鸭不同肠段内菌群结构分析与拟杆菌分布研究

旨在分析健康鸭十二指肠、空肠、回肠和盲肠内容物菌群组成、多样性特征以及拟杆菌分布。本研究选择健康高邮鸭20只,公母各半,70日龄时无菌采集十二指肠、空肠、回肠和盲肠内容物,提取肠道内容物细菌基因组,利用IonS5TMXL平台进行高通量测序,分析肠道内容物菌群结构与丰度特征以及拟杆菌的分布。结果表明,十二指肠、空肠内容物菌群丰度显著高于回肠和盲肠内容物（P<0.05）,回肠内容物菌群多样性最低;十二指肠和空肠内菌群群落结构较为相似,与回肠,特别是盲肠的相似度较小。健康鸭肠内优势菌门为拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和梭杆菌门（Fusobacteria）,上述菌门在各肠段内容物中相对丰度不同;不同肠段内容物中定植了不同差异微生物物种,十二指肠、空肠、回肠和盲肠内容物中差异菌门分别是变形菌门、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门。鸭肠道中共分析到28种拟杆菌种,其中B.acidifaciens、B.barnesiae、B.caccae、B.caecicola、B.coprocola、B.sp和B.luti在盲肠内容物中显著聚类,且B.caecigallinarum、B.plebeius和B.barnesiae在鸭盲肠中优势定植。结果显示,鸭肠段空间显著影响了其内容物中菌群丰度与多样性,不同肠段内定植了差异的优势微生物物种,这可能与肠段小环境以及功能一致,在盲肠内容物中优势定植拟杆菌,推测可能与鸭盲肠生理生化功能相关。     

ERIC-PCR技术分析葛根芩连汤对抗生素相关性腹泻模型肠道菌群结构的影响

为了探讨葛根芩连汤对抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)模型肠道菌群的微生态的调理作用,试验复制AAD模型,将试验动物随机分为对照组、模型组和用药组,用药组用葛根芩连汤进行治疗,于给药7天和14天分别处死巴马小型猪并收集不同肠段的内容物(包括十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠和结肠)作为检测样品,采用ERIC-PCR技术对动物模型的十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠和结肠中细菌菌群的结构多样性进行检测。结果表明:对照组巴马小型猪肠道菌群结构相对稳定,ERIC-PCR条带数量以盲肠最多,其次是结肠、十二指肠、空肠和回肠;模型组巴马小型猪各肠段ERIC-PCR扩增条带数相比较于对照组明显减少;用药组巴马小型猪各肠段ERIC-PCR扩增条带数随着用药时间的延长呈现正常的趋势。说明葛根芩连汤具有调整AAD导致的菌群紊乱的功能。     

皮下注射鸭瘟弱毒苗诱导鸭局部黏膜和系统免疫中IgA、IgM和IgG的发生规律

为探讨鸭瘟弱毒苗诱导鸭局部黏膜和系统免疫中抗体发生的规律,将鸭瘟病毒Cha株弱毒苗皮下注射免疫20日龄樱桃谷鸭后60 d内定时随机剖杀5只鸭,采集血清、胆汁、气管和消化道(食道、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、盲肠和直肠)分泌液,应用间接ELISA检测抗DPV的IgA、IgM和IgG滴度(以Log10表示).结果表明:①血清:抗体滴度由高到低为IgG、IgM和IgA,相应的检测到的时间段分别为免疫后6～60,3～15,12～36 d.②胆汁:抗体滴度由高到低为IgA、IgG和IgM,相应的检测到的时间段分别为免疫后9～21,15～27,3～12 d.③分泌液:气管和消化道分泌液中抗体滴度由高到低均为IgA、IgM和IgG,其中IgA抗体滴度由高到低为十二指肠、食道、气管、空肠、盲肠、回肠和直肠,相应的检测到IgA的时间段分别为免疫后3～60,9～60,3～60,9～60,12～60,12～27,6～36d;IgM由高到低为气管、食道、十二指肠、空肠、盲肠、直肠和回肠,相应的检测到IgM的时间段分别为免疫后3～12,6～15,3～12,6～12,9～12,6～9,6～9 d;IgG由高到低为食道、十二指肠、气管、空肠、盲肠、直肠和回肠,相应的检测到IgG的时间段分别为免疫后9～36,12～27,6～36,9～36,12～36,9～21,15～21 d.综上,鸭瘟弱毒疫苗皮下免疫鸭后,IgM和IgG分别是系统免疫中体液免疫的先锋抗体和主要抗体;IgA是气管、消化道和胆汁中的主要抗体.     

