靶向甲型流感病毒血凝素的人源单克隆抗体研究进展

甲型流感病毒感染性强,宿主广泛,主要感染禽类,其次为哺乳动物。当跨物种传染事件发生时,有可能造成流感大流行,因此,对病毒实施及时有效的监控,以及研发抗流感病毒药物刻不容缓。流感病毒表面的糖蛋白血凝素在病毒入侵宿主细胞的过程中发挥了关键的作用,可作为单克隆抗体药物的主要靶点。针对血凝素的单克隆抗体能够有效抑制病毒传播,保护宿主。因此,本文综述了目前报道的针对甲型流感病毒血凝素糖蛋白的人单克隆抗体,为后续抗流感药物的研发提供新的思路和展望。     

A brief review of microRNA and its role in PRRSV infection and replication

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a single-stranded RNA virus, mainly infects cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. Recently, host microRNAs were shown to be capable of modulating PRRSV infection and replication by multiple ways such as targeting viral genomic RNA, targeting viral receptor and inducing antiviral response. MicroRNAs are small RNAs and have emerged as important regulators of virus-host cell interactions. In this review, we discuss the identified functions of host microRNAs in relation to PRRSV infection and propose that cellular microRNAs may have a substantial effect on cell or tissue tropism of PRRSV.     

Facilitated cross-species transmission of prions in extraneural tissue

Prions are infectious pathogens essentially composed of PrP(Sc), an abnormally folded form of the host-encoded prion protein PrP(C). Constrained steric interactions between PrP(Sc) and PrP(C) are thought to provide prions with species specificity and to control cross-species transmission into other host populations, including humans. We compared the ability of brain and lymphoid tissues from ovine and human PrP transgenic mice to replicate foreign, inefficiently transmitted prions. Lymphoid tissue was consistently more permissive than the brain to prions such as those causing chronic wasting disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Furthermore, when the transmission barrier was overcome through strain shifting in the brain, a distinct agent propagated in the spleen, which retained the ability to infect the original host. Thus, prion cross-species transmission efficacy can exhibit a marked tissue dependence.     

Long-term transmission of defective RNA viruses in humans and Aedes mosquitoes

In 2001, dengue virus type 1 (DENV-1) populations in humans and mosquitoes from Myanmar acquired a stop-codon mutation in the surface envelope (E) protein gene. Within a year, this stop-codon strain had spread to all individuals sampled. The presence of truncated E protein species within individual viral populations, along with a general relaxation in selective constraint, indicated that the stop-codon strain represents a defective lineage of DENV-1. We propose that such long-term transmission of defective RNA viruses in nature was achieved through complementation by coinfection of host cells with functional viruses.     

Virus population dynamics and acquired virus resistance in natural microbial communities

Viruses shape microbial community structure and function by altering the fitness of their hosts and by promoting genetic exchange. The complexity of most natural ecosystems has precluded detailed studies of virus-host interactions. We reconstructed virus and host bacterial and archaeal genome sequences from community genomic data from two natural acidophilic biofilms. Viruses were matched to their hosts by analyzing spacer sequences that occur among clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) that are a hallmark of virus resistance. Virus population genomic analyses provided evidence that extensive recombination shuffles sequence motifs sufficiently to evade CRISPR spacers. Only the most recently acquired spacers match coexisting viruses, which suggests that community stability is achieved by rapid but compensatory shifts in host resistance levels and virus population structure.     

Phenotypic plasticity in the interactions and evolution of species

When individuals of two species interact, they can adjust their phenotypes in response to their respective partner, be they antagonists or mutualists. The reciprocal phenotypic change between individuals of interacting species can reflect an evolutionary response to spatial and temporal variation in species interactions and ecologically result in the structuring of food chains. The evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity has led to the success of organisms in novel habitats, and potentially contributes to genetic differentiation and speciation. Taken together, phenotypic responses in species interactions represent modifications that can lead to reciprocal change in ecological time, altered community patterns, and expanded evolutionary potential of species.     

Disease tolerance as a defense strategy

The immune system protects from infections primarily by detecting and eliminating the invading pathogens; however, the host organism can also protect itself from infectious diseases by reducing the negative impact of infections on host fitness. This ability to tolerate a pathogen's presence is a distinct host defense strategy, which has been largely overlooked in animal and human studies. Introduction of the notion of "disease tolerance" into the conceptual tool kit of immunology will expand our understanding of infectious diseases and host pathogen interactions. Analysis of disease tolerance mechanisms should provide new approaches for the treatment of infections and other diseases.     

