral N fertiliser requirement by up to 50% for wheat without compromising grain yield,which needs to be verified in the field.Chlorophyll content could be used to predict soil mineral N at the heading stage,and further studies are warranted to verify its accuracy in the field.Overall,the application of ZC as part of integrated nutrient management improved crop yield with reduced N fertiliser application.     

筒栽冬小麦施用控释氮肥增产效应的研究

试验研究筒栽冬小麦施用 2种控释N肥结果表明 ,相同灌水量和灌溉次数、施等N量下 ,与施用普通尿素(F1)相比冬小麦施用乐喜施控释N肥 (F2 )和众品控释N肥 (F3 )处理产量均显著提高 ,N素表观利用效率分别提高5 %～ 10 % (I1)和 13%～ 2 6 % (I2 ) ,对冬小麦扎根深度和总根重显著影响为F1相似文献   

Cultivars of canola respond similarly to applied nitrogen in n-deficient soils of south Western Australia

Six cultivars of canola (Brassica napus L.) were grown with six levels of applied nitrogen (N) fertilizer (urea 46% N) at six locations in south Western Australia (SWA) during 2010 and 2011. The aim of the experiment was to determine if the seed yield (SY) increase (response) of the canola and associated herbicide technologies were different to applied N. Open pollinated (OP) and hybrid cultivars of associated herbicide technologies (Triazine Tolerant, TT; Roundup Ready, RR; Clearfield, CL) were used. Varieties had large SY differences with no N applied. Generally, RR hybrid of 2011 tended to have the highest SY, except for Katanning 2011 where several varieties obtained the same SY. The average amount of N required for 90% of the maximum SY was 113 kg N ha^?1 and economic breakeven N rates were less than or equal to 100 kg applied N ha^?1. The average rate of return on investment in fertilizer N was $1.60.

In four out of six experiments RR hybrids had the highest oil concentration with no applied N. N decreased the oil concentration in all canola types, except at Gibson 2010. At Gibson in 2010, N application increased the oil concentration to about 100 kg N ha^?1 with further additions of N decreasing the oil concentration. There was a linear relationship where N application decreased the oil concentration and increased protein concentration of the seed. In this study, the summation of oil percentage and protein concentration in the seed was on average 65%, with RR hybrids producing 67%.

In most aspects, RR hybrids outperformed RR, OP and other canola types; however, hybrid TT and hybrid CL canola did not consistently outperform their OP counterpart. We suggest that current N fertilizer recommendation models are useful for all canola types currently grown in SWA; however, adjustments should be made to take into account the higher SY and oil concentration potential of RR hybrids compared to TT canola at every rate of applied N.     

增值尿素对小麦产量、氮肥利用率及肥料氮在土壤剖面中分布的影响

本研究利用同位素15N尿素,采用尿素熔融工艺分别制备了普通尿素（U）、 海藻酸增值尿素（AU）、 腐植酸增值尿素（HAU）和谷氨酸增值尿素（GU）试验产品,运用土柱栽培试验研究等氮量条件下（N 0.1 g/kg 干土,以030 cm土层干土重量计算）3种增值尿素产品对小麦产量、 氮肥利用率和肥料氮在土壤剖面中分布的影响。主要结果, 1）与U相比,AU、 HAU和GU处理均可显著提高小麦籽粒产量,增加幅度分别为7.12%、 13.63%和3.65%; 2）小麦吸收的氮素中有44.8%~48.0%来自肥料氮,AU、 HAU、 GU处理的小麦地上部吸收的肥料氮量均显著高于U处理,分别高出4.83%、 7.41% 和 3.12%; 3）虽然所有处理土壤残留的肥料氮均主要集中在050 cm土层中,U处理在5090 cm层次土壤肥料氮累积量显著高于AU和HAU处理; 4）AU、 HAU和GU处理的小麦氮肥表观利用率分别较U处理显著提高6.38、 15.63、 3.08个百分点,HAU和AU处理的15N利用率分别较普通尿素高出3.70和2.41个百分点,AU、 HAU和GU处理的肥料氮的损失率分别比普通尿素显著降低7.64、 9.52和2.19个百分点。     

