不同熟期油菜品种农艺性状与产量的相关分析

以2011~2012年度和2012~2013年度参加全国长江中游区区域试验的早熟油菜品种和中熟油菜品种为材料,收集每个品种的生育期、株高、有效分枝部位、一次有效分枝数、主花序长、主花序角果数、全株角果数、每角粒数、千粒质量、产量等数据,采用相关与通径分析方法,研究不同熟期油菜品种农艺性状与产量的关系。结果显示:早熟品种的产量与主花序长、主花序角果数、单株有效角果数、千粒质量达到了显著相关性。中熟品种的产量与各农艺性状都未达到显著相关性。对早熟油菜品种产量直接影响最大的是千粒质量,间接影响最大的是主花序长。对中熟油菜品种产量直接影响最大的是株高,间接影响最大的是单株有效角果数。     

3种含硫肥料对油菜干物质累积、氮硫吸收及产量的影响

在油菜/小麦轮作体系中,通过田间小区试验研究了不同含硫肥料对油菜生长、氮硫吸收及产量构成因素的影响.结果表明,在常规施肥的基础上增施含硫肥料可明显促进油菜生长,增加植株对氮和硫的吸收.增施含硫肥料的处理与常规施肥处理相比油菜植株单株结荚数、角果长和每角果粒数等均有不同程度的提高.增施含硫肥料的处理比常规施肥处理的油菜籽产量增加658.3 ～1 335.3 kg·hm-2,增幅25.5%～51.6%.施硫处理产投比为3.3～16.1.     

甘蓝型油菜12种主要性状与产量的关系

以20个品种（系）为材料进行田间试验，考察主要性状，并分析性状间的关系。结果表明：单株产量与全株有效角果数、第一、二次有效分校数、株高、角果密度及全株有效角果数与第一、二次有效分枝数极显著正相关。株型性状间，只株高与主花序长达显著正相关。株型性状与产量性状间，株高与主花序角果数和第一、二次有效分枝数分别呈极显著正相关和负相关。因此，油菜高产育种应在增加全株有效角果数、第一、二次有效分枝数基础上，选择植株高、角果密度大、主花序长、分校部位低的株型。     

主要栽培因素对甘蓝型杂交油菜群体中各组成部分角果数的影响

为探讨栽培因素对杂交油菜群体中茎枝和分枝及其各组成部分角果数的影响,1996 年,以油研7 号为材料进行了播期、密度、施氮量、施磷量、施钾量的五元二次正交旋转组合设计试验。结果表明,5 个因素对群体中主花序角果数、一次分枝角果数、分枝角果数、茎枝角果数的影响呈多因素的数学关系,而对二次分枝角果数的影响则不存在这种关系。不同产量水平下,群体中茎枝和分枝及其各个组成部分角果数占群体角果数的比例变化很小。主花序角果数、一次分枝角果数、二次分枝角果数、分枝角果数、茎枝角果数占群体角果数的比例平均分别为14.32% ,63.58% ,22.10% ,85.68% ,77.90% ,且都与群体角果数间均呈极显著正相关。说明群体角果数的增加是群体中各组成部分角果数共同增加的结果     

早熟与中熟油菜品种的性状差异比较

为了明确早熟与中熟油菜品种农艺和产量性状的差异,利用参加国家油菜品种区域试验的早熟和中熟品种的区试结果,对早熟与中熟油菜品种间的各性状进行差异分析比较。结果显示:在农艺性状方面,早熟与中熟油菜品种的生育期、株高、一次有效分枝数存在极显著的差异,其中生育期的差异最明显,有效分枝部位和主花序长差异不显著;在产量性状上,主花序角果数、单株有效角果数、千粒重存在极显著的差异,其中主花序角果数的差异最显著,每角粒数差异不显著;在抗逆性方面两者差异不显著;在品质性状方面,硫苷和含油量存在显著的差异性,介酸含量差异不显著。     