丁型流感病毒在中国的流行状况及研究进展

丁型流感病毒是继甲型、乙型和丙型流感病毒之后的一种新型正粘病毒,2011年首次由美国从表现出流感样症状的猪只中分离出来,并于2016年被国际病毒分类委员会正式命名为丁型流感病毒。目前丁型流感病毒已广泛分布于美洲、亚洲、欧洲和非洲的数十个国家。丁型流感病毒利用牛作为其自然宿主和扩增宿主,并定期扩散到其他哺乳动物物种,包括猪、马、羊和骆驼等。因此,丁型流感病毒具有广泛的地域分布和宽泛的宿主范围。丁型流感病毒感染可导致牛患轻度至中度呼吸道疾病,被认为是牛呼吸系统疾病综合征的重要关联因子。血清学证据表明,丁型流感病毒具有感染人的潜在风险。我国研究人员于2014年首次在山东省的牛群中检测到丁型流感病毒,随后,来自不同团队的研究人员分别于2017、2021和2022年报道了丁型流感病毒核酸阳性病例。为更好地了解丁型流感病毒对我国畜牧养殖业的影响,系统综述了丁型流感病毒在我国的分布情况和研究进展,并分析了丁型流感病毒在我国的流行趋势及对我国畜牧养殖业的潜在威胁。     

Crop diversity and pest management in sustainable agriculture

Large-scale crop monocultures facilitate the proliferation and increasing prevalence of diseases and pest insects. Many studies highlight the impacts of plant diversification upon pathogens, and the population dynamics of insects and beneficial organism in agricultural ecosystems. These studies provide evidence that habitat manipulation techniques such as intercropping, relay, and rotation can significantly improve disease and pest management. This review introduces the concept of crop diversity, considers recent insights and mechanisms underlying crop diversity, and discusses its potential for improving sustainable agricultural practices. Recently, the phytobiomes resulting from increased crop diversity are increasingly recognized for their contribution to disease and pest control. Further, understanding the interactions between pathogens or pests with their host phytobiome may lead to novel options for the prevention of pests. Recent advances in the agricultural systems include:(i) a better understanding of the mechanisms of interactions between crop species and genotypes;(ii) ecological progress including a better understanding of the context-dependency of those interactions; and(iii) the role of microtopographic variation in agricultural systems for priming basal resistance to multiple pests and pathogens by intercropped crops. We also highlight recent progress in China and the potential options for habitat management and design that enhance the ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems.     

犬流感流行病学与跨宿主传播机制的研究进展

流感是威胁人类健康的重要疾病之一,世界卫生组织(WHO)和各大研究机构都密切关注着流感的动向和流感病毒跨宿主传播的机制。为此,简要综述了H3N8、H3N2、H5N1、H1N1亚型犬流感病毒的流行病学及其跨宿主传播机制。     

