生物技术在动物营养中的研究及发展趋势

动物营养生物技术是以饲料和饲料添加剂为对象,以基因工程、微生物工程等高新技术为手段,开发新型的饲料资源和饲料添加剂等动物营养物质,提高饲料的转化率,最终达到节约粮食、提高动物的生产性能以及减轻养殖业造成的环境污染。生物技术在动物营养中应用广泛,利用基因工程技术可以提高饲料作物蛋白质的质量,提高饲用作物种子含油量,从而提高动物营养物质的质量;还可以利用细胞工程技术生产动物营养物质,利用酶工程技术提高动物营养物质利用率,利用微生物工程技术生产动物营养物质。     

生物技术在动物营养中的研究及发展趋势

动物营养生物技术是以饲料和饲料添加剂为对象，以基因工程、微生物工程等高新技术为手段．开发新型的饲料资源和饲料添加剂等动物营养物质，提高饲料的转化率．最终达到节约粮食、提高动物的生产性能以及减轻养殖业造成的环境污染。生物技术在动物营养中应用广泛。利用基因工程技术可以提高饲料作物蛋白质的质量。提高饲用作物种子含油量，从而提高动物营养物质的质量；还可以利用细胞工程技术生产动物营养物质，利用酶工程技术提高动物营养物质利用率，利用微生物工程技术生产动物营养物质。     

分子生物学与动物营养研究

综述了分子生物学在动物营养研究中的应用:从分子水平上阐述营养与基因表达、调控的关系;利用生物学技术改变动物体内的代谢途径或生产酶制剂、氨基酸等动物营养物质前景广阔。     

降低甲鱼饵料成本五法

１．自配饵料法 将甲鱼原来不喜食的植物性饵料与农副产品 ,如面粉、豆渣、麦麸、稻谷等 ,经粉碎拌入鳖喜食的动物性饵料 ,如鱼粉、血粉、蚕蛹、动物内脏等 ,加工制成混合饲料 ,即可被鳖利用。人工配合饵料的构成成份是 :动物蛋白源（包括鱼粉、血粉、蚕蛹、动物内脏等）３０ % ,豆渣３０ % ,麦麸３０% ,稻谷芽５% ,另加植物油１ % ,蚯蚓粉、骨粉各１ % ,维生素０．１ %等。２．自养自繁法 一是利用宅旁阴湿地２０米２ ,深翻３０厘米 ,施入腐熟猪牛粪 ;每１米 ２ 投放本地红蚯蚓苗３０００尾左右 ,投喂米糠和淘米水 ,每１米 ２ 每年可产成蚓…     

能量饲料在鱼用配合饲料中的研究应用

水产动物种类多,食性广,可供其利用的饲料种类很多,为了合理利用饲料资源,正确而有效地配制动物饲料,掌握各种饲料原料的营养特性及加工方法是十分必要的.……     

博仕高温佳酶的研究进展

1高温酶研究的意义 饲料工业经过20多年的发展．从小规模的加工到大规模的生产。综合运用了多门学科技术。如动物营养、生理生化、加工技术、化学分析、计算机技术等。20多年来。对影响动物生长的因素研究日益深入。尤其对动物生理生化及营养物质吸收。动物与环境的关系深入了解。从而对饲料加工工艺有更高的要求。如对虾饲料。从简单畜禽料生产工艺发展到现在的超微粉碎、     

国家税务总局关于修订“饲料”注释及加强饲料征免增值税管理问题的通知

随着我国饲料工业的发展，饲料的品种和生产特点发生了较大变化，为了支持饲料工业发展，进一步明确和规范饲料的征免增值税范围，加强对饲料免征增值税的管理，现将对《增值税部分货物征税范围注释》（国税发［1993］151号）中饲料注释的修订及饲料免征增值税的管理办法明确如下：一。饲料指用于动物饲养的产品或其加工口0日本货物的范围包括：l、单一大宗饲料。指以一种动物、植物、微生物或矿物质为来源的产品或其副产品。其范围仅限于糠效、酒糟、油饼、骨粉、鱼粉。饲料级磷酸氢钙。2‘混合饲料。指由两种以上单一大宗饲料、粮食、粮食…     

饲料对动物产品品质的影响

动物产品品质受动物遗传特性、营养和饲料、饲养环境以及加工贮存等众多因素的影响,是一个涉及面广、影响因素复杂的问题,其中营养和饲料是影响畜产品品质的重要因素。     

微生态制剂与水产动物健康养殖(上)

“健康养殖”就是指以保护动物健康、保护人类健康、生产安全营养的畜产品或水产品为目的,最终以无公害养殖业的生产为结果。无公害产品是指产地环境、生产过程和产品质量符合国家有关标准和规范的要求,经认证合格获得认证证书并允许使用无公害农产品标志的未经加工或者初加工的畜产品或水产品。在此笔者从目前水产养殖方面使用比较多的微生态制剂方面来阐述水产动物的健康养殖。所谓动物微生物制剂,是指利用动物体内正常微生物成员或促进物质、经特殊加工工艺而制成的活菌制剂。它具有补充、调整或维持动物肠道内微生态平衡,达到防治疾病、促进健康或增重（产）的目的。     