冬小麦-夏玉米轮作产量与氮素利用最佳水氮配置

【目的】华北太行山前平原高产限水区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中灌水施肥不合理的现象普遍存在,水资源浪费和农业面源污染严重。长期定位研究水氮配置对小麦玉米产量和氮素利用影响,可为该区优化水氮管理模式,充分发挥水氮协同增效作用提供依据。【方法】2006~2014年进行大田试验,采取裂区设计,灌水量为主区,施氮量为副区。小麦季灌水设春灌一次水(W1, 拔节水)和两次水(W2, 拔节水+开花水)两个处理; 玉米季在小麦灌一次水基础上设限水处理(WL),在两次水基础上设适水处理(WS),限水和适水的灌水次数根据降水年型而定。两种灌水条件均设置6个施氮水平,分别为0(N0)、 60(N60)、 120(N120)、 180(N180)、 240(N240)、 300(N300)kg/hm2。连续8年定位测定了小麦玉米产量、 植株吸氮量。【结果】小麦玉米产量和植株吸氮量年际间差异均较大,相对而言,W2(WS)产量和吸氮量的年际波动较小,一定程度上降低了不同年型气象因素的影响,达到稳产的效果。两种水分条件下N0 和N60处理的作物产量和吸氮量除个别年份外都显著低于其余施氮处理。本研究的产量水平下(冬小麦7000~9500 kg/hm2,夏玉米8500~11000 kg/hm2)小麦玉米产量与其吸氮量呈显著线性正相关。小麦玉米8年平均产量和吸氮量在一定施氮范围内均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,但施氮达到120 kg/hm2后产量不再显著增加,达到180 kg/hm2后吸氮量不再显著增加,同一施氮水平的作物产量和吸氮量都表现W2(WS)高于W1(WL)。两种水分条件下小麦玉米的氮肥偏生产力、 氮肥农学效率和氮素生产效率都随施氮量的增大而显著减小,但对同一施氮水平W2(WS)高于W1(WL)。冬小麦-夏玉米整个轮作体系氮肥累计表观利用率(一段时期内作物对肥料氮的累计吸收量与该时期施氮总量的比值)同样随施氮量的增加显著减小,一次水+限水条件下从N60+60的51.8%下降到N300+300的22.3%,两次水+适水从N60+60的57.4%下降到N300+300的24.6%。同一施氮水平的氮肥累计表观利用率两次水+适水都高于一次水+限水。【结论】冬小麦春灌两次水、 施用N 120 kg/hm2,夏玉米适水灌溉、 施N 120 kg/hm2的产量和吸氮量都达到最高水平,氮肥偏生产力、 农学效率、 累计表观利用率以及氮素生产效率也比较高,因此在一定时期内可作为当地小麦-玉米轮作体系适宜的水氮配置,周年产量可维持在16~19 t/hm2。     

氮肥追施时期及包膜控释氮肥对冬小麦产量和氮素吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了氮肥追施时期和包膜控释尿素对冬小麦产量、产量构成、氮肥利用率和土壤氮素表观损失等方面的影响。结果显示:冬小麦氮肥最佳追肥时期为拔节期;与40%普通尿素底施+60%普通尿素拔节期追施(F2)相比,30%普通尿素+35%控释期90d包膜尿素+35%控释期120d包膜尿素配合(F4、F6)一次性底施的氮素释放与冬小麦对氮素需求吻合较好,F4小麦植株总氮吸收量增加6.11%,减氮25%条件下(F6)增加8.48%;与F2相比,F4使冬小麦增产5.02%,经济系数提高6.43%,氮肥利用率提高10.22%,同时土壤氮素表观损失降低。F4通过提高千粒重和单穗重来提高产量,而F6通过维持穗粒数保证产量。     