六种重要玉米病害病原名称的厘定

真菌、细菌、病毒等引起的病害是玉米生产的重要威胁。在中国,玉米种植地域广,种植区生态类型多,病害种类复杂,常见病害有30余种。中国的玉米病害研究历史不足百年,从事研究的专业人员也较少,导致玉米病害知识的传播受到一定影响,其表现之一就是我国在一些玉米病害病原名称的采用上存在明显混乱,已被弃用的旧病原名称还在普遍应用。这种现状影响了玉米病害科学研究信息在国内和国际上的正常交流。本文梳理了瘤黑粉病、丝黑穗病、红叶病、北方炭疽病、圆斑病、黑束病6种玉米病害病原学名的历史变迁,重点结合近年在形态学和分子系统分类学等方面的研究进展,明确了这6种病害病原在目前应该采用的正确名称。(1)玉米瘤黑粉病病原无论是形态学和分子生物学都有别于Ustilago属物种的特征,已恢复其名称为1912年命名的Mycosarcoma maydis(DC.)Bref.(玉蜀黍瘿黑粉菌),曾被广为采用的Ustilago maydis(DC.)Corda(玉蜀黍黑粉菌)成为异名;(2)基于Sporisorium属与Sphacelotheca在寄主科选择上的差异以及对玉米丝黑穗病致病菌的形态学、寄主病害特征和多基因序列分析的结果,Sporisorium reilianum(J.G.Kühn)LangdonFullerton.(丝孢堆黑粉菌)被确定为玉米丝黑穗病病原的正确名称,而Sphacelotheca reiliana(J.G.Kühn)Clinton成为异名之一。由于Sporisorium reilianum种内存在对玉米和高粱的致病性分化,玉米致病菌又可称为Sporisoriumreilianum f.sp.zeae(丝孢堆黑粉菌玉米专化型);(3)普遍认为大麦黄矮病毒(Barley yellow dwarf virus,BYDV)引起玉米红叶病,但近年通过对致病病毒的测序,明确了多种病毒和株系是该病的病原。在中国,引起玉米红叶病的为马铃薯卷叶病毒属(Polerovirus)的小麦黄矮病毒-GPV(Wheat yellow dwarf virus-GPV)和玉米黄矮病毒-RMV(Maize yellow dwarf virus-RMV);(4)尽管在形态学方面有许多相似性,但通过多基因序列的比较研究,证明Kabatiella属完全有别于Aureobasidium属,因此,玉米北方炭疽病病原的学名应该采用Kabatiella zeae Narita et Hiratsuka(玉蜀黍球梗孢),Aureobasidium zeae(Narita et Hiratsuka)Dingley作为异名处理;(5)分生孢子呈蠕孢状的真菌经历了数次属的变化,但形态学、基因序列信息、生活史、次生代谢物等特征的研究表明,引起玉米圆斑病的病原Bipolaris zeicola(G.L.Stout)Shoemaker(玉米生平脐蠕孢)是一个独立的物种,其无性态名称的保留得到了国际真菌命名委员会的同意;(6)对物种名称Cephalosporium acremonium的长期混乱使用使得其已经失去了纯粹种的含义,而Acremonium拥有150余个种并对应多个有性态属,已经成为了一个庞杂属。大量的分子生物学特征研究揭示了Acremonium属的异质性,以分子特征和形态学结合的方法,重新划分和新建了相关的属,Sarocladium strictum(W.Gams)Summerbell(直帚枝杆孢)成为了玉米黑束病病菌的新种名,而Cephalosporium acremonium Corda和Acremonium strictum Gams是其异名。     

Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota

Infectious diseases can cause rapid population declines or species extinctions. Many pathogens of terrestrial and marine taxa are sensitive to temperature, rainfall, and humidity, creating synergisms that could affect biodiversity. Climate warming can increase pathogen development and survival rates, disease transmission, and host susceptibility. Although most host-parasite systems are predicted to experience more frequent or severe disease impacts with warming, a subset of pathogens might decline with warming, releasing hosts from disease. Recently, changes in El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation events have had a detectable influence on marine and terrestrial pathogens, including coral diseases, oyster pathogens, crop pathogens, Rift Valley fever, and human cholera. To improve our ability to predict epidemics in wild populations, it will be necessary to separate the independent and interactive effects of multiple climate drivers on disease impact.     

海南霸王岭青梅林群落藤本植物的物种组成特征

木质藤本是森林,尤其是热带、亚热带森林中重要的组成成份。现基于海南岛霸王岭青梅林群落野外调查数据．初步分析了该群落藤本的组成特征。结果表明：（1）在所调查的3600m^2样地中,有藤本25种（占物种数的25．53％）495株,分别隶属于18个科和22个属;（2）直径大于3cm的藤本54株,红叶藤（Roureaminor）个体数最多．有21株（39．62％）;直径≤3cm的藤本441株,锡叶藤（Tetraceraasiatica）个体数最多,有169株（38．32％）：（3）349（70．51％）株藤本缠绕在乔木上,仅有146株（29．49％）没有缠绕在乔木树干上;（4）青梅上缠绕有藤本植物22种．占种类的91．67％,有个体284株,个体数的57．37％,而其它支持木个体数量较少,其上缠绕的藤本植物的种类和个体也较少．表明青梅林群落藤本植物并无严格的选择性。总之,由于干扰因素的存在．青梅林群落藤本植物的比例比较高,而藤本植物存在,必然会与青梅竞争光、水分等资源,从而影响青梅的更新和整个群落的演替．建议加强该地段青梅林的保护,从而提高群落的稳定性和多样性。     

小麦黄化型病毒病的研究

利用蚜虫传播、免疫电泳和超薄切片的电镜观察等方法对小麦田间新出现的四种黄化型病毒病进行了系统研究,确定是由大麦黄矮病毒所致,而不是小麦黄叶病。禾谷缢管蚜需要6小时可完成传毒,平均发病率为85%。大麦黄矮病毒粒子只存在和复制于植物韧皮部组织的筛管和伴胞内,病毒粒子大量聚集在细胞质内并在细胞质内形成“扭结”线状内含体。     

The role of endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria in the pathogenesis of river blindness

Parasitic filarial nematodes infect more than 200 million individuals worldwide, causing debilitating inflammatory diseases such as river blindness and lymphatic filariasis. Using a murine model for river blindness in which soluble extracts of filarial nematodes were injected into the corneal stroma, we demonstrated that the predominant inflammatory response in the cornea was due to species of endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria. In addition, the inflammatory response induced by these bacteria was dependent on expression of functional Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on host cells.     

Assortative mating in sympatric host races of the European corn borer

Although a growing body of work supports the plausibility of sympatric speciation in animals, the practical difficulties of directly quantifying reproductive isolation between diverging taxa remain an obstacle to analyzing this process. We used a combination of genetic and biogeochemical markers to produce a direct field estimate of assortative mating in phytophagous insect populations. We show that individuals of the same insect species, the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis, that develop on different host plants can display almost absolute reproductive isolation-the proportion of assortative mating was >95%-even in the absence of temporal or spatial isolation.     

Plant speciation

Like the formation of animal species, plant speciation is characterized by the evolution of barriers to genetic exchange between previously interbreeding populations. Prezygotic barriers, which impede mating or fertilization between species, typically contribute more to total reproductive isolation in plants than do postzygotic barriers, in which hybrid offspring are selected against. Adaptive divergence in response to ecological factors such as pollinators and habitat commonly drives the evolution of prezygotic barriers, but the evolutionary forces responsible for the development of intrinsic postzygotic barriers are virtually unknown and frequently result in polymorphism of incompatibility factors within species. Polyploid speciation, in which the entire genome is duplicated, is particularly frequent in plants, perhaps because polyploid plants often exhibit ecological differentiation, local dispersal, high fecundity, perennial life history, and self-fertilization or asexual reproduction. Finally, species richness in plants is correlated with many biological and geohistorical factors, most of which increase ecological opportunities.     

海南霸王岭国家自然保护区拟石斛的附生特性

拟石斛(Oxystophyllum changjiangense)为海南岛特有的珍稀濒危附生兰科植物。为阐明其附生特性,笔者以分布于海南省霸王岭国家自然保护区的拟石斛为例,在系统调查其资源现状、生境特征及宿主种类的基础上,对其附生宿主的专一性、在宿主上的分布特点及附生个体数量与宿主胸径、树皮特性的相关性等进行分析。结果表明,86.6%的拟石斛个体分布在海拔800~1 000 m且主要附生在山地雨林中水源附近的高大乔木上;附生宿主18种,多见于木兰科、壳斗科、漆树科及梧桐科的植物;附生指数在0.32~0.94之间,其中白花含笑、长柄梭罗和红锥的附生指数接近于1;拟石斛全都分布在宿主的一级分支或二级分支处,二者差异性不显著;附生数量与宿主胸径呈显著性正相关(R=0.397,P0.05),拟石斛对树皮特性选择具有偏好性。     

甘肃省木本植物上的白粉菌

通过对甘肃农业大学树木病害实验室所藏甘肃木本植物上白粉菌标本的研究，鉴定出甘肃白粉菌新记录4种，它们是猪毛菜内丝白粉菌（Leveillula saxaouli（Sorok．） Golov）、胡桃球针壳（Phyllactinia juglandis Tao ＆ Qin）、隐蔽又丝单囊壳（Podosphaera clandestina （Wallr．） Lev．）、萨蒙球针壳（Phyllactinia salmonii Blum．）；记录了锦鸡儿柬丝壳（Trichocladia sp．）和刺槐白粉菌（Erysip比sp．）2个未知种；国内寄主新记录1个，为小叶柳（Salix hypoleuca Seem）。描述了病害的症状、病原形态、寄主植物、采集日期和采集地点。