四川白鹅不同肠段菌群多样性比较研究

试验利用Illimina MiSeq高通量测序对70日龄四川白鹅十二指肠、空肠、回肠和盲肠内容物进行微生物多样性分析。结果显示:①4个肠段微生物群落的α多样性(菌群丰度上)存在显著差异(P0.05);②4个肠段的菌群结构在6个菌门和13个菌属的相对丰度存在显著差异(P0.05);③盲肠微生物在7个菌属(脱硫弧菌属、拟杆菌属、拟杆菌属、相炭疽杆菌属、瘤胃球菌属、韦荣球菌属和Butycricimonas菌属)的相对丰度都显著高于其他3个肠段(P0.05),但是空肠的链球菌属和回肠的SMB53菌属的相对丰度均显著高于其他3个肠段(P0.05)。结果提示:鹅不同肠段的菌群组成存在显著差异,回肠和空肠微生物都参与粗纤维的消化,盲肠消化粗纤维的能力要强于其他3个肠段。     

樱桃谷雏鸭消化参数变化规律研究

本试验旨在研究0～42日龄樱桃谷雏鸭消化参数的变化规律.试验以240只0-42日龄樱桃谷雏鸭为研究对象,分别测定3,5,7,14,21,28,35和42日龄肉鸭食管膨大部、肌胃、小肠各段及盲肠组织的pH值,小肠各段及盲肠的长度,肌胃食糜中的胃蛋白酶水平,十二指肠、空肠、回肠食糜中淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶的活性以及盲肠食糜中纤维素酶的活性等.结果表明:①雏鸭小肠长度随日龄的增加逐渐增加,小肠增幅于7日龄左右达到最大,然后呈逐渐降低趋势;②食管膨大部、肌胃、十二指肠、空肠和回肠的pH值分别为5.057～6.685,2.670～4.003,6.012～6.375,6.047～6.512,6.302～6.901.其随日龄的变化幅度不大,并随日龄的增加趋于稳定;③胃蛋白酶随着日龄的增加而增加,在14日龄时达到高峰值,然后逐渐降低;脂肪酶、肠道淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性分别在7、14和28日龄达到峰值,且空肠和回肠内容物的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均高于十二指肠;盲肠中纤维素酶活性随着日龄的增加而增加.结果表明,7～14日龄是樱桃谷雏鸭消化道发育和消化酶分泌的关键时期.     

Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒间接免疫酶染色检测方法的建立

以蔗糖密度梯度离心提纯的Ⅰ型鸭肝炎病毒（DHV—Ⅰ）免疫兔制备兔抗DHV—Ⅰ抗体，建立了检测石蜡组织切片中DHV—Ⅰ抗原的间接免疫酶染色（indirect immunoperoxidase staining，ⅡS）方法，并对DHV—Ⅰ强毒人工感染死亡或濒死雏鸭的各个组织器官进行了检测。结果表明，ⅡS与DHV—Ⅰ感染死亡或濒死雏鸭的肝等呈现阳性反应，与鸭瘟病毒、鸭疫里默氏杆菌、大肠杆菌、沙门菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌感染发病和死亡雏鸭的肝以及健康雏鸭的肝呈现阴性反应。感染DHV—Ⅰ死亡或濒死雏鸭的肝、脾、肾、心、胸腺、腔上囊、胰腺、十二指肠、盲肠、空肠、回肠、直肠的免疫组织化学检测呈阳性或强阳性，DHV—Ⅰ抗原主要分布于感染细胞的细胞质。该ⅡS法具有良好的特异性，可用于DHV—Ⅰ在感染雏鸭组织细胞中的亚细胞定位、DHV—Ⅰ感染雏鸭的实验室诊断、甲醛固定组织的回顾性诊断。     

