吉林省新育成大豆品种SSR指纹图谱身份证的构建

为快速鉴定和准确评价大豆新品种,以吉林省98个大豆品种为材料,从大豆20个连锁群上均匀分布的320对SSR标记引物中初筛出12对扩增稳定、条带清晰、多态性高的引物,为以最少引物组合有效区分品种,揭示参试材料间丰富的遗传多样性,又进一步依据每对引物多样性指数的高低,复筛出了由7个SSR标记构成的核心引物组合,并最终以此构建吉林省近年育成大豆品种的SSR指纹图谱身份证。结果表明:98个参试大豆品种都有唯一的指纹图谱身份证代码,说明所选用的7个SSR核心标记可靠且有效;此外,以SSR标记扩增的整体带型作为编码依据能够有效提高大豆品种指纹图谱身份证构建的准确性。本研究完善了大豆品种指纹图谱身份证技术体系,能够满足当前吉林省乃至全国大豆品种分子鉴定的需求。     

利用SSR标记构建湖南省审杂交水稻品种DNA指纹图谱

筛选出48对SSR引物对湖南省审定的77个杂交水稻品种进行了DNA分子指纹图谱构建和品种鉴定,成功建立了品种指纹图谱数据库,可有效进行杂交水稻品种鉴定.     

利用SSR荧光标记构建37个中国橡胶树栽培品种指纹图谱

以37个橡胶树栽培品种为材料,利用SSR荧光标记技术进行DNA指纹图谱的构建和遗传关系分析,构建我国橡胶树栽培品种的SSR指纹图谱。共计筛选和确定出34对SSR引物作为构建橡胶树品种DNA指纹图谱库的核心引物,其中30对SSR引物可用于品种鉴定,4对SSR引物可作为备选引物用于后续新选育品种的鉴定。筛选和确定出的核心SSR引物表现出较高的多态性信息含量（PIC值）,其中PIC值高于0.5的引物高达97%,PIC值大于0.7的引物多达12对,PIC值大于0.8的引物有2对。引物rbm28的多态性最高,可作为最佳引物用于鉴定中国橡胶树主栽品系的遗传多样性,其他4条引物HESR025、HESR163、H-084、H-122同时具备较高的杂合率和多态性,可考虑作为备选引物。34对核心SSR引物在37个橡胶树品种中共检测到161个等位变异,平均每对引物检测到5.4个等位基因,平均PIC值为0.65,表现出高度多态性。利用30对核心SSR引物对37份橡胶树品种进行扩增,得到相关品种的准确SSR位点信息,获得包含37个橡胶树品种的标准DNA指纹图谱库,其中33个橡胶树品种均具有唯一的DNA特征指纹,可作为各品种特定的图谱,为橡胶树品种鉴定和育种实践提供依据。     

利用SSR标记构建水稻核心亲本指纹图谱

利用农业行业标准(NY/T 1433-2014)中公布的48对SSR引物构建27个水稻核心亲本指纹图谱,并获得所有亲本的SSR分子身份证号。48对SSR引物在27个亲本中共扩增到162个多态性片段,平均每对引物可检测到3.53个等位基因。能扩增到2个以上等位基因的SSR引物共45对,PIC值变化范围0.07~0.80,平均0.46。聚类分析结果表明,27个亲本的遗传相似性系数在0.593~0.944之间,基本上反映了不同材料间的亲缘关系。核心亲本SSR分子身份证的确定,不仅为品种鉴定提供了一个平台和标尺,便于建立品种的遗传指纹档案,还为保护品种知识产权,鉴定品种真伪及纯度提供了可靠依据。     

利用SSR分子标记构建水稻品种DNA指纹图谱的研究进展

SSR分子标记具有数量丰富、共显性遗传、操作简单、结果稳定等优点,已成为水稻品种指纹图谱构建的理想标记。本文综述了水稻品种DNA指纹图谱构建原理、技术要点、发展趋势及其在水稻科研和生产中的重要作用,并就SSR分子标记构建水稻指纹图谱的发展前景进行了分析。     

