主干形桃树对光截获能力和果实产量品质的影响

桃树是喜光树种，桃树树形和树体结构直接影响到树冠内光的分布、光合生产力、花芽形成、花芽质量及枝梢寿命，进而影响着果实的产量和品质。多年来桃树树形，在稀植的条件下一直采用大树冠的自然开心形、环状形和“Y”字形等，这些树形都符合桃树喜光习性的特点，但也存在一定的缺陷，如开心形和环状形前期产量低、成形慢，且常常困扰果农的是，     

主干形桃树对光截获能力和果实产量品质的影响

桃树是喜光树种，桃树树形和树体结构直接影响到树冠内光的分布、光合生产力、花芽形成、花芽质量及枝梢寿命，进而影响着果实的产量和品质。多年来，桃树树形，在稀植的条件下一直采用大树冠的自然开心形、环状形和“Y”字形等，这些树形都符合桃树喜光习性的特点．但也存在一定的缺陷．如开心形和环状形前期产量低、成形慢。且常常困扰果农的是。管理稍有疏忽会出现内膛光秃、结果部位外移、骨于枝易劈裂．造成果品产量下降等。篱壁式主干形是近10年从西欧国家引进的新树形。它不仅可避免以上不足，而且可合理密植，技术简单，易管理，还能早果、丰产，它是目前桃树栽培中较理想的树形。     

桃树不同树形的光照分布与果实产量及品质的关系

桃树的树形对树冠内的光合有效辐射强度有很大影响,从3种不同树形的观测结果看出,以行株距为4m×3m 的篱壁形树形的光照分布较好,株产较高。光照分布与果实产量和品质有较密切的关系,果实产量集中分布区是树冠的中层部位。果实的可溶性固形物、总糖含量与光合有效辐射强变呈显著正相关,而维生素 C 和总酸含量有随光合有效辐射强度的增加略有减少的趋势。     

桃树倾斜主干偏展形的光照分布与果实产量品质的关系

以瑞蟠5号桃树为试材,研究了倾斜主干偏展形和“Y”字形两种树形的光分布与果实产量、品质的关系。结果表明:倾斜主干偏展形比“Y”字形树体的相对光照分布均匀,有效光照体积比率高,果实产量、品质随相对光照增强而提高。建立了品质因素与相对光照强度的回归方程,对方程求极值获得了果实品质因素最大的相对光照强度为:单果重量27.22%,可溶性固形物71.66%,果实着色83.45%;综合分析,相对光照强度在34%时,为瑞蟠5号桃优质生产的最低界限。     

不同树形桃树冠层光照分布对果实产量和品质的影响

以主干形、30°双株V字形和60°双株V字形3种树形的‘燕红’桃树为试材,采用以树干为中心用竹竿将树冠分成不同层次、方位的50 cm×50 cm×50 cm的立方体的方法,同时按冠层高度将树冠分为下部、中部和上部,研究了6—8月不同树形的冠层光照分布的动态变化,并于果实成熟期测定了各树形的产量及果实品质,以期更加全面了解不同树形的冠层光照分布,为生产中桃树树形选择提供参考依据。结果表明：在果实生长的关键时期,主干形树形冠层相对光照强度在30%～80%的范围内所占比例最高;对于同一树形,相对光照强度小于30%的光照强度所占比例随着垂直高度的增加呈递减趋势,大于80%的光照强度随高度增加呈递增趋势;3种树形的果实产量主要分布于冠层的中部和上部,主干形各部位果实产量高于其他2种树形;各树形果实品质随着树体高度的降低而降低,且各部位之间存在显著性差异,这与各部位的光照强度变化趋势大体一致;主干形各部位果实品质优于其他2种树形。对于单干形‘燕红’桃树品种,主干形‘燕红’桃树在冠层有效光分布、果实产量以及品质上均优于30°和60°双株V字形,且树势健壮,冠层光照分布合理,可作为适宜树形进行示范推广...     