应用PCR检测成年鸭体内鸭瘟强毒的分布

鸭瘟病毒(DPV)强毒经人工接种和同居感染100日龄鸭后，应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测病毒在鸭体内各组织器官的动态分布。试验结果表明，DPV强毒经肌肉注射进入鸭体后6h可在肝、脾、血液和粪便中检测到DPV DNA；DPV强毒经肌肉注射到鸭体后各受检样品被检测到DPV DNA的先后顺序为：肝、脾、血液和直肠粪便(6h)→肺、脑和腿肌(12h)→肾和胸肌(24h)；同居鸭于混群后48h在肝、肺、血液和直肠粪便中检出DPV DNA；DPV强毒经同居感染鸭后各受检样品检测到DPV DNA的先后顺序为：肝、肺、血液和直肠粪便(48h)→脾和脑(72h)→胸肌和腿肌(96h)→肾(120h)。     

鸭疫里默氏菌感染对鸭肠道菌群结构的影响

试验旨在分析鸭疫里默氏菌（RA）感染不同时期鸭肠道菌群结构变化规律，探讨鸭疫里默氏菌对鸭肠道微生物的影响及引起鸭致病的可能机制。采用细菌16S V4-V5区扩增通用引物，扩增鸭疫里默氏菌未感染组（鸭疫里默氏菌感染0 d组），鸭疫里默氏菌感染后1、2、3、5、9和14 d的鸭直肠内容物样本DNA，将扩增得到的产物进行DNA建库后基于Ion S5^TMXL测序平台测序。测序得到的Raw Reads数据总量为4 710 688条序列，平均每个样本84 119条序列。共注释到数据库的操作分类单元（OTUs）数目为4 528。Alpha多样性分析结果表明，菌群多样性指数Shannon和Simpson在鸭疫里默氏菌感染组和未感染组间差异不显著（P>0.05），菌群丰富度指数Chao1、Ace、Observed-species和PD-whole-tree在鸭疫里默氏菌感染后0~5 d逐渐降低，从5~14 d又逐渐增加，尤其在鸭疫里默氏菌感染后3和5 d均显著低于未感染组（P<0.05）。Beta多样性分析表明，未感染组与6个时间点的感染组间菌群差异均显著（P<0.05），其中，未感染组与感染后3 d的物种差异最大，之后依次为感染后2、5、9、1和14 d。物种丰度聚类热图显示，在未感染组和不同时间感染组，物种丰度相对较高的微生物菌属均不同。在门水平，鸭疫里默氏菌感染组主要以厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、unidentified-Bacteria、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、梭杆菌门（Fusobacteria）及变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为主；在属水平，Bacteroides在感染组和未感染组均为优势菌属，感染组中弯曲杆菌属（Campylobacter）和梭杆菌属（Fusobacterium）明显增加。本试验分析了鸭疫里默氏菌未感染组和感染不同时间组肠道菌群的差异，寻找到一些特征菌属，可为鸭疫里默氏菌的致病性研究提供理论依据。     

