油菜育种体会

甘兰型油菜属异源多倍体作物,具有生长势强,适应性广,增产潜力大等优点。我国自四十年代引种以来,增产效果显著,目前正在全国各地进一步普及推广。随着甘兰型油菜的发展,大面积单产随之提高,我区油菜品种改革也是这样情况(表1)。品种的不断更新与改革,促进了甘兰型油菜面积的扩大,而甘兰型油菜面积的扩大,又为良种的增产作用创造了更好的条件。随着油菜生产的发展对油菜新品种选育工作提出了更高的要求。根据我们的育种实践,谈几点粗浅的体会:     

覆盖对土壤温度及甘蓝型油菜丰油10号抗寒性和产量的影响

为了解低温冻害对我国黄淮油菜产区油菜产量的影响,以甘蓝型油菜丰油10号为材料,于2009-2012年间进行3年覆盖处理田间试验,测定不同覆盖物及覆盖时期对各小区不同土层的温度、冻害程度、经济性状、产量和品质影响。结果表明,覆盖处理可有效调节土壤温度,降低冻害指数,显著提高油菜越冬存活率。覆盖稻草的两个处理冻害指数均显著低于对照,覆盖处理有显著的增产效果,增产幅度在1.55%～58.28%,且以冬前对油菜进行覆盖处理的增产效果较好。这主要是得益于单株有效结角数和千粒重的显著提高,各覆盖处理单株有效结角数比对照增加4.48%～20.39%,千粒重比对照增加29.97%～41.11%。因此认为,黄淮油菜产区稻草覆盖和培土壅根均能保温、防寒,有利于油菜增产,相关措施宜在冬前进行。     

施用硼肥对油菜产量的影响

为探索硼肥在油菜种植上的增产效应,2008-2009年在浏阳进行了不同施肥方式对油菜产量影响的研究,结果表明,施用油莱专用肥、增施爱棵硼或者在抽墓期喷施流体硼肥均能促进油菜生长,增高增枝增荚,提高油菜产量。以每公顷施油菜专用肥600kg为基肥,尿素150kg为追肥的增产效果最显著;抽墓期每公顷喷施硼肥900g增产效果较好。与对照相比,施硼各处理增产幅度为63～696kg／hm^2。     

水田三熟油菜免耕效益与栽培技术

长江中游三熟水田油菜产区,因双季稻连作,油菜迟播,迟栽,生长发育不良,难以高产。为了开发三熟水田油菜,实现高产高效益,从70年代中期开始推广免耕方法,取得较高的经济效益。 (一)免耕油菜的增产效益 从表1可以看出,在条件相同的基础上,免耕油菜增产效果明显,平均亩产148.6公斤,比翻耕油菜增产     

施肥对油菜菌核病发生的影响

对5个油菜品种,设氮肥(对照、施氮),磷肥(对照、施磷)和钾肥(对照、施钾)试验,分析了氮磷钾肥对油菜产量和菌核病发生的影响.结果表明,施氮油菜平均增产203.7％,菌核病病情指数平均增加17.7％;施磷油菜平均增产47.2％,菌核病病情指数平均下降31.0％;施钾油菜平均增产30.1％,菌核病病情指数平均下降21.9％.分析认为,施氮因病原菌获得更多的营养物质,以及油菜枝繁叶茂提高田间阴湿度致使油菜病害加重;施磷为油菜抗性生理活动提供了物质基础;施钾通过对植株代谢过程的调控和植物形态学的调节提高了油菜对菌核病的抗性.生产上可以通过调控氮肥施用,合理增施磷钾肥,达到既提高油菜产量又有效减轻菌核病危害的目的.     

控释氮肥用量对早熟油菜产量及氮素吸收利用的影响?