日粮纤维的非营养作用

日粮纤维是不能被消化的多糖和木质素的总和,它包括纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、果胶和树胶等。传统的观点认为纤维是负因子,高纤维影响动物的适口性,降低动物对能量、蛋白质、氨基酸及矿物质等营养物质的消化率,从而影响动物的生产成绩。但是纤维有其自身的营养与非营养作用。纤维的营养作用主要指纤维可作为能源,可促进胃肠道发育和成熟,可改善畜产品质量等。纤维除了这些营养作用以外,还有其重要的非营养作用。     

Effect of feeding on the function and structure of the digestive system in juvenile southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis Chen)

Postprandial physiological and morphological responses to feeding were examined in juvenile southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis Chen) that had consumed a loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Cantor) meal equivalent to 6?% of the body mass of the catfish. The gastric evacuation rate (GER) peaked at 4?h postfeeding, averaging 0.36?g food weight?h(-1), at which time 14?% of the ingested meal had passed into the intestine. Less than 10?% of the ingested meal remained in the stomach at 24?h postfeeding. Pepsin activity peaked at 8?h postfeeding, reaching a level approximately twofold higher than the prefeeding level. Pancreatic trypsin activity peaked at 16?h postfeeding, reaching a level 4.5-fold higher than the prefeeding level. Peaks in lipase activity in both the proximal and middle intestinal segments occurred at 16?h, reaching 2.8- and 2.4-fold higher levels than the prefeeding level, respectively, while the activity in the distal intestine segment reached a level 2.9-fold higher than the prefeeding level at 24?h postfeeding. With respect to amylase activity, only the middle intestinal segment exhibited a change, first an increase and then a decrease, after feeding. Feeding also triggered an approximately 200?% increase in the metabolic rate and resulted in 44.6?kJ?kg(-1) being expended on specific dynamic action, equivalent to 16.1?% of the meal's energy. In terms of organ size, the wet mass of the liver increased by 11?% at 24?h postfeeding, whereas the wet mass of the pancreas did not change. Except for a decrease in the thickness of the submucosa in the middle intestinal segment, the thickness of the intestinal fold, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa of each intestinal segment did not change significantly with feeding. These results suggest that the continuum of physiological responses observed with respect to metabolic increases, GER, regulation of pancreatic and intestinal digestive enzyme activities and liver wet mass to feeding corresponds to the changes in the demand on the digestive system in S. meridionalis. Moreover, species maintained stable gastrointestinal tract morphology during the short interval of repeated feeding.     

纤维素酶对奶牛生产性能影响方面的研究进展

纤维素酶具有广泛的应用价值,介绍了纤维素酶的组成、种类、营养作用及其在改善奶牛生产性能方面的作用。     

Fishing for health: Do the world’s national policies for fisheries and aquaculture align with those for nutrition?

Aquatic foods are rich in micronutrients essential to human health, and fisheries and aquaculture are increasingly recognized for their capacity to contribute to reducing global micronutrient deficiencies and diet-based health risks. Whether fisheries and aquaculture sector and public health nutrition policies align to meet this goal, however, is unclear. Do fisheries and aquaculture policies have explicit nutrition and public health objectives? Do public health nutrition policies recognize the contribution of aquatic foods? Using content analysis, we assessed the alignment of objectives in national fisheries and public health nutrition policies. We further determined conditions associated with varying levels of cohesion among policies in these sectors or domains. We found that 77 of 158 national fisheries policies identified nutrition as a key objective in the sector, and 68 of 165 public health nutrition policies identified the importance of fish and shellfish consumption as key objectives. More recent policies were associated with improved coherence among sectors. International organization presence in policy development was also associated with greater coherence. Countries with higher overweight prevalence had fisheries and public health nutrition policies that were not aligned. There has been a promising recent trend for improved alignment of objectives between fisheries and public health nutrition policies, but more targeted and systematic policy approaches are needed to realize the potential contribution of nutrient-rich fish and shellfish to healthier food systems.     

Effect of diatom supplementation during the nursery rearing of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a heterotrophic culture system

Bio-floc shrimp culture systems have been investigated in an attempt to optimize water use and prevent the discharge of effluent into the environment. The importance of microalgae in maintaining water quality and nutrition of the shrimp is well known in conventional systems; however, its maintenance amid bio-flocs and its role in the shrimp performance in this system are still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of diatoms in the performance of Litopenaeus vannamei reared during the nursery phase in intensive system with minimal water exchange. Shrimp (0.31?±?0.10?g) were reared among diatoms, bio-flocs and the combination of the two forming the mixture medium. The survival of shrimp was high in all treatments (90?C97%). However, the shrimp reared among diatoms showed higher weight gain (P?<?0.05) and feed conversion ratio significantly more efficient, reaching a value of 0.47. The results indicate the importance of diatoms in bio-floc culture systems and points out to future research in an attempt to maintain a constant presence of these microalgae in culture medium without requiring successive inoculations.     