桃不同树形的冠层特征及对果实产量、品质的影响

【目的】通过研究三主枝挺身开心形(株行距为3 m×5 m)、Y字形(株行距为2 m×5 m)和主干形(株行距为1.2m×2.5 m)3种栽培模式下冠层结构与光能利用、产量、品质等指标,提出适宜西北高旱桃区发展的树形及栽培模式。【方法】应用CI~(-1)10冠层分析仪和树体调查法对比研究4～6 a生'陇油桃1号'3种栽培模式下枝条生长量、冠层结构、果实产量、品质。【结果】4～6 a生主干形666.7 m2枝量为1.04万～1.20万条,高于其他2种树形;树体叶面积指数显著高于其他2种树形,但直射透过系数最低;主干形树形可以提早丰产,但由于栽植密度过高导致果实品质下降,可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、糖酸比数值均显著低于其他2种树形。三主枝挺身开心形初果期每666.7 m2产量高于Y字形,随着树龄的增长Y字形桃树每666.7 m2产量逐年高于三主枝挺身开心形,但二者品质差异不显著。【结论】初果期主干形冠层结构成型快,产量高,能尽早收回成本,但主干形果实品质较低;Y字形与三主枝挺身开心形果实品质好,但前期产量低,进入盛果期后Y字形产量逐年上升,是现代果园较理想的树形。     

局部施肥对桃树生长、果实品质及产量的影响

以中桃8号为试材,设全面积施肥、1/2面积施肥、1/3面积施肥和1/4面积施肥4个处理,比较局部施肥对桃树生长、果实品质及产量的影响。结果表明,与全面积施肥处理相比,局部施肥处理叶片氮、磷含量降低,但1/2面积施肥处理能够显著提高叶片钾含量,1/3面积施肥处理可提高果实钾含量。1/4面积施肥处理能够提高叶片干重、叶绿素含量,抑制新梢生长,1/4、1/3面积施肥处理均能够明显提高单株产量和单果重。1/3面积施肥处理能够提高果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量,显著提高果实维生素C含量。局部施肥处理均能够提高桃果实色泽饱和度、促进果实转色。施肥面积与叶片氮、磷含量分别呈极显著、显著正相关关系,与单株产量呈极显著负相关关系;新梢生长量和单株产量、单果重均呈显著负相关关系。三因素主成分分析显示,1/3面积施肥处理得分最高。不同范围局部施肥处理对桃树生长影响不一致,其中1/3面积施肥处理在提高果实产量和品质上综合效果最佳。     

梨不同树形对光效能及产量品质的影响

 针对乔砧老梨园高接换优后因树形不同产生的效益差距问题,通过对4种高接后不同树形乔砧梨园的枝量、冠层透光率、光和参数、叶片养分、产量和品质等相关数据进行了连续两年的调查研究,筛选并确定经济效益较高的适宜树形。研究结果表明：4种树形在总枝量、短枝量及短枝/总枝量基本均衡的前提下,树冠内不同部位的透光率、有效光辐射和叶片的净光合速率、鲜样质量、养分含量均有显著差别,进而导致不同树形间果实产量和品质的差异。综合分析认为,乔砧大冠梨园改造转形宜选单层开心形,而中小冠梨树高接换优宜采用细纺锤形。     

树形对桃树生长、产量和品质的影响

【目的】探讨中油20号桃不同树形对树体生长、产量和品质的影响。【方法】研究3年生中油20号桃Y字形、主干形、三主枝开心形、四主枝开心形及V字形5种树形的夏季结果枝部位光照度,成熟果实品质及冬季树体结构。【结果】同一树形不同部位的光照度和果实品质均有显著性差异,均为上层>中层>下层,不同树形相同部位间差异不显著。每666.7 m²产量为主干形>V字形>Y字形>三主枝>四主枝。树体的主枝数越多,主干直径越粗,树体越高,冠径越大。总枝量主干形最少,四主枝最多,而每666.7 m²枝量V字形最多,主干形其次。不同树形枝类组成,长枝比例顺序为主干形>V字形>Y字形>三主枝>四主枝,中短枝比例与长枝比例相反。选择了13种指标进行主成分分析,5种树形的优劣顺序依次为V字形、四主枝开心形、三主枝开心形、Y字形、主干形。【结论】V字形树形综合评分最高,产量和每666.7 m²枝量较高、品质表现较好,是适宜标准化栽培的优良树形。     