为控释氮肥在双季稻区早熟油菜生产上大面积应用提供依据,研究控释氮肥用量对早熟油菜产量及氮素吸收利用的影响,以早熟常规油菜“1358”为材料,于2012-2013年在江西省油菜主产县(市)设置6个田间试验,调查控释氮肥用量对早熟油菜产量、产油量及氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,控释氮肥施肥效应与普通氮肥施肥效应均有随施氮量的增加而增产的趋势。等量控释氮肥一次性基施比普通尿素分次施用增产,甚至控释氮肥适量降低也能达到普通氮肥合理施用量的产量水平,同时提高了氮肥利用率。在180kg/hm2施氮水平下,控释氮肥一次性基施较普通尿素分底施60%,苗期施20%和抽薹期施20%共3次施用显著增产,油菜籽粒增产7.64％,产油量提高8.30％,氮肥利用率增加2.27个百分点。双季稻区早熟油菜控释氮肥施用量150kg/hm2可以达到普通氮肥180 kg/hm2用量的产量效果。     

认真总结经验,夺取油菜更大丰收

1978年以来,各级党委认真贯彻三中全会精神和发展农业的两个文件,加强对油菜生产的领导,逐步落实油料政策,狠抓关键措施,有力地促进了油菜生产的发展。1979年虽然许多地方的油菜在播种和冬春管理期间遭受严重干旱和低温冻害,但总产量预计在上年增产七成的基础上又增产一成以上。主要油菜籽产区省省增产,处处丰收。增产最多的湖南省,总产量在上年翻一番的基础上又增加130多万担,增产四成多。油菜丰收为国家提供了更多的油脂。到8月初,油菜籽收购已超过计划的43％,比去年同期增加     

水稻-油菜复种免耕直播试验示范总结

总结了2002～2004年石门县水稻-油菜免耕直播的试验示范结果.水稻2002年示范1.5 hm2,平均单产9.13 t/hm2,比翻耕移栽增产14.5%,2003年示范56.7 hm2,平均单产8.52 t/hm2,增产16.6%.油菜2002～2003年示范3.3 hm2,平均单产2.58 t/hm2,增产18.1%;2003～2004年示范13.3 hm2,平均单产2.09 t/hm2,增产11.4%.介绍了水稻-油菜复种免耕直播栽培的特点、栽培技术及存在的问题.     

我国油菜种子加工技术

在油菜收获后其种子经过加工处理，对来年实现增产、增收具有重要作用，而油莱种子质量也是决定油菜发芽率、高产出率的重要因素之一，本文在介绍油菜种子特性及加工工艺流程的基础上，针对油菜种子加工过程中的预清选、干燥、清选、包衣／丸化和计量包装等工序展开初步探讨。     

油菜增施硼肥增产效果显著

扬州各地从1982年开始就硼肥对油莱的增产效果进行了试验,取得了亩增产8.4—9.6％,增值12.07—25.74元的效果。 (一)试验推广 江苏省里下河地区农科所土肥组、扬州市农业局土肥站和有关县农技站,从1982—1984年进行了油菜增施硼肥的试验,结果表明,增产效果好而稳定。据2年16个试验,35个项次的统计,增施硼肥比对照平均亩增14.8公斤,增产11.9％。从不同土壤类型的试验看,里下河粘土地区(土壤速效硼含量为0.2—0.36ppm)8个试验.用0.1％硼     

浦城县油菜机播机收技术应用试验

油菜传统生产方式是育苗移栽、手工收割,费工费时且生产效率低。浦城县冬种油菜机播机收试验结果表明,冬种油菜机播机收示范片平均每667m2产量达153.9 kg,不仅比传统种植方式增产26.0%,而且有利于农户减轻劳动强度、提高生产效率和降低生产成本。     

Trade-off between oil and protein in rapeseed at high latitudes: Means to consolidate protein crop status?

