气候变化对野生鸟类的影响研究进展

气候变化特别是全球气温上升对鸟类产生了显著的影响.该领域已经成为生态学、动物学和保护生物学等方面的研究热点之一.我国在气候变化对鸟类的影响方面已经开展了一些研究.根据野生鸟类受气候变化影响的最新研究成果,综述了气候变化对于野生鸟类分布、繁殖生态以及种群动态等方面的影响.结果表明：在气候变化的背景下,鸟类的地理分布范围向高纬度地区移动,繁殖期过程中产卵期提前,并且种群数量逐渐减小.文章还探讨了近几年在该领域内的主要研究方法,大多数以建立模型进行预测评估为主.最后,结合国内外的研究经验和我国鸟类资源的实际情况,建议今后重点关注气候变化对鸟类的影响,并建立长期有效的监测体系.     

我国野禽流感病毒研究现状及其发展趋势

流感病毒是严重威胁野禽、家禽乃至人类健康的一种传染性疾病。流感病毒不仅能在同种之间传播,而且能跨越种属进行传播,甚至对人类健康产生严重的威胁。野禽是流感病毒的天然宿主和储存库,但由于其生活习性的特殊性,有关研究相对滞后。对野禽流感病毒的流行现状、野禽对流感病毒的适应以及我国野禽禽流感研究中存在的问题等方面进行了综述,以期为保护区野禽流感病毒的防控提供参考。     

Risk Analysis of Wild Birds in Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza （HPAI） H5N 1 have taken place in 15 countries in Asia, Europe and Africa since 2003, and have caused great economic losses. Much likelihood has been considered as risk factors, of which wild birds are attributed as one of the main factors. This is related to the environmental deterioration in the wetland and expanse of human＇s activities in production. The risk analysis in this paper only focused on the effect of wild birds to HPAI, and confirmed the high risk of wild birds in the spread of AIVs.     

广西野鸟H9N2亚型流感病毒的分离与鉴定

【目的】探讨H9N2亚型流感病毒在野鸟中的存在与传播,为广西流感疫情动态监测和防控及人流感预防监测提供重要依据。【方法】采集广西野鸟肺脏组织,将病料接种于9~11日龄SPF鸡胚尿囊腔进行分离培养,血清学试验鉴定HA和NA亚型,并克隆扩增其HA和NA基因。【结果】该分离株能被H9亚型阳性血清抑制,神经氨酸酶抑制（NI）试验结果将其鉴定为N2亚型,判断该病毒属于H9N2亚型流感病毒,命名为A/wild bird/Guangxi/H2/07,对HA和NA基因进行序列分析,发现与流感病毒H9亚型和N2亚型同源性最高,分别达到82.4%~99.0%和83.1%~99.9%。【结论】H9N2亚型流感病毒已在广西野鸟中存在,该结论为广西流感疫情动态监测和防控提供了重要依据。     

Emergence of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in Democratic People's Republic of Korea

In the past decade, there has been extensive global surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infection in both animals and humans, however, few studies on epidemiology of avian influenza in Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) were published. During the period 2013–2014, HPAI H5N1 viruses were detected with outbreaks in domestic poultry in DPRK. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the hemagglutinin gene of all samples belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c with high homology. The HPAI H5N1 virus found in ducks at the Tudan Duck Farm in 2013 was might introduced by migratory birds and then led to the outbreaks on neighboring chicken farms in 2014. These data provide direct evidence for the transmission of avian influenza viruses from wild birds to waterfowl to terrestrial birds. Therefore, the monitoring and control of influenza virus in ducks must be given top priority, which are essential components to prevent and control HPAI.     

广西野鸟H9N2亚型流感病毒的分离与鉴定

【目的】探讨H9N2亚型流感病毒在野鸟中的存在与传播,为广西流感疫情动态监测和防控及人流感预防监测提供重要依据。【方法】采集广西野鸟肺脏组织,将病料接种于9~11日龄SPF鸡胚尿囊腔进行分离培养,血清学试验鉴定HA和NA亚型,并克隆扩增其HA和NA基因。【结果】该分离株能被H9亚型阳性血清抑制,神经氨酸酶抑制（NI）试验结果将其鉴定为N2亚型,判断该病毒属于H9N2亚型流感病毒,命名为A/wildbird/Guangxi/H2/07,对HA和NA基因进行序列分析,发现与流感病毒H9亚型和N2亚型同源性最高,分别达到82.4%~99.0%和83.1%~99.9%。【结论】H9N2亚型流感病毒已在广西野鸟中存在,该结论为广西流感疫情动态监测和防控提供了重要依据。     