苹果树形改造对产量和品质的影响

通过对密植郁闭苹果园进行树体改造,产量连年稳定上升,大果率,果实含糖量,着色度等都明显优于未改造树。     

外源褪黑素对桃生长及果实品质的影响

[目的]探讨外源褪黑素对桃生长和果实品质的影响.[方法]以早熟桃'早蜜'为试材,于果实膨大期对其叶片喷施不同浓度的褪黑素,测定了桃果实成熟期的新梢生长量、生理状况和果实品质指标.[结果]50?150 pmol?L-1的褪黑素处理能促进桃新梢的生长,增加其茎长和茎粗.150μmol L1褪黑素提高了桃叶片超氧化物歧化酶活...     

金冠苹果树冠内光质构成及其与果实品质的相关性

应用CI-700AB/HR2000光纤光谱仪,研究了田间自然光照条件下金冠苹果树冠内的光质分布及其与果实品质的相关性。结果表明,UV-A、可见光、总辐射、紫光和蓝光,在树冠内分布从上到下、由外到内依次减弱,并与果肉总糖、抗坏血酸、果皮花青苷和类胡萝卜素的分布呈极显著正相关,与果肉可滴定酸和果皮叶绿素呈极显著负相关;UV-B与此相近,但与抗坏血酸呈不显著负相关;红外线则与可见光相反。     

喷施磷酸二氢钾对桃叶片和果实性状的影响

以不同成熟期的桃品种豫甜、豫香、秋甜、秋蜜红为试材,研究了喷施磷酸二氢钾对其叶片叶绿素含量、干鲜质量比及果实的可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量等品质特性的影响。结果表明,喷施磷酸二氢钾能提高叶片中叶绿素含量、干鲜质量比和果实可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量;对果实的可滴定酸含量、维生素C含量影响不明显;叶片喷施不同浓度和次数的磷酸二氢钾均可推迟桃果实成熟期;喷施清水和对照处理间叶片性状和果实品质差异不明显;喷施磷酸二氢钾浓度和次数以500mg/L3次效果最显著,以300mg/L3次最经济有效。     

诱抗剂处理对甜瓜叶部病害和果实品质的影响

以抗病品种银帝和感病品种卡拉克赛为材料,在露地条件下研究了几种植物提取液和苯并噻二唑(BTH)处理对甜瓜主要叶部病害及果实大小和品质的影响。结果表明,BTH、中草药提取液和侧柏提取液对甜瓜叶部各种主要病害的发生都有明显的抑制效果,尤其对白粉病的抑制效果最好,平均防效达75%。4种诱导剂中,BTH对各种病害的防效都较稳定,平均达51.44%,且在幼果期和伸蔓期+幼果期的预防效果均较植物提取液好。采前诱抗处理能明显提高两品种甜瓜果实品质及抗病品种(银帝)的产量,但对感病品种卡拉克赛产量影响不显著;初花期BTH处理可增加果肉厚度、提高可溶性固形物含量,并能改善果实经济性状。     

叶面喷施沼液肥对温室香瓜茄叶片光合特性、果实产量和品质的影响

以香瓜茄为材料,在日光温室条件下,于果实发育期叶面喷施沼液肥,研究沼液肥施用浓度及其与土壤追肥配合对香瓜茄叶片光合特性和果实产量与品质的影响.结果表明,稀释100倍沼液肥处理的叶片总氮和叶绿素质量分数分别为35.7 g·kg-1和1.129 mg·g-1,显著高于稀释400倍沼液肥的处理和对照,沼液肥配合土壤追肥时叶片...     

Effect of pruning intensity on peach yield and fruit quality

Light, medium and heavy pruning treatments were used with one unpruned as check (control) in Flordasun, Flordaking and Saharanpur Prabhat peaches. Fruit yield decreased with the increase in severity of pruning in Flordaking and Saharanpur Prabhat peaches, whereas, medium pruning treatment gave highest yield in Flordasun peach. Pulp weight, stone weight, pulp-stone ratio, ascorbic acid, sugar acid ratio and moisture content were not affected by pruning levels. However, fruit weight, size, TSS, sugar and acid content were significantly increased by pruning in Flordasun peach. Almost all the physico-chemical characters were significantly affected by pruning in Flordaking and Saharanpur Prabhat peaches, in which medium and heavy pruning treatments performed better, respectively.     