Crop-derived feed protein production is alarmingly low in Europe. Finland represents the northernmost growing region in the world and consequently lacks wide-ranging alternatives to improve crop-based protein production. Spring rapeseed, both turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), are adapted to such northern conditions. This study examines the potential for genotype and environment induced trade-off between oil and protein in rapeseed in order to enhance further the status of rapeseed as a protein crop for northern areas. Datasets on advanced breeding progenies (including cultivars) were provided by Boreal Plant Breeding Ltd., while environment-induced variability in combinations of protein and oil content was studied by using long-term, multi-location datasets of MTT Official Variety Trials. Oilseed rape has more potential as a protein producer than turnip rape, with some 100 kg/ha difference in protein yields. Selecting lines superior in seed protein content at the expense of oil was not a potential means to consolidate protein production capacity per hectare: seed and protein yields were higher the better the capacity of the line to store oil. This can only mean that obviously the lower energy demand for oil synthesis was not alternatively used to boost protein production, but actually vice versa. In the case of environment-induced variation, the highest protein yields were produced in experiments where relatively high protein content was associated with modest oil content, but such conditions were characterised as inefficient in general production capacity and thereby, excessive in applied nitrogen fertiliser. Hence, we were not able to identify promising opportunities for prompt and energy-efficient trade-off between protein and oil in rapeseed.     

基于Malmquist指数法的东北三省玉米生产效率评价

运用Malmquist指数方法,利用2001~2013年东北三省玉米生产的投入和产出面板数据(Paneldata),对玉米生产的全要素生产率进行实证分析。结果表明,东北三省玉米生产的全要素生产率呈增长态势,全要素生产率增长的原因主要在于技术进步的贡献,技术效率在研究阶段变化不大,对全要素生产率影响较弱。黑龙江省的全要素生产率增长在东北三省中最快,其次是吉林省。     

Association of growth dynamics, yield components and seed quality in long-term trials covering rapeseed cultivation history at high latitudes

Brassica oilseed yield trend has declined in Finland by over 20% during the last 15 years. Improved genetic yield potential of turnip rape (B. rapa L.) and oilseed rape (B. napus L.) can be better realised with increased understanding of yield determining processes under northernmost growing conditions. This study aimed at (1) determining the genetic improvements in seed yield, yield components, quality traits and duration of the main growth phases and (2) comparing all these traits in turnip rape and oilseed rape. This work is based on the dataset from long-term Official Variety Trials (1976–2006), covering the entire historically relevant period of rapeseed cultivation in Finland. The results indicated that number of seeds per square metre dominated production of high yields, while single seed weight was not correlated with yield. Over the years, seed yields were produced with very different combinations of seed numbers and weights, differing markedly between the two crops. While high seed numbers were required for production of superior seed yields, single seed weights were not particularly high. Environmental variation markedly affected seed yield, seed number per square metre and duration of flowering compared with its effect on single seed weight. Duration of flowering was, however, negatively associated with seed number. Even though seed weight was largely determined by genotype, no marked plant breeding improvements were identified, contrary to those in number of seeds per square metre, seed yield, oil content and oil yield. For oilseed rape the increase in seed yield (41%) was far higher than for turnip rape (19%) without being associated with a longer seed-filling phase and later ripening, but rather the contrary.     

我国农作物秸秆转化生物能源潜力评估

农作物秸秆是一种价格低廉的可再生资源,燃料化是其资源化利用的重要途径。以农作物经济产量为依据,对我国各类农作物秸秆的产量和可收集利用量进行估算,进而评估其生物转化甲烷和燃料乙醇的潜力。2014年我国农作物秸秆产量达72 836.9万t,其中可收集利用量达60 986.1万t。玉米秸秆、水稻秸秆和小麦秸秆为前三大秸秆资源。河南省、黑龙江省和山东省的秸秆资源是最为丰富。以热值估算,仅玉米秸秆、水稻秸秆和小麦秸秆三大秸秆可折合标准煤量20 177.5万t。基于微生物发酵工艺估算,我国主要农作物秸秆可生产甲烷1 286.8亿m3,或可生产燃料乙醇1 823.5亿升。我国农作物秸秆的可收集利用量巨大,以其为原料生产生物燃料具有广泛的开发前景。     