湖南省主要茶树品种分子指纹图谱的构建

建立茶树品种分子指纹图谱对茶树资源鉴别、品种权益保护、苗木纯度检测等具有重要意义。采用17个SSR标记对湖南省主要茶树品种尝试构建了分子指纹图谱,提出了构建茶树分子身份证的方法模式。17对SSR引物共检测出41个等位位点,每个引物检测到的等位位点变化范围为2~3个,平均2.4个。根据茶树SSR标记带型特点,将扩增得到的1、0数据进行了基因型转换,分别用1、2、3、4……N来代表不同的基因型,构建了一套湖南省主要茶树品种的分子指纹图谱,使每个品种都获得了一个17位数的指纹图谱号码,进而可将参试品种完全区分开。同时,对参试品种进行了特异性指数分析,品种特异指数介于65.4~113.7之间,平均80.1,表明品种间的特异性差异较大。     

SRAP和SSR标记构建的甘蓝型油菜品种指纹图谱比较

利用SRAP ( sequence - related amp lified polymorphism)和SSR标记构建了甘蓝型油菜品种指纹图谱,并对 两种标记方法进行了比较。结果表明: (1)每对SRAP引物扩增出20. 36个条带,其中4. 44个是清晰、易于辩认的 多态性带;每对SSR引物扩增出3. 88个条带,均为多态性条带。(2)采用25对SRAP和SSR引物分别构建40个和 75个品种的特异指纹图谱, SRAP指纹中具有特异图谱的比例(82. 5%和50. 7% )高于SSR指纹图谱的结果( 60. 0%和44. 4% ) 。品种数越多具有特异指纹的品种越少。(3)运用引物组合法构建品种指纹图谱,大大地提高了指 纹图谱的特异性。25对SSR引物组合扩增97个多态性谱带,两个不同的品种具有相同谱带的概率只有6. 3108 × 10 - 30。组合指纹图谱比组合数码图谱更直观。与SRAP标记相比, SSR标记以其扩增谱带少、易于识别和统计而 更适合用于引物组合法构建品种指纹图谱。     

三个高含油量甘蓝型油菜新品系SSR指纹图谱的构建

在80对SSR引物中筛选到9对多态性好,条带清晰,重复性高的引物构建三个高含油量甘蓝型油菜新品系的指纹图谱。结果显示,9对SSR引物构建的指纹图谱可以区分开三个保护品系和其他138个对比品种;运用引物组合法构建3个保护品系的指纹图谱,大大提高了图谱的特异性;虽然同一品系不同单株间在DNA水平上存在微弱差异,但利用UPGMA法聚类分析表明,三个保护品系各自聚类在一组并与其他对比品种区分开。     

巴西橡胶树主栽品种指纹图谱构建

以24个橡胶树主栽品种为试材,从75对SSR引物中筛选到14对多态性引物,构建了24个品种的指纹图谱。结果每对引物可以检测到2～5个数目不等多态性等位基因,平均为4.00个等位基因,PIC 平均值为0.48。聚类分析可将24份主栽品种分为三大类,具有相同来源的多数品种聚为一类。24个橡胶品种的SSR指纹图谱互不相同,可以作为各品种的特定图谱。     

基于EST-SSR标记的云南无性系茶树良种遗传多样性分析及指纹图谱构建

分析茶树品种遗传多样性和构建茶树品种分子指纹图谱对茶树育种、品种鉴别、品种权益保护、苗木纯度检测等具有重要意义。利用SSR标记对28份无性系茶树品种遗传多样性和指纹图谱进行了研究。22对引物共检测到等位位点56个,平均每对引物产生2.55个;共检测到97个基因型,平均每对引物所扩增的基因型有4.41个,遗传多态性信息含量为0.279~0.709,平均0.527,表明SSR标记具有较高的多态性。品种间的遗传相似系数为0.642~0.973之间,平均为0.797,表明品种间的遗传差异较小,遗传多样性较低,遗传基础较窄。根据SSR标记特点,将SSR引物扩增统计的“0”、“1”转换成基因型,通过不同基因型组合,构建了云南无性系茶树品种的分子指纹图谱,使每个品种都获得了1个22位数的指纹图谱号码,进而可将不同品种完全区分鉴别。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.