以生物多样性保护的视角完善校园绿化设计的思考——以河北旅游学院南校区为例

以河北旅游学院的南校区为案例,以景观生态学的的斑块—廊道—本底的模型探讨有利于保护鸟类等野生动物的绿化设计措施,认为通过整合琐碎的斑块,延长、加密、加宽林带,形成有效节点,补植浆果、坚果等鸟类喜食的树种,有利于为鸟类等野生动物提供栖息地和庇护所。     

关于进一步加强禽流感防控工作的认识

高致病性禽流感不仅对我国的养殖业造成了严重的经济损失,而且对人类健康造成了威胁。在对禽流感的防控中,我国取得了很大的成绩,但由于高致病性禽流感的不断发生,再加上野禽高致病性禽流感的严重污染,而我国又包含候鸟迁徒的三条主要路线,几乎覆盖了我国的全部领域,野乌污染高致病性禽流感的事实,这些情况决定了当前禽流流感的防控形势依然严峻,为了将防控工作做的更好,本文从区域性禽流感参考实验室的建设、加快BSL-3实验室的验收、加强基础研究、正确认识病毒抗原变异等方面提出了一些观点,以期能够对禽流感彻底防控起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

Are we ready for pandemic influenza?

During the past year, the public has become keenly aware of the threat of emerging infectious diseases with the global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the continuing threat of bioterrorism, the proliferation of West Nile virus, and the discovery of human cases of monkeypox in the United States. At the same time, an old foe has again raised its head, reminding us that our worst nightmare may not be a new one. In 2003, highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza virus, including the H5N1 and H7N7 subtypes, again crossed from birds to humans and caused fatal disease. Direct avian-to-human influenza transmission was unknown before 1997. Have we responded to these threats by better preparing for emerging disease agents, or are we continuing to act only as crises arise? Here we consider progress to date in preparedness for an influenza pandemic and review what remains to be done. We conclude by prioritizing the remaining needs and exploring the reasons for our current lack of preparedness for an influenza pandemic.     

高致病性禽流感SI传播模型研究

[目的]分析影响高致病性禽流感传播的主要因素。[方法]将家禽养殖场分为未感染和已感染2类,流动禽鸟分为易感者和具有传染性者2类,在此基础上,建立SI传播模型。[结果]n0（初始流动禽鸟感染数）、λ（鸟-家禽养殖场的传染率）和μ（鸟-鸟传染率）3个因子对禽流感的传播速度起着重要作用。[结论]控制流动禽鸟的发病数量、减少病鸟与家禽的直接的或间接接触和给家禽注射疫苗是控制高致病性禽流感疫情的有效措施。     

禽流感病毒的宿主特异性和致病性分子基础

禽流感病毒可感染许多鸟类和哺乳动物,但是其自然宿主范围通常限于野生水禽,如野鸭、海鸥等。近年来出现新的特征,可以感染人类、猫、虎等动物,突破了宿主限制性,出现种间传播。这与其宿主特异性变化和致病力变异有关。为此,依据禽流感病毒的致病特性、抗原蛋白(血凝素蛋白HA)特性和宿主细胞受体特点,结合其它影响因素,阐述了流感病毒的宿主特异性和致病性分子基础,以进一步认识禽流感病毒。     

Adoption of HPAI biosecurity measures:The Chinese broiler industry

Highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI) contamination via wild birds and rodents poses a threat to food security and safety.As chicken meat comprises an increasing proportion of diet in China,it is useful to determine whether broiler farmers are adopting wild bird and rodent controls to minimize the risk of HPAI impacts on food supply.Our study surveyed a cross sectional sample of 331 Chinese broiler farmers in six provinces.We find that only 47% of farmers(mainly farmers with large herds) adopted control measures against wild birds and rodents,while 14% adopted no measures.Farm size was the biggest driver of adoption followed by proportion of farm revenue derived from broiler production.However,southern farmers were at a far greater probability of non-adoption.We suggest that assistance in the form of education/training programs and subsidized traps or baiting controls across smaller producers could help raise of the adoption level toward more effective HPAI control.     

H5亚型禽流感研究势态——基于Citespace的文献计量分析

为准确把握H5亚型禽流感的研究进展，本研究基于CNKI文献数据库中的393篇文献和Web of Science(WOS)文献数据库中的1 560篇文献为研究样本，通过信息可视化技术对2个数据库中的文献样本的发文国家、文献数量、高频被引文献、高频关键词、主要发表作者和机构等进行分析。结果表明:1)国际上中国和美国在该领域的研究较多，两国发文量占比可达56.80%；每年文献数量与禽流感疫情的严重程度密切相关。与CNKI文献样本相比，WOS文献样本的文献数量、高频被引文献的被引频次更具有优势，并且WOS文献样本中发文机构之间和发文作者之间的合作更密切。2)高频被引文献和高频关键词在一定程度上反映了该领域的研究热点，主要包括野鸟导致H5亚型禽流感病毒的传播和进化；H5亚型禽流感的流行病学、致病机制和免疫疗法；重组疫苗、灭活疫苗和基于血凝素HA的广谱疫苗等新型疫苗研发；H5亚型禽流感病毒突发的防控措施等内容。本研究认为在未来疫情的长期监测与预测、病毒的快速检测技术和新型疫苗的开发等仍是研究热点，为H5亚型禽流感领域工作者提供参考价值。     