油菜结角层模式栽培理论与技术的研究——Ⅰ.春油菜种植密度对结角层结构的影响

本文通过三年的密度试验得出:呼盟的春油菜单株结角层模式在低密度下呈伞形;适宜密度下呈华盖式;高密度下呈梭形。在华盖式结角层中,高效分枝所占的比例大,各枝序的结角起点高度和终点高度都较一致。华盖式结角层的生产力较高,是春油菜一种合理的结角层模式。     

长江中、下游地区白菜型油菜遗传多样性RAPD分析及其与农艺性状的相关性

利用RAPD方法和统计学分析方法对代表我国长江中、下游地区的浙江省和湖北省89份白菜型油菜地方品种进行了遗传多样性及其相关性研究.从农艺性状的聚类分析将两省品种划分为独立的两大类群.RAPD指纹图谱以DNA分子水平的聚类分析可以将89份白菜型油菜品种分为2类群和2个簇及3个亚簇,进一步反映品种间亲缘关系,表明地方品种间具有非常丰富的遗传多样性.     

Characterization of phenotypic diversity,yield and response to drought stress in a collection of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) accessions

Information on available diversity and drought resistance among Chloris gayana accessions would offer considerable potential to select genotypes to alleviate the feed inadequacy that constrains livestock production in dry tropical areas. A collection of 62 C. gayana accessions from the genebank of the International Livestock Research Institute in Ethiopia was characterized using a set of 30 morphological, 4 phenological and 8 agronomic traits to assess diversity within the collection and to select promising accessions for use as livestock feed. In parallel, an experiment was conducted to assess the ability of these C. gayana accessions to maintain productivity under drought stress.     

论中国水稻生产能力

 发展水稻生产是确保我国粮食安全的关键。为了解我国水稻的生产能力,分析测算了我国水稻生产的现实生产力、现实生产能力和潜在生产能力,探讨了我国水稻单产徘徊的原因,提出了提高水稻生产能力的科技对策。研究结果表明,我国水稻现实生产能力和潜在生产能力分别可达2.2618亿t和25390亿t,分别比现实生产力高3 428万t和6 200万t。为进一步提高我国水稻生产能力,必须加强中低产田改造,提高耕地质量;培育和推广超级稻,形成以广适应性超级稻品种为主导的品种结构;优化栽培技术,构建以轻简技术为核心的节本高效生产技术体系;强化技术推广,缩小产量差异,切实提高科技对水稻生产能力提升的支撑能力。     

Drought response of pearl millet landrace-based populations and their crosses with elite composites

Drought is the primary constraint in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) production in the drier semi-arid and arid regions of south Asia and Africa. The traditional landraces from drier regions are good sources of drought adaptation but often lack high yield under near-optimum growing environments. The objective of this paper was to assess whether crosses between landrace populations and elite germplasm can produce hybrids with better grain yield under favourable conditions than landraces, without compromising grain yield under drought. The research evaluated 20 crosses and their nine parents (consisting of landrace-based populations and elite composites) under drought and non-drought conditions. Drought response index (DRI), based on flowering and grain yield measured in drought and non-drought environments, was used to assess drought tolerance. Landrace populations yielded significantly more grain under drought stress than elite composites and crosses and had the highest mean DRI (3.99). In contrast, composites showed maximum sensitivity to drought with significantly negative DRI (−3.64). Adaptation to either drought or high productivity conditions appeared to be associated with different plant types: higher panicle number, lower grain number per panicle, and smaller seed size were associated with drought adaptation; low tillering and greater number of large-sized seeds per panicle were favoured for optimum growing conditions. Crosses yielded significantly better than composites under drought, better than landrace populations under non-drought and had a wide range in drought sensitivity. Around 40% of crosses produced on average 23% higher grain yield than the best landrace under favourable conditions, without compromising grain yield under drought. The results illustrate that hybridization of landrace populations with elite composites can produce germplasm that combines drought tolerance of traditional material with high production potential of elite genetic material.