追氮量对不同品质类型小麦产量和品质的调节效应

以不同品质类型的4个小麦品种为试验材料,采用二因素随机区组设计,研究了品种和氮肥运筹对产量和品质的影响。结果表明,在底肥相同的条件下,在一定范围内增加追施氮肥,产量显著提高。增施氮肥可显著提高各品种子粒蛋白质含量。除吸水率外,不同品种各项品质指标均随施氮量增加而提高,处理间差异显著。B2和B3(增加追施氮肥)的拉伸度、拉伸面积、面包体积和面包评分均显著优于B1(未追施氮肥)。子粒蛋白质含量与其它14项品质指标呈正相关。吸水率、沉降值、形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸阻力、拉伸比值、最大拉伸阻力、最大拉伸比值、拉伸面积、面包体积、面包评分等11项指标间存在显著或极显著的正相关关系。试验结果表明,强筋小麦品种并非各项品质性状均优于中筋小麦品种。     

播量与氮肥用量对优质小麦产量和品质的影响

试验得出,播量与施氮量不同处理组合的产量以每公顷播量105kg施纯氮225kg的小麦产量6724.95kg/hm2最高。施氮量因播量不同酌情增减,每公顷播种52.5、105及157.5kg的最大施氮量分别为270～285、210～225及195～210kg/hm2,施用氮肥对提高小麦子粒品质的作用明显,播量与小麦品质无关。     

播量与氮肥用量对优质小麦产量和品质的影响

试验得出，播量与施氮量不同处理组合的产量以每公顷播量105kg施纯氮225kg的小麦产量6724．95kg／hm^2最高。施氮量因播量不同酌情增减，每公顷播种52．5、105及157．5kg的最大施氮量分别为270．285、210—225及195～210kg／hm^2，施用氮肥对提高小麦子粒品质的作用明显，播量与小麦品质无关。     

中国西北旱地小麦和玉米提高产量与水分利用率的氮肥管理效果

A field experiment with four treatments and four replicates in a randomized complete block design was conducted at the Changwu Experimental Station in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, of Northwest China from 1998 to 2002. The local cropping sequence of wheat, wheat-beans, maize, and wheat over the 4-year period was adopted. A micro-plot study using ^15N-lahelled fertilizer was carried out to determine the fate of applied N fertilizer in the first year. When N fertilizer was applied wheat （years 1, 2 and 4） and maize （year 3） grain yield increased significantly （P 〈 0.05） （〉 30%）, with no significant yield differences in normal rainfall years （Years 1, 2 and 3） for N application at the commonly application rate and at 2/3 of this rate. Grain yield of wheat varied greatly between years, mainly due to variation in annual rainfall. Results of ^15N studies on wheat showed that plants recovered 36.6%-38.4% of the N applied, the N remained in soll （0-40 cm） ranged from 29.2% to 33.6%, and unaccounted-for N was 29.5%-34.2%. The following crop （wheat） recovered 2.1%- 2.8% of the residual N from N applied to the previous wheat crop with recovery generally decreasing in the subsequent three crops （beans, maize and wheat）.     

优化缓释氮肥与尿素配施比例提高冬小麦产量和氮肥利用效率

为探究匹配冬小麦氮素需求规律的最佳缓释氮肥与尿素配施比例,优化施肥结构,达到氮肥高效利用与经济效益“双赢”的目标,该研究以冬小麦为研究对象,通过2 a(2019—2020年和2020—2021年)田间试验,设置7个施肥处理：仅施尿素(U)、仅施缓释氮肥(S)、缓释氮肥与尿素1:3配施(SU1)、缓释氮肥与尿素1:1配施(SU2)、缓释氮肥与尿素3:1配施(SU3)、不施氮肥(N0)和不施肥(CK),研究缓释氮肥配施比例对冬小麦干物质积累和转运、产量和氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,冬小麦干物质快速生长期和最大累积速率随缓释氮肥配施比例的增加而增加,缓释氮肥与尿素配施的冬小麦干物质平均累积速率比普通尿素提高1.90%～19.91%。缓释氮肥与尿素配施可在改善花前干物质转运量的同时提高花后生产量,花后干物质生产量对籽粒贡献率达53.18%～71.83%。产量随缓释氮肥配施比例的增加而显著提高,SU3处理2 a产量分别为7 243和8 021 kg/hm²,较S和U处理分别提高了7.25%和16.07%,其经济效益较S和U处理提高了15.18%和25.67%。与仅施尿素相...     