北京鸭菲莱氏温扬球虫内生发育的研究

作者对北京鸭菲莱氏温扬球虫 Wenyonella philiplevinei 的内生发育进行了研究,所得结果如下:1.雏鸭感染后36～48小时发现第一代裂殖体,寄生于卵黄蒂前后和回肠肠绒毛顶端上皮细胞内,位于核的上方或下方。裂殖体和殖裂子都比 Leibovitz(1968)所报告的偏小,出现的时间偏后,该作者在雏鸭感染后24小时观察到第一代裂殖体。2.在雏鸭感染后54～72小时发现第二代裂殖体,寄生于卵黄蒂前后肠段、回肠和盲肠的肠绒毛上皮细胞和固有层中,比 Laibovitz(1968)所报道的偏小,出现的时间偏后,该作者报道出现于感染后49小时。3.感染后78～108小时发现第三代裂殖体,寄生于卵黄肇前后、回肠和盲肠肠绒毛上段上皮细胞内和固有层中,亦较 Leibovitz(1968)所报道的偏小,出现的时间偏后,该作者说出现于感染后74小时。4.感染后84小时见到配子体,91～120小时在卵黄蒂前后肠段、回肠和盲肠见到成熟的大小配子体,比 Leibovitz(1968)所见到的偏小,出现的时间略偏前,该作者在感染后93小时见到大小配子体。5.感染后91小时在回肠肠绒毛上皮细胞内发现卵囊,延续至120小时;到132小时仍能在回肠绒毛固有层中见到极个别的囊。到144小时即未再见到卵囊。人工感染的潜在期为95小时,Leibovitz(1968)报道为93小时。6.内生发育阶段寄生于卵黄蒂前后、回肠、盲肠和直肠肠绒毛上段的上皮细胞内和固有层中,曾在极个别患者的12指肠和空肠发现虫体,与 Leibovitz(1968)的观察基本相似,但他报道在盲肠12指肠和空肠未见到虫体。7.感染78至98小时之间,在卵黄蒂前后段、回肠和盲肠,见有不同程度的肠绒毛上皮脱落,水肿,固有层充血,和成纤维细胞增多等变化。肉眼病变不显著。所见病变比 Leibovitz(1968)所描述的偏轻。     

人工感染雏鸭体内DEV强毒的荧光定量PCR检测

将鸭肠炎病毒(DEV)强毒GZ株经腿部肌肉注射感染15日龄雏鸭后,应用建立的SYBRGreenⅠ荧光定量PCR方法检测病毒在雏鸭体内各组织的动态分布。结果显示,感染后3 h即可在肝、脾、脑、胸腺、肾和肺6种组织中检出病毒核酸;感染后6 h,除上述组织外还可在十二指肠和盲肠检测到;感染后10 h又可在胸肌和心肌等检测到。不同受检组织病毒核酸检出量有所不同,由高到低依次为脑、肝、脾、胸腺、肾、十二指肠、盲肠、肺、胸肌和心肌。为阐明DEV的致病机理提供了重要的试验数据。     

Inositol hexaphosphate increases mucin loss from the digestive tract of ducks

The effects of different forms of inositol hexaphosphate (IP6, phytate) on mucin excretion from the digestive tract of ducks were investigated. Forty-eight ten-wk-old male ducks were grouped by weight into eight blocks of six cages with one bird per cage. On the first day of experimentation, birds received by intubation six dextrose-based diets arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial consisting of phytase (0 or 1000 units) and a form of IP6 (no IP6, free phytic acid or magnesium-potassium phytate). During the 54 h following feeding, excreta were continuously collected and frozen until analysed. The amount of mucin and amino acids, threonine, valine and tyrosine, in excreta increased in ducks fed with either magnesium-potassium phytate or free phytic acid. The increase in mucin excretion was more in birds fed with magnesium-potassium phytate than those fed with free phytic acid. The loss of arginine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and phenylyalanine in excreta was reduced by the presence of microbial phytase. It is concluded that the form of IP6 fed to ducks affects the extent of mucin excretion and also the extent and nature of endogenous amino acid losses in the excreta. Supplementation with exogenous microbial phytase reduced some of the IP6 feeding-induced endogenous intestinal amino acid losses.     