Growth,antioxidant capacity,intestine histology and lipid metabolism of juvenile red claw crayfish,Cherax quadricarinatus,fed different lipid sources

Five dietary lipid sources (fish oil, soybean oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil and linseed oil) were evaluated in juvenile red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, based on the response of growth, antioxidant capacity, intestine histology, whole‐body composition, fatty acid nutrition and lipid metabolism. Crayfish were fed in quadruplicate net cages for 8 weeks. Crayfish fed diets with fish oil, soybean oil and linseed oil obtained significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rate than those fed the other two diets. Survival, condition factor and hepatosomatic index were not significantly affected by lipid sources. Lipid sources also do not affect the whole‐body composition of crayfish. Serum SOD, T‐AOC and GSH‐PX activities of crayfish fed the palm oil and rapeseed oil diets had a significantly lower value than those fed other diets. The minimum concentrations of MDA have been observed in crayfish fed the soybean oil diet. The activity of ACC in the hepatopancreas of crayfish fed the linseed oil diet showed the highest value, and the CPT‐1 activity was not significantly affected by different lipid sources. Crayfish fed the soybean oil diet showed significantly higher TC and TG contents in hepatopancreas than those fed other diets. Crayfish fed linseed oil diet had a significantly higher percentage of EPA, C18:3n?3 and Σn?3 PUFA in muscle than those fed other treatments. Most of the fatty acid compositions in the hepatopancreas had a close correlation to fatty acid compositions in diets. All findings in this study indicate that soybean oil is the advantageous lipid source for juvenile C. quadricarinatus which can reflect in satisfactory growth performance, antioxidant capacity and fatty acid nutrition of edible tissues.     

Comparative chemical,taste, and functional components in different tissues of giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus)

The chemical composition, nutrition, and flavor components of various giant grouper tissues were determined. The muscle protein content was about 20%, and the muscle fat content was in the range of 3.9–6.4%, which is higher than that of most other groupers. The bone had the highest fat value (12.5–14.2%). The major nucleotide-related compound in the tissues was inosine monophosphate (IMP); whereas in the skin, adenosine monophosphate (AMP) was predominant. The predominant free amino acid (FAA) in the tissues was taurine (Tau), followed by arginine (Arg), lysine (Lys), and glycine (Gly). Tau content was higher in chin meat, and lower in bone. The total peptide content was in the range of 660–1,390 mg/100 g, which was much higher than that observed in other fish species. Muscle was rich in C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).     

Nudging fisheries and aquaculture research towards food systems

Food system is a powerful concept for understanding and responding to nutrition and sustainability challenges. Food systems integrate social, economic, environmental and health aspects of food production through to consumption. Aquatic foods are an essential part of food systems providing an accessible source of nutrition for millions of people. Yet, it is unclear to what degree research across diverse disciplines concerning aquatic foods has engaged food systems, and the value this concept has added. We conducted a systematic review of fisheries, aquaculture and aquatic food literature (2017–2019) to determine the following: the characteristics of this research; the food systems components and interrelations with which research engaged; and the insights generated on nutrition, justice, sustainability and climate change. Sixty five of the 88 reviewed articles focussed on production and supply chains, with 23 considering human nutrition. Only 13% of studies examined low- and middle-income countries that are most vulnerable to undernutrition. One third of articles looked beyond finfish to other aquatic foods, which illuminated values of local knowledge systems and diverse foods for nutrition. When aggregated, reviewed articles examined the full range of food system drivers—biophysical and environmental (34%), demographic (24%) and socio-cultural (27%)—but rarely examined interactions between drivers. Future research that examines a diversity of species in diets, system-wide flows of nutrients, trade-offs amongst objectives, and the nutritional needs of vulnerable social groups would be nudging closer to the ambitions of the food systems concept, which is necessary to address the global challenges of equity, nutrition and sustainability.     

翡翠贻贝肉的食品化学特性及其在海鲜调味料的应用

对翡翠贻贝肉进行的食品化学特性研究表明：其贝肉的蛋白质营养价高,氨基酸价为８１,第一限制氨基酸为含硫氨基酸（１９７３年ＦＡＯ／ＷＨＯ常规标准）;且富含牛磺酸、Ｍｎ等;Ｇｌｕ、Ａｓｐ、Ｇｌｙ、ＩＭＰ等呈味物质含量丰富,是制作海鲜调味料理想的原料。翡翠贻贝肉经双酶水解制得的海鲜调味料营养丰富,具有浓郁的海鲜风味。     

调控应激的营养途径

本文分别从能量、蛋白质、氨基酸、矿物质、维生素和添加剂等方面对动物应激的影响进行了阐述,并综述了调控应激的营养途径。