Developing nitrogen management strategies under drip fertigation for wheat and maize production in the North China Plain based on a 3‐year field experiment

The intensive winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer maize (Zea mays L.) cropping systems in the North China Plain (NCP) rely on the heavy use of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizers. As the fertigated area of wheat and maize in the NCP has grown rapidly during recent years, developing N management strategies is required for sustainable wheat and maize production. Field experiments were conducted in Hebei Province during three consecutive growth seasons in 2012–2015 to assess the influence of different N fertigation rates on N uptake, yield, and nitrogen use efficiency [NUE: recovery efficiency (RE_N) and agronomic efficiency (AE_N)]. Five levels of N application, 0 (FN₀), 40 (FN_40%), 70 (FN_70%), 100 (FN_100%), and 130% (FN_130%) of the farmer practice rate (FP: 250 kg N ha^?1 and 205.5 kg N ha^?1 for wheat and maize, respectively), corresponding to 0, 182.2, 318.9, 455.5, and 592.2 kg N ha^?1 y^?1, respectively, were tested. Nitrogen in the form of urea was dissolved in irrigation water and split into six and four applications for wheat and maize, respectively. In addition, the treatment “drip irrigation + 100% N conventional broadcasting” (DN_100%) was also conducted. All treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed the significant influence of both N fertigation rate and N application method on grain yield and NUE. Compared to DN_100%, FN_100% significantly increased the 3‐year averaged N recovery efficiency (RE_N) by 0.09 kg kg^?1 and 0.04 kg kg^?1, and the 3‐year averaged N agronomic efficiency (AE_N) by 2.43 kg kg^?1 and 1.62 kg kg^?1 for wheat and maize, respectively. Among N fertigation rates, there was no significant increase in grain yield in response to N applied at a greater rate than 70% of FP due to excess N accumulation in vegetative tissues. Compared to FN_70%, FN_100%, and FN_130%, FN_40% increased the RE_N by 0.17–0.57 kg kg^?1 and 0.03–0.34 kg kg^?1and the AE_N by 4.60–27.56 kg kg^?1 and 2.40–10.62 kg kg^?1 for wheat and maize, respectively. Based on a linear‐response relationship between the N fertigation rate and grain yield over three rotational periods it can be concluded that recommended N rates under drip fertigation with optimum split applications can be reduced to 46% (114.6 kg N ha^?1) and 58% (116.6 kg N ha^?1) of FP for wheat and maize, respectively, without negatively affecting grain yield, thereby increasing NUE.     