Effects of alfalfa meal on the intestinal microbial diversity and immunity of growing ducks

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of alfalfa meal diets on the intestinal microbial diversity and immunity of growing egg‐type ducks. A total of 128 healthy 7‐week‐old female egg‐type Shaoxing ducks were selected and randomly assigned into four dietary treatments: 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% alfalfa meal for 8 weeks. Each treatment consisted of four replicates of eight ducks each. Polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE) was used to characterize the microbiota. The results showed that the DGGE fingerprints of the V6–V8 fragments of the 16S rRNA from the caeca and faeces of ducks fed 3%, 6% and 9% alfalfa meal had significantly higher microbiota species richness than those fed 0% alfalfa meal (p < 0.05). The Shannon–Weiner index of the microbiota from the caeca and faeces of ducks fed 3%, 6% and 9% alfalfa meal was significantly higher than those fed 0% alfalfa meal (p < 0.05). Molecular analysis of the caecal and faecal DNA extracts showed that the alfalfa meal diet promotes the intestinal microbial diversity, as indicated by their higher species richness and Shannon–Weiner index. However, the groups did not significantly differ in terms of average daily gain, feed intake and gain‐to‐feed ratio (p > 0.05), and the 3–9% alfalfa meal did not affect the growth performance of the growing egg‐type ducks. The proliferation of T and B lymphocytes was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the groups supplemented with 3%, 6% and 9% of alfalfa meal than the unsupplemented control group, and alfalfa meal promoted the lymphocytes proliferation of the growing egg‐type ducks. Dietary alfalfa meal supplementation increases intestinal microbial community diversity and improves of the immune response growing egg‐type ducks.     

发酵脐橙粕对番鸭肠道形态结构、肠黏膜免疫功能和微生物多样性的影响

【目的】通过研究发酵脐橙粕对番鸭肠道形态结构、肠黏膜免疫功能和微生物多样性的影响,探究发酵脐橙粕用于番鸭节粮养殖的可行性。【方法】选取健康、体重为(267.33±9.50)g的180只16日龄番鸭,随机分成2组(每组公母各半),每组6个重复,每个重复15只,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂含有100 g/kg发酵脐橙粕的基础饲粮,预饲期7 d,正式试验期48 d。试验结束后,采集番鸭十二指肠组织样品和盲肠内容物。通过HE染色法和免疫组化法检测十二指肠肠道形态学指标和肠黏膜免疫功能指标;采用高通量测序技术对盲肠内容物的微生物16S rDNA进行测序,分析盲肠微生物多样性变化情况。【结果】(1)与对照组相比,100 g/kg发酵脐橙粕可极显著提高番鸭十二指肠的绒毛高度(P<0.01),显著提高绒毛表面积和上皮内淋巴细胞阳性率(P<0.05)。(2)显著物种差异分析结果显示,与对照组相比,饲喂100 g/kg发酵脐橙粕饲粮极显著抑制了番鸭盲肠脱铁杆菌门、厌氧菌科和无胆甾原体等有害菌丰度(P<0.01),极显著提高了黄杆菌属、螺杆菌属和巨单胞菌属等有益菌的丰度(P<0.0...     

水禽肠道微生物及其研究进展

动物的肠道内有复杂而动态的微生物生态系统,这些微生物通过促进营养摄取、宿主防御、免疫调节等,在维持机体健康方面起着至关重要的作用。菌落的结构组成因母体、饲粮、环境、生理状态变化及自身菌种间互作等因素而不同。水禽（鸭和鹅）属于卵生动物,与哺乳动物相比,其肠道的微生物系统具有特殊性。作者介绍了水禽肠道微生物的建立、肠段不同部位的微生物群结构组成特征及发育性变化,从肠道微生物对水禽生长性能、养分消化吸收的影响,以及与免疫系统的关系3个方面阐述了水禽肠道微生物的主要功能,同时通过饲粮组成、动物体生理状态、外界环境因素、微生物自身因素及互作等4个方面分析了影响水禽肠道微生物的多重因素,并对水禽肠道微生物今后的研究思路及发展方向进行了展望,以期为养殖中饲料配方设计、改善肠道健康、提高生产效益等提供理论依据,从而为从肠道微生物这一崭新靶点精准调控水禽的营养、免疫和生长过程,以及水禽肠道微生物的进一步深入研究提供借鉴。     