Effect of tree and branch thinning on growth,yield, and fruit quality of persimmon trees in a high-density orchard

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of branch and tree thinning on growth, yield and fruit quality in 8-year-old non-astringent persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.f.) trees in a high-density orchard over 6 years in Korea. Adjacent trees in the rows were removed in 2008 (first-year thinning) or in 2010 (gradual thinning). Trees in the second treatment also had 25% of the main scaffold branches removed in the first two seasons. Control plots were left unthinned. First-year thinning elevated leaf macro-nutrient concentrations, increased the production of short fruiting shoots (less than 20 cm) per tree, decreased water sprout development and weight of pruned biomass, and increased fruit set compared with values recorded on control trees and with gradual thinning. First-year thinning gave higher photosynthetic photon flux in the centre of the canopy and better fruit quality. There were generally only small differences in total yield across the three treatments in individual years, but much higher total marketable yield from 2010 to 2013 in the first-year thinning plots. First-year thinning improved overall tree productivity, and the gross returns were 80% higher than those of control from 2008 to 2013 when the extra cost of the thinning was taken into account.     

Reflective materials under hailnet improve orchard light utilisation,fruit quality and particularly fruit colouration

The increase in hailstorms, possibly due to climate change, has led to installation of hailnets in fruit orchards worldwide. This is associated with poorer fruit quality, particularly fruit colouration, which is determined by the light conditions viz diminishing light intensities and shorter day length in the autumn. To overcome these adverse effects of hailnets, five materials were examined as possible ground covers as to their light reflection and the subsequent effect on fruit quality including fruit colouration, using a 9-year-old apple orchard cv. ‘Gala Mondial’ on M9 under black hailnet near Bonn. The ground covers included the woven white plastic Extenday^R/Daybright™, the kaolin-coated, bio-degradable paper UniSet O™ and the aluminium-coated plastic Mylar™ and Svensson ILS Alu™; the latter is a white plastic interwoven with aluminium strips used as energy saving screen in greenhouses. The ground covers were spread in the alleyways 4–5 weeks before anticipated harvest; adjacent uncovered grass strips under the hailnet served as control. Light reflection, measured perpendicular at 1 m height in the alleyways at the time of fruit colouration, was 79–80% by Extenday^R/Daybright™, 75% by UniSet O™, 68% by Mylar™ and 58% by Svensson Alu ILS™. Apple fruit with any of the reflective ground covers ripened 2–3 days earlier without affecting internal fruit quality and sugar as indicative of taste. The reflective ground covers under black hailnet improved the proportion of well-coloured class I fruit relative to the control (uncovered grass) by an averaged 9%. Economic analysis showed that Extenday^R, with an expected lifetime of ten years (based on 4–6 weeks spread time per year) under hail nets in North-Western Europe, scored best based on 45 t ha⁻¹ yield in cv. ‘Gala Mondial’ and 0.40 € kg⁻¹ farm-gate price, resulting in 200 € ha⁻¹ net return. Manual labour for spreading and retrieving the ground covers had the major share of the overall gross cost and offers scope for improvement by mechanisation.     

不同骨干枝角度对桃树生长和果实品质的影响

以6年生‘沙红’和‘燕红’桃树为试材,研究不同骨干枝角度对桃树生长和果实品质的影响。结果表明:‘沙红’直立树和‘燕红’骨干枝倾斜30°的总枝量,中枝、短枝和花束状枝总和以及枝条生长量明显高于其他2个处理;同一部位,‘沙红’直立树和‘燕红’骨干枝倾斜30°的总枝量处于较高的水平,高于其他2个处理;同一方向,‘沙红’和‘燕红’3个处理均是平侧枝总枝量最高。同一部位,‘沙红’直立树和‘燕红’骨干枝倾斜30°的果实品质好于其他2个处理;同一方向,‘沙红’和‘燕红’3个处理的结果数均是平侧枝最多;‘沙红’直立树和‘燕红’骨干枝倾斜30°的果实品质和产量显著高于其他2个处理。因此,‘沙红’骨干枝适宜的倾斜角度为0°,而‘燕红’骨干枝适宜的倾斜角度为30°。