秸秆还田下氮肥运筹对白土田水稻产量和氮吸收利用的影响

【目的】研究小麦秸秆直接还田条件下不同氮肥基追比例运筹方式对白土稻田水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响, 为华中低产白土稻田水稻合理施肥提供科学依据。【方法】设置2种小麦秸秆还田量(0和3000 kg/hm2)及3种氮肥基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例(80-0-20、 60-20-20 和40-30-30)和不施氮的对照, 共7个处理, 分别为N80-0-20、 N60-20-20、 N40-30-30、 N80-0-20+S、 N60-20-20+S、 N40-30-30+S和CK。水稻收获期采集代表性样品考察水稻产量结构性状, 同时测定水稻籽粒和秸秆产量, 分析籽粒和秸秆氮素含量, 计算水稻氮素吸收量和氮肥利用效率。【结果】基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例60-20-20的处理水稻籽粒产量最高, 两年试验较不施分蘖肥的对照分别增产9.4%~12.9%和7.4%~8.9%。实施小麦秸秆直接还田后, 水稻籽粒产量较不施秸秆的对照分别提高10.2%~23.4%和0.8%~5.5%。不施秸秆条件下, 基-蘖-穗肥施用比例60-20-20的处理水稻籽粒含氮量最高, 较不施氮的对照提高11.3%, 而秸秆含N量随中后期追肥比例的加大而提高。秸秆还田条件下, 氮肥后移能明显提高水稻籽粒和秸秆含氮量。水稻籽粒氮素吸收量, 基-蘖-穗肥比例60-20-20处理最多, 2011年较对照N80-0-20分别增加13.7%和24.8%, 2012年提高14.5%和9.2%; 秸秆氮素积累量则随中后期追肥用量的增加而增多, 基-蘖-穗肥比例40-30-30处理最多。不施秸秆条件下, 基-蘖-穗肥比例60-20-20的处理氮素干物质生产效率、 氮素稻谷生产效率、 氮收获指数均最高, 百公斤籽粒吸氮量最低。秸秆还田条件下, 氮素干物质生产效率和氮素稻谷生产效率均随中后期追肥量的增加而下降, 而百公斤籽粒吸氮量则最高。氮素农学效率、 氮肥回收利用率和偏生产力也是60-20-20比例的处理最高, 较对照N80-0-20农学效率分别提高4.90和2.44 kg籽粒/kg N, 氮肥利用率提高7.82和21.29个百分点, 偏生产力提高4.90和2.44个百分点。【结论】综合水稻产量、 氮素吸收量以及氮肥利用效率, 安徽省江淮丘陵低产白土地区, 小麦秸秆直接还田条件下, 单季中稻氮肥的基肥-分蘖肥-穗肥施用比例, 以60-20-20运筹方式较为适宜。     

Previous cropping and soil mineral nitrogen as predictors of yield response of winter wheat to nitrogen on silt soils in United Kingdom

Abstract. The fertilizer nitrogen requirement of winter wheat was assessed in sixteen experiments on marine silt soils in Eastern England. Eight experimental sites followed potatoes ( Solanum tuberosum ), six vining peas ( Pisum sativum ) and two wheat ( Triticum aestivum ). The yield response to nitrogen fertilizer was much less following peas than potatoes or wheat, five sites following peas showed little response to more than 30 kg N ha^–1. Previous crop explained some 79.7% of the variation in nitrogen optima. When autumn soil mineral nitrogen was also taken into account 81.9% of the variation in optimum nitrogen rate was explained ( P <0.001). The study revealed noticeably higher levels of autumn soil mineral nitrogen following vining peas on some sites than those found elsewhere in the UK and as assumed in the standard national fertilizer recommendation system.     