宁夏银川湿地野生鸟类保护现状及对策探析

总结了银川市湿地野生鸟类保护现状,提出了银川市湿地野生鸟类保护存在的问题,通过采取开展野生鸟类普查、建立野生鸟类保护地、开展野生鸟类集中整治专项行动、落实鸟类栖息地承包者责任等措施加强与完善银川湿地野生鸟类保护。     

猪流感研究进展

猪流感是由猪流感病毒引起的一种呼吸道传染病。近期出现了严重的A（H1N1）流感疫情,由于猪在人流感和禽流感之间发挥着＂混合器＂的作用,因此猪流感具有重要的公共卫生意义。该文介绍了猪流感新的流行病学资料、诊断和防制的新方法及其公共卫生上的重要意义,为更好的防制猪流感、人流感和禽流感提供参考。     

干旱对沧州东部滨海湿地价值的影响

沧州东部滨海湿地具有独特的地理位置、复杂的生态环境和丰富的鸟类资源,是候鸟南北迁 徙带与东西迁徙带的交汇点,也是东北亚内陆和太平洋西岸鸟类迁徙通道上的重要“中转站”、越冬 地和繁殖地。由于20世纪80年代以后自然降水锐减,温度升高导致蒸发量增大,干旱情况加重,沧 州地区东部滨海湿地的生态环境受到严重影响。就其生态价值、经济价值、社会价值受到的影响状况 以及相关的积极保护行动等方面进行较系统的阐述,并从生态保护性开发和可持续发展远景规划等 方面提出一些建设性的意见和建议。     

百脉根表达H5N1亚型禽流感血凝素的研究

 【目的】将H5N1亚型禽流感病毒血凝素（AIVHA）基因转入牧草植物中,利用豆科牧草作为植物生物反应器来生产禽流感抗原蛋白,探索研制禽流感转基因植物可饲用疫苗的可行性。【方法】以百脉根子叶柄外植体作为转化受体,通过农杆菌介导法将AIVHA基因导入百脉根,子叶柄外植体经过共培养、筛选分化、再生, 得到抗性植株。对抗性植株进行了PCR、RT-PCR检测和Western blot分析。【结果】证明AIVHA基因已经导入到百脉根基因组中,在核酸水平和蛋白水平都得到了表达。【结论】利用百脉根表达禽流感抗原蛋白是可行的。     

THE EMERGENCE OF THE BIOLOGY OF FOREST AND RANGE

Whereas, in most lines of agriculture over-production is so outstanding a phenomenon that curtailment is widely recommended by economists, precisely the opposite is the case in silviculture and forage production. America's wild crop of timber and of feed for livestock falls far short of the demand. Careful attention must be given to all the conditions surrounding the growth of these crops. Among the factors of major importance are the native animals of forest and range lands. Some are pests; others are beneficial. Most play mixed r?les. Efficient production of trees and forage necessitates thorough-going study of the life histories and ecology of all the predominants, both plants and animals. Many animals, especially fishes, birds and mammals, are themselves of extraordinary value for recreation, study, and as a source of income. In some instances the value of the animals on a given area may exceed that of forage or trees. The production of wild life should be more than an incident or by-product of forest and range management. The objective should be maximum continuing values from each area. Attainment of this objective necessitates additional information and increasingly enlightened administration. Research is the foundation of our present prosperity. It must be the corner-stone of future advance. "The application of traditional methods will no longer suffice." Biology must participate fully in the solution of the many problems involved.     

贵州省牛血孢子虫病疫源地宿主动物的研究 2.关于野生动物宿主的自然感染调查和人工感染试验

一、在猎获的26只野禽和15只野生动物中均未查见有血孢子虫的存在,但存野兔体上发现有传播双芽焦虫的微小方头蜱的寄生。因此野兔在该种血孢子虫病的流行上起着保存传播者的作用,在防制血孢子虫病时应加以注意。二、人工感染33只试验动物,结果均是阴性。三、本文工作结果维持前文中的结论:所研究的疫源地是一种家畜专有疾病的疫源地。     

禽流感及其检测技术进展

近年频繁爆发的禽流感(AI)是由A型流感病毒引起的人畜共患病,严重威胁到畜禽生产和人类自身生存安全,同时由于亚型多、抗原变异性强、宿主范围广等原因,其生态学和公共卫生学意义有极其重要的作用。综述了禽流感的感染机制和各种诊断与防制措施,阐述了目前禽流感的诊断技术现状和进展。