人工感染鸭源新城疫病毒对绍鸭β-防御素和细胞因子基因表达的影响

试验旨在探讨人工感染鸭源新城疫病毒（Newcastle disease virus,NDV）对绍鸭β-防御素（avian β-defensins,AvBDs）和细胞因子基因表达的影响。选用45只20日龄SPF绍鸭,随机分为攻毒组（27只）和对照组（18只）,攻毒组采用滴鼻点眼的途径（10^8.38 EID₅₀）接种鸭源NDV强毒株（Md/CH/LGD/1/2005）,对照组接种磷酸盐缓冲液。在攻毒后24和48 h,从对照组及攻毒组各随机取6只鸭屠宰,分别采集肾脏、肺脏、气管、腺胃、骨髓、脾脏、盲肠扁桃体、哈德氏腺、法氏囊9个组织,运用实时荧光定量PCR法检测组织样品中9种AvBDs和细胞因子的表达量;剩余鸭每天持续观察,每隔4 d采血1次,直至24 d,检测血清抗体水平;于攻毒后24、48、72和120 h采集咽喉及泄殖腔拭子,以确定排毒周期。结果表明,感染该NDV毒株后,鸭没有临床发病症状和死亡情况发生;感染后鸭排毒开始于攻毒后第1天,到第5天停止,在攻毒组咽喉及泄殖腔拭子中均检测到NDV。抗体水平检测结果显示,该NDV能够诱导鸭体内产生抗NDV特异抗体。实时荧光定量PCR结果发现,与对照组相比,感染后24 h,部分鸭组织中AvBD1、AvBD2、AvBD5、AvBD6、AvBD9和AvBD16表达量均显著升高（P<0.05）;感染后48 h,AvBD1和AvBD6在部分鸭组织中表达量均显著上调（P<0.05）;感染后48 h法氏囊中白细胞介素6（IL-6）和脾脏中干扰素γ（IFN-γ）的表达量明显低于感染后24 h的表达量。综上所述,该鸭源NDV毒株感染可诱导绍鸭体内在早期产生天然免疫反应,这些反应可能与病毒在机体内复制有关。     

Pathogenicity of a low-virulence duck virus enteritis isolate with apparent immunosuppressive ability

Duck enteritis virus (DEV) was isolated from commercial 2-to-6-wk-old white Pekin ducks experiencing 25%-30% mortality and high morbidity. Secondary infections with Pasteurella multocida, Riemerella anatipestifer, and Escherichia coli were frequently seen in affected ducks. The isolated virus was identical to the prototype DEV by virus neutralization test but differed from the classic DEV by causing lymphoid organ atrophy and inconsistent hemorrhagic lesions in the intestinal annular bands. Attempts to reproduce the disease in white Pekin ducks were unsuccessful until the virulence of the virus was increased by three passages in Muscovy ducklings. Significant thymic atrophy (P < or = 0.001) was detected during the first 10 days postinfection (DPI), but thymus size returned to normal by 17-24 DPI. However, bursal atrophy increased significantly (P < or = 0.001) from 4 DPI until the end of the experiment (39 DPI). Reduction in body weight was significant (P < or = 0.05) between 4 and 6 DPI. There was massive depletion of thymic and bursal lymphocytes with lymphoid necrosis in the thymus, bursa, spleen, and Harderian gland. Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions were observed in thymus, bursa, spleen, esophagus, cloaca, liver, conjunctiva, and Harderian gland. Occasional intracytoplasmic inclusions were also found scattered in the epithelial cells of conjunctiva, esophagus, bursa of Fabricius, and cloaca. Virus was recovered from experimentally infected ducks from thymus, bursa, spleen, liver, kidneys, trigeminal ganglion, and cloaca during the first 10 days of infection. These findings suggest that a low-virulent DEV can cause a massive lymphoid atrophy and can sustain immunosuppression as noted by the secondary bacterial infection.     

Pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of H5N1 subtype isolated in Thailand for different poultry species

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype have caused several rounds of outbreaks in Thailand. In this study, we used 3 HPAI viruses isolated in Thailand in January 2004 from chicken, quail, and duck for genetic and pathogenetic studies. Sequence analysis of the entire genomes of these isolates revealed that they were genetically similar to each other. Chickens, quails, domestic ducks, and cross-bred ducks were inoculated with these isolates to evaluate their pathogenicity to different host species. A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/04 (H5N1), an HPAI virus isolated in Japan, was also used in the chicken and quail studies for comparison. All four isolates were shown to be highly pathogenic to chickens and quails, with 100% mortality by 10(6) EID50 inoculants of the viruses. They caused sudden death in chickens and quails within 2-4 days after inoculation. The mean death times (MDT) of quails infected with the Thai isolates were shorter than those of chickens infected with the same isolates. Mortality against domestic and cross-bred ducks ranged from 50 to 75% by intranasal inoculation with the 10(6) EID50 viruses. Neurological symptoms were observed in most of the inoculated domestic ducks and appeared less severe in the cross-bred ducks. The MDTs of the ducks infected with the Thai isolates were 4.8-6 days post-inoculation. Most of the surviving ducks infected with the Thai isolates had sero-converted until 14 dpi. Our study illustrated the pathobiology of the Thai isolates against different poultry species and would provide useful information for improving control strategies against HPAI.     

Viral nucleoprotein localization and lesions of Newcastle disease in tissues of indigenous ducks

Localization of Newcastle disease viral nucleoprotein and pathological lesions was evaluated in tissues of 55 indigenous ducks (45 experimentally infected and 10 sentinel ones). In addition, ten Newcastle disease infected chickens were used to ensure that the virus inoculum administered to the ducks produced the disease in chickens, the susceptible hosts. Ducks were killed on day 1, 4, 8 and 14 post-infection. Post-mortem examination was done with six tissues (liver, spleen, lung, caecal tonsils, kidneys and brain) being collected from each bird. The tissues were preserved in 10% neutral formalin for 24 h. They were then transferred to 70% ethanol for histology and immunohistochemical staining. Airsacculitis, necrotic splenic foci, congested intestines, lymphoid depleted caecal tonsils and focal infiltrations by mononuclear cells were the main pathological lesions in infected ducks. Over 28.9% of the infected ducks had Newcastle disease viral nucleoprotein in macrophage-like large mononuclear cells in the caecal tonsils and kidney tubular epithelium. The viral antigens were located in the cytoplasm and nucleolus of the cells. The other organs had no detectable viral antigens. This study shows that the kidneys and caecal tonsils are the likely predilection sites for the virus in ducks. They thus need to be considered as diagnostic indicators for the viral carriage in ducks.     

不同毒力番鸭呼肠孤病毒在番鸭免疫器官的分布和排毒

探讨番鸭呼肠孤病毒强毒株和弱毒株在番鸭免疫器官中的分布和排毒的差异。结果显示强毒株在感染后1d就可在脾脏、法氏囊、胸腺检出病毒RNA,高峰期为攻毒后7～14d;直到感染后35d,在免疫器官中不能检测到病毒RNA。接种强毒株后7d开始向外界排毒,而14d后停止向外界排毒。雏鸭免疫弱毒疫苗后3d,即可在脾、胸腺、法氏囊中检出病毒RNA;高峰期为攻毒后7～14d,免疫后21d免疫器官中的检测逐渐降低,直到感染后28d,在免疫器官中不能检测到病毒RNA。表明番鸭接种活疫苗后7d开始向外界排毒,而11d后停止向外界排毒。     

中药茜草对鸭肠炎病毒感染鸭免疫器官病理损伤的影响

为探究中药茜草对鸭肠炎病毒感染所致鸭免疫器官组织病理损伤的影响,将30日龄健康三穗麻鸭随机分成给药组(中药干预)、模型组(病毒感染组)和对照组,经相应处理后于处理66、90和114 h时扑杀,采集相关组织和血清样本进行病原核酸PCR扩增、免疫器官指数测定、血清生化指标检测和病理组织切片观察.结果 显示:与模型组相比,给...