氮肥施用方式对耐盐冬小麦干物质积累和氮素吸收利用的影响

【目的】耐盐冬小麦作为盐渍化地区的先锋作物,结合适当的轮作方式,既可以提高盐碱地的当年生产力,又可以改良盐碱地土壤耕层的盐分状况,然而在施肥管理方面,耐盐冬小麦没有形成统一的管理技术模式,其营养特征尚不明确,为了探索耐盐冬小麦科学合理的氮肥施用技术模式,本文对冬小麦开展了不同氮肥施用方式对其干物质积累和氮素吸收利用的影响研究。【方法】基于冬小麦区域施肥状况调查和冬小麦不同生育阶段的氮素吸收量,设置4种施肥方式;采用田间小区试验,在不同时期采集冬小麦植物样品,收获期进行产量测定,并对采集的样品进行氮素吸收和干物质量的测定,再通过相关公式计算,获得冬小麦的氮素吸收量和干物质积累量,用SPSS统计软件做统计分析,研究处理间的差异。【结果】 1）从返青到孕穗期,各处理间干物质积累量和氮素积累量差异最大,N300/2（农民习惯施肥）和N210/3（氮肥分三次施用,基肥、拔节肥和穗肥各占1/3）处理干物质积累量和氮素积累量明显高于N150/3和不施氮（N0）处理; 2）在返青期、孕穗期和收获期,N0处理的氮素含量最低,与施氮处理间差异显著,而所有施氮处理间差异不显著; 3）N300/2与N210/3处理的干物质累积量和氮素累积量以及产量无显著差异; 4）N210/3处理的氮素利用效率最高达40.7%,显著高于N300/2处理。【结论】耐盐冬小麦干物质积累均表现为苗期返青期很慢,返青期孕穗期迅速增大,孕穗后期成熟期缓慢增加,整个过程呈现慢快慢的趋势;耐盐冬小麦的氮素积累量在返青期至孕穗期最大,对氮肥的需求最为迫切。生育期少量多次施肥方式,在不降低耐盐冬小麦产量的情况下可以减少氮肥施用量,并能够提高氮肥的利用效率。     

冬小麦上短控释期尿素的适宜施用量与施用方法研究

【目的】控释尿素受土壤温度、 水分等环境条件的影响,应用效果不一。对比相同施氮量下一次性基施控释尿素与尿素分期施用,以及控释尿素和普通尿素追施对冬小麦籽粒产量、 品质, 氮肥利用率及综合经济效益的影响,可为控释尿素的合理施用提供理论和技术依据。【方法】采用大田试验,选用新麦26为供试材料,随机区组试验设计,调查了冬小麦籽粒产量、 主要品质性状、 氮肥利用率及经济效益。设两个试验,试验1: 控释尿素和普通尿素各设5个氮肥水平,即N 0、 120、 160、 200和240 kg/hm2; 试验2: 设不施氮肥、 N 200 kg/hm2总氮量下普通尿素和控释尿素均40%返青期追施3个处理。【结果】 1)与不施氮(CK)相比,控释尿素和普通尿素均可显著提高小麦籽粒产量,且随着施氮量的增加而增加,其中以分期施用普通尿素N 240 kg/hm2处理籽粒产量最高。相同施氮量下,分期施用普通尿素处理小麦籽粒产量显著高于一次性基施控释尿素处理(N 160 kg/hm2除外)。然而,返青期追施控释尿素处理小麦籽粒产量显著高于同期追施普通尿素处理,增产率达15.8%; 2)相同施氮量下,分期施用普通尿素处理较一次性基施控释尿素处理的小麦籽粒容重、 蛋白质含量、 水分含量、 湿面筋含量均有所提高,且两种尿素处理间籽粒容重在N 160 kg/hm2和N 200 kg/hm2时差异达显著水平。然而,返青期追施控释尿素处理小麦籽粒容重、 湿面筋含量、 蛋白质含量等品质指标显著高于同期追施普通尿素处理; 3)两种尿素处理氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力随施氮量的增加而降低,在相同施氮量下分期施用普通尿素处理显著高于一次性基施控释尿素处理。此外,与分期施用普通尿素处理相比,一次性基施控释尿素处理减少了小麦拔节期追肥人工成本投入,但由于一次性基施控释尿素处理籽粒产量较低和氮肥价格较高,导致经济效益相对较低。然而,试验2结果表明,返青期追施控释尿素处理氮素利用率(氮肥农学效率、 氮肥偏生产力及氮素回收率)和经济效益显著高于同期追施普通尿素处理。【结论】本研究地区较适宜的推荐氮肥施用量为N 200 kg/hm2,一次性基施控释尿素较适宜于劳力欠缺的农户,而对于个别劳力充足的农户则适宜采用分期追施普通尿素或者小麦返青期追施控释尿素的氮肥管理技术。因此,在当前农村劳动力日益减少,用工成本日益增加以及种粮比较效益持续降低的大环境下,氮素肥料合理选择和施用技术要依据实际情况而定。     