初花期干旱对甘蓝型油菜生理和农艺性状的影响

初花期是油菜生殖生长的关键时期。为研究干旱对这一时期油菜的影响,在人工控水条件下(当土壤含水量为田间持水量的45%~50%时计为干旱胁迫开始,处理持续10d,然后复水;CK正常灌水,保持田间持水量在80%~85%),利用4个具有不同耐旱性的甘蓝型油菜品种浔油8号、阳光2009、浙油50和华油杂13号,研究生理特性、农艺性状和产量的变化。结果表明,在干旱胁迫10d后,耐旱性品种(浔油8号和阳光2009)的叶片SPAD值、可溶性蛋白质、MDA含量变幅不大,可溶性糖含量小幅下降,CAT酶活性小幅增加,游离脯氨酸含量显著增加(其中浔油8号和阳光2009分别比对照增加了4.1倍和2.9倍)。相比之下,敏感性品种(浙油50和华油杂13号)的叶片SPAD值、可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量均显著减少,MDA含量显著增加,CAT酶活性变幅不大,游离脯氨酸含量显著增加,但增幅小于耐旱品种。初花期干旱影响油菜的主要农艺性状和产量,表现为敏感性品种的株高、一次分枝数、相对分枝高、主花序长、主花序角果数、角果长、单株角果数、角果粒数和单株产量均显著下降,而且降幅明显大于耐旱性品种。     

甘蓝型油菜分枝高度指数与植株性状、产量和品质的关系

为了研究甘蓝型油菜分枝高度指数与植株性状、产量和品质的关系,以10个年度的国家冬油菜新品种区域试验总结资料为依据,分析分枝高度指数与芥酸、硫甙、含油率、株高、分枝部位高、有效分枝数、主花序长度、主花序有效角数、单株有效角数、每角粒数、千粒质量、单株产量、单位面积产量的相关性。结果表明：分枝高度指数与硫甙、含油率、有效分枝数、主花序长度、单株有效角数、每角粒数、千粒质量、单株产量、单位面积产量均呈极显著负相关,分枝高度指数降低,油菜群体含油率增加,有效分枝数、单株有效角数和每角粒数增多,主花序长度增长,千粒质量、单株产量和单位面积产量均提高。逐步回归分析表明,含油率、分枝高度指数、有效分枝数、主花序有效角数、单株有效角数、每角粒数、单株产量对单位面积产量有极显著影响。分析结果可为油菜育种中筛选理想的株型指标和油菜抗倒性评价提供参考。     

基于结构方程模型的油菜性状和产量关系研究

为量化描述和分析甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)种植结构的调整以及相关性状变化对产量的影响,本研究利用结构方程模型对连续10年品种选育所得的168组产量和相关性状等数据进行分析,并对不同密度下相关性状和产量数据进行显著性分析。结果显示,在本实验密度范围内随着种植密度的增加,单株产量显著降低,且主要通过单株有效角果数影响单株产量,但总产量呈上升的趋势。研究所选各个性状对单株产量的总效应为:单株有效角果数>分枝数>千粒重>主花序有效角数>主花序有效长>每果粒数。因此,在培育更具有耐密性和对环境适用性的品种的同时,要选育拥有更多单株有效角果数和分枝数的品种以稳定单株产量,综合提高油菜总产量。     

施氮对宁杂1号油菜各枝序角果性状的调控

通过不同施N量处理,研究了N素营养对油菜各枝序角果质量的影响,结果表明：(1)油菜各枝序的角果数以主序和中上部分枝较多,并随施N量的增加而明显增加,过多地施用N肥会造成结角层角果过多而严重影响其它产量因素。(2)每角粒数以主序和中上部分枝较多,下部分枝较少。各枝序的千粒重和单位角果皮面积生产力(PPA)以主序最高,上部分枝较高,下部分枝较低。(3)适量施N可使上部8个分枝的每角粒数、千粒重和PPA都维持较高的水平。     

施肥对湘杂油6号产量影响及最佳施肥量研究

为了探索不同施肥量对湘杂油6号的影响,提高油菜单产,节省肥料成本,采用湘杂油6号于2007年在湖南耒阳进行了"3414"肥效试验.经三元二次回归数学模型分析,该品种在每公顷产量2 280 kg的最佳经济施肥量为:N161.1 kg,P2O596.3 kg,K2O126.7 kg;最大产量的施肥量分别为:N206 kg,P2O5110 kg,K2O156 kg.氮肥对单产直接作用最大,随着氮肥施用量的增加其株高、一次有效分枝数、单株有效角果数、每角粒数、千粒重增加显著;增施磷肥、钾肥对增加该品种单株有效角果数有显著作用;增施饼肥或硼肥,促进单株有效角果数、每角粒数,单产增加显著.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Role of Benzoxazinones in Cereals

Summary

Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding

Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding.     

Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds

The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant.     

Biological factors influencing the transmission of potato leafroll virus by different aphid species

Summary Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani.