俄罗斯玉米种质选系的利用潜力分析

为了充分利用外来玉米种质资源,从俄罗斯种质中选育的82份自交系中选取20份自交系,与5个测验种按NCII设计组配100个杂交组合,研究自交系的耐密性、配合力以及杂种优势群划分等。结果表明,自交系R1-2、R1-3、R3-2、R6-2、R9-1、R9-2和R11-1耐密性和农艺性状等表现突出,在育种中可以重点利用。群体R1、R2、R5、R6、R8及R11属于SS群,群体R3和R9属于NSS群。根据自交系性状及杂种优势群可以对该部分俄罗斯种质有针对性地加以利用,以提高育种效率。     

从俄罗斯引进亚麻种质资源的农艺性状评价

为探讨国外引进种质资源的综合表现,本文以引自俄罗斯的20份亚麻种质资源为材料,对其农艺性状进行了测定。通过主成分分析,选取方差累计贡献率达80%的前3个主成分对供试材料进行综合评价。结果表明,20份种质中,6号(Bilton)种质的综合得分最高,表现最优,可直接应用于生产或作为育种材料加以利用;其次是13号(Б-207)和1号(и-099850×л-1к5408);3号(Astral)和7号(Mc Beth)的综合得分最低,适应性最差。依据系统聚类分析可将20份亚麻种质资源聚为4类。     

甘蔗主要亲本自然条件下抗甘蔗花叶病测定

选用国内外102份甘蔗亲本连续3年在甘蔗花叶病高发病生态区测试其抗性表现,以了解甘蔗常用亲本对甘蔗花叶病的抗性,为甘蔗抗花叶病育种亲本选配提供参考。结果表明,甘蔗花叶病发病症状以长条纹线条花叶病为主,其次是褪绿花叶病、褪绿花叶病+长条纹线条花叶病混合类型;花叶病发病率属遗传力中等偏高性状,受到调查时期、年度和植期的影响,随着花叶病发病率的升高,甘蔗株高、有效茎数和蔗产量都将明显下降,耐寒性也将减弱。抗性评价表明102份测试亲本中,GT03-2309、GT02-761和ROC26等8份亲本表现高抗,占7.84%;GT03-713、LC03-296和GT03-557等47份亲本表现抗病,占46.08%;CP09-4257、FN39和GT04-2679等44份亲本感病,占43.14%;GT04-2724、YT93-373和YG24三份亲本高感花叶病,占2.94%。与20年前相比,抗病亲本数量增多,说明抗甘蔗花叶病育种取得了较为良好的进展。     

中外早熟大豆对大豆食心虫的抗性研究

对来自中国、俄罗斯、加拿大、匈牙利、奥地利、德国、法国、波兰等20个国家的336份大豆材料进行大豆食心虫的抗性评价,鉴定筛选出高抗材料58份,抗性材料64份,抗虫材料占34.7%,主要来自中国和俄罗斯。大豆品种抗虫性与大豆品种农业性状进行相关分析,及不同地理生态区大豆资源的抗虫性结果表明:大豆品种抗虫性与与节数、单株粒数、单株粒重、百粒重、豆荚茸毛密度、种皮颜色呈显著相关,大豆植株矮小,籽粒小、豆荚荚毛少,种皮黑色的大豆品种抗虫性较好。     

中国与引进国外大豆种质资源遗传多样性分析

利用11对SSR引物分析了来自中国、加拿大、美国、俄罗斯和意大利的共166份栽培大豆种质资源,共检测到33个等位变异,平均每对引物检测到的等位变异数为3.09,遗传多样性指数为0.946.中国栽培大豆种质具有较丰富的遗传多样性,聚类分析结果表明中国和俄罗斯大豆相似系数较大,初步认定中俄大豆的亲缘关系较近.加拿大和意大利...     

俄引大豆种质遗传多样性及分子ID的构建

利用分布在大豆19个连锁群的34对SSR引物对124份俄罗斯地区大豆以及9份黑龙江省内对照品种进行遗传变异分析和分子身份证的构建。在参试的133份资源中检测出140个等位变异基因,每对引物观测等位基因范围为3~10个,平均为5.47个。多态性信息指数平均为0.65。将参试大豆品种进行聚类分析,分化为两大类群,聚群间存在显著差异,但聚类结果同品质类型的划分相关不显著。将谱带统计结果根据等位变异的片段大小数字化,用ID Analysis 1.0软件进行数据分析,结果表明仅需7对引物(Satt281、Satt373、Satt226、Satt590、Satt596、Satt259和Satt243),即可将133份参试大豆品种完全区分开,构建了一套俄罗斯大豆品种的分子ID。     

国际新闻

俄罗斯:截至2007年4月,俄罗斯茶叶进口达到6.05万吨据来自联邦海关服务处(FCS)的数据显示,2007年1到4月份,俄罗斯茶叶进口量达到6.05万吨,对应进口额为1.345亿美元,2006年同期进口量为5.7万吨,进口金额为1.116亿美元。其中只     

102份不同来源花生种质对北方根结线虫抗性的田间鉴定

为选育抗线虫花生品种,在北方花生根结线虫分布较均匀的自然病田中种植了102份花生种质,收获时对其进行抗性鉴定调查,得到高感材料14份、中感材料76份、中抗材料12份、耐病材料1份,未发现免疫和高抗种质材料;调查发现种间杂种的杂交后代抗性较强,中抗材料较多;自然病田田间观察发现,紫色种皮花生种质的抗性表现较好。     

俄罗斯大豆生产及科研

俄罗斯80%~90%的大豆种植区和大豆工业都分布在远东地区,2000~2010年俄罗斯大豆总产量由34.3万t增至121.0万t,基本呈递增趋势。俄罗斯大豆种植面积由2000年的42.1万hm2增至2010年的120.0万hm~2,基本呈递增趋势。俄罗斯大豆产量由2000年的810.0 kg·hm~(-2)增至2010年的1 150.5 kg·hm~(-2),基本呈递增趋势。2013年俄罗斯大豆产量为150.0万t,2013年俄罗斯大豆种植面积为154.0万hm2。近年俄罗斯大豆平均产量为1 200kg·hm~(-2)。     

俄罗斯、乌克兰甜高粱品种的特性及应用

为丰富甜高粱品种资源,加快甜高粱的育种研究,从俄罗斯和乌克兰引进了甜高粱品种42份。对这些品种的田间鉴定表明,俄罗斯和乌克兰的甜高粱品种具有丰富的遗传基础,变异类型较多,且具有很多的优异变异,与中国品种相比主要表现在分蘖较多、单株较重、株高较高及含糖量较高,且乌克兰品种还具有熟期较早的特点。在甜高粱的种质创新和杂交种选育中可根据育种目标有目的地对这些优良性状加以利用。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).