Effects of tied-ridge,nitrogen fertilizer and cultivar on the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of sorghum in semi-arid Ethiopia

Moisture deficit, poor soil fertility and lack of improved varieties constrained sorghum production in north-eastern Ethiopia. An experiment was conducted in 2002 at Kobo and Sirinka in north-eastern Ethiopia to study the possible effects of seedbed, nitrogen fertilizer and cultivar on the yield and N use efficiency (NUE) of sorghum. The experiment was carried out in a split–split plot design with seedbed (tied-ridge vs. flatbed planting) as main plots, N fertilizer (0, 40 and 80 kg N ha^?1) as subplots and sorghum cultivars (Jigurti, ICSV111 and 76T1#23) as sub-sub plots, with three replications. At Kobo, the seedbed by cultivar interaction affected all parameters. Nitrogen fertilization increased biomass yield and NUE at both locations and grain yield at Sirinka. Cultivars showed different performance where ICSV111 and 76T1#23 were superior in grain yield, N uptake and concentration, N harvest index and NUE of grain (NUEg) compared with Jigurti. Thus, planting ICSV111 and 76T1#23 in tied-ridging and with N fertilization at Kobo and in flatbed and with N fertilization at Sirinka is recommended. This study revealed that tied-ridging is not a solution in all areas where moisture deficiency is a problem. Its effectiveness is affected by rainfall amount and soil type.     

群体和氮肥运筹对冬小麦产量和蛋白质组分的影响

采用二因素和单因素随机区组设计,研究基本苗和氮肥运筹对小麦植株性状、产量和蛋白质组分的影响。结果表明,不同基本苗和施氮量的处理间株高、穂长、穂粒数和产量均有显著差异。穂长与穂粒数呈极显著正相关(r=0.884**)。在播种偏晚的情况下,以基本苗较大和施氮量较多的组合（375×104/hm2,N 300 kg/hm2）产量表现最好;随基本苗增加穂长穂粒数和千粒重均逐渐减少。对产量而言,基本苗以375×104/hm2最为适宜, 但其与300×104/hm2基本苗和450×104/hm2基本苗处理的产量差异不显著。因此,生产中在偏晚的播期内,可以根据实际播种时间和地力条件,在300～450×104/hm2基本苗范围内调整。在施氮量150～300 kg//hm2范围内,随施氮量增加产量逐渐提高,处理间差异显著。在基本苗225～450×104/hm2范围内,谷蛋白和总蛋白含量均随基本苗增加呈逐渐降低的趋势,处理间差异显著;各种蛋白组分及总蛋白含量均随施氮量增加逐渐提高,除谷蛋白外,处理间差异均极显著。春5叶期追总施氮量50%的处理穂最长,穂粒数和产量最多,处理间差异显著;开花期追总施氮量50%处理的总蛋白含量最高,与春2叶期追总施氮量50%的处理差异显著。     

氮肥分配对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作产量和氮肥效率的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了控制氮肥总量(N 420 kg/hm2)条件下氮肥分配对冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系内的作物生物量、产量、纯收益、农学效率及肥料利用率的影响,结果表明,氮肥在冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系的分配量及比例显著影响冬小麦/夏玉米轮作的产量、纯收益和氮肥的效率,冬小麦季施总氮55％ (N 231 kg/hm2)、夏玉米季施总氮45％ (N 189 kg/hm2)时,获得最高的轮作总产量(13 026 kg/hm2)和最大的净收益(22 146元/hm2),氮肥的农学效率和利用率较其它分配方式均有所提高,是晋南地区冬小麦/夏玉米轮作氮肥分配的适宜比例.就单季小麦而言,施N 189 kg/hm2可以获得较高的产量和较高的氮肥效率.值得指出的是,由于作物生长期间受春寒和夏旱的影响,冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系内的氮农学效率和氮肥利用率均表现较低,仅分别为4.6 kg/kg和20.8％.