论如何确定适当的保护水平

适当的保护水平(ALOP)是世界贸易组织(WTO)实施卫生和植物卫生措施协定(SPS协定)中提出的概念,是WTO领域和国际植保公约(IPPC)领域非常重要的概念,是各国检疫部门进行检疫决策时涉及的一个关键因素,SPS协定将其定义为:制定     

三唑磷残留的膳食摄入与风险评估

以FAO/WHO农药残留专家联席会议(JMPR)提出的农药残留膳食摄入和风险评估原理及方法为基础,引入食物摄入量调整系数、急性风险安全界限和消费者保护水平,建立了适用于我国现阶段技术及数据积累水平的膳食摄入风险和消费者保护水平评估方法。基于现有的三唑磷残留试验数据,计算得到国家估计每日摄入量(NEDI)、国家估计短期摄入量(NESTI)及风险商(RQ)。结果表明,我国各类人群的三唑磷慢性膳食摄入风险均属于不可接受水平,RQ值达2.1~6.2;其在苹果、甘蓝、稻米和小麦粉中的残留还具有不可接受的急性膳食摄入风险,RQ值分别为14.2~34.3、8.2~17.0、2.9~4.7和2.8~4.0。通过计算理论最大每日摄入量(TMDI)和理论最大短期摄入量(TMSTI)评估了现有最大残留限量(MRL)标准对消费者的保护水平。结果显示,我国现有的7项三唑磷 MRL 标准对2~10岁人群慢性膳食摄入风险的保护均未达到可接受水平,消费者保护水平(CPL)只有0.6~0.8;甘蓝、节瓜、柑橘和苹果中的 MRL 标准对儿童(4~6岁)和成人(30~44岁)以及荔枝中的 MRL 标准对儿童的急性风险保护也未达到可接受水平, CPL 分别只有0.2~0.4、0.3、0.1~0.2、0.1~0.2和0.6。建议:将柑橘(果肉)和荔枝(果肉)的 MRL 值分别修订为0.02和0.05 mg/kg;调整三唑磷在水稻上使用的良好农业规范(GAP),延长其安全间隔期至60 d;撤销三唑磷在十字花科蔬菜、节瓜及苹果上的使用登记,并将其在蔬菜、苹果及其他未登记使用的动植物产品中的 MRL 标准设定为0.01 mg/kg或其检出限附近;同时对三唑磷的违规使用应进行重点监管。     

甘肃省农村居民环境意识影响因素分析——基于年龄、性别、文化水平群体的分析

环境意识是环境保护的思想基础,其水平的高低直接影响着人们环保行为的自觉程度。因此,甘肃省农村生态环境的保护及改善与农村居民的环境意识水平息息相关,其中,认清甘肃省农村居民的环境意识影响因素,分门别类地开展有针对性的宣传与教育工作,提高相关群体环境保护的意识和能力是关键。文章通过问卷调查法,对甘肃省农村居民的环境意识现状进行了调查与分析,并在此基础上运用综合得分法来分析年龄、性别、文化水平这三个因素对农村居民环境意识的影响,结果显示:居民的环境意识水平随年龄的增长有提高的趋势;男性群体的环境意识水平高于女性群体;环境意识水平随文化水平的提高而提高;环保行为与环保知识掌握程度、环境认知程度存在不一致性。     

西部信息化发展水平的区域差异研究

本文从信息化设施水平,信息产业水平和信息资源水平三方面来认识区域信息化水平,进一步对西部各省市的信息经济效用水平进行了定量估算。最后对西部区域信息化的总体水平进行综合评价,采用Kohonen神经网络算法进行分类,将整个西部划分为五个信息化发展类型区,进而分析区域信息化差异的空间特征,并简单探讨了西部各省市信息化发展的对策。     

新疆各城市城市化水平比较研究

城市化是经济、社会发展的产物,越来越引起广泛的关注。因而,对城市化发展进行客观、综合评价就显得十分必要。本文通过构建新疆各城市城市化水平指标体系,使用层次分析法(AHP)以及德尔菲法(Delphi)来确定各指标的权重,采用多指标综合评价模型对新疆19个城市的城市化水平作出比较评价。依据评价结果,对新疆各城市的城市化水平作了阶段性分析,找出了各阶段的变化特点及各城市的发展状况。据此,总结了新疆城市化发展的特点,并提出了各个城市应看清楚各自城市的优势和差距,以利于其在城市发展方面扬长避短,充分利用西部大开发提供的各方面优惠政策,制定相应对策促进其经济、社会、环境的全面发展。     

兰州市城市化水平与耕地面积变化的定量研究

通过一系列的实证资料,确定了区域城市化水平评价指标体系。运用主成分分析方法计算了兰州市1994-2004年城市化水平,并对兰州市耕地面积与城市化水平的关系进行了相关分析,发现兰州市城市化水平与耕地面积之间具有显著的线性相关关系,在此基础上建立了二者之间的线性回归模型:Y=1.506-0.04X。最后提出了解决加快城市化进程与耕地面积减少矛盾的几点建议。     

近30年宝鸡市城市化水平与城市生态安全的定量关系研究

首先运用综合评价法对宝鸡市近30年的城市化水平进行了测度,然后运用生态安全综合指数法对宝鸡市城市生态安全进行了定量评价,最后对两者进行了相关分析和多元回归分析。结果表明:最能体现城市化发展水平的"城市现代化水平"因子与城市生态安全之间存在着极强的正相关关系,城市现代化水平的发展是城市生态环境变好的主要影响因子。结合宝鸡市生态环境仍处于不安全状态、存在诸多问题的现状,提出了协调"加快城市化进程"和"良化城市生态环境"之间关系的三点建议。     

2011年粮食最低收购价

为保护农民种粮积极性,进一步促进粮食生产发展,经国务院批准,决定适当提高主产区2011年生产的水稻和小麦最低收购价水平。2011年生产的早籼稻、中稻籼稻、粳稻最低收购价分别提高到每50公斤102元、107元、128元,比2010年分别提高9元、10元、23元。     

农田水利设施供给水平多维评价研究——来自陕西、河南、宁夏、山东调研数据的验证

构建包括管理能力、渠系建设、机井建设、配套设施建设4个方面12个指标的农田水利设施供给水平评价体系,采用因子分析法对所调研的4个省(自治区)进行测算,并运用Tobit模型对影响农田水利设施供给水平的因素进行分析。研究得出:农田水利设施的供给水平整体较低,各省(自治区)的供给水平存在较大差异;保障性供给能力因子、完善性供给能力因子及激励性供给能力因子超过了平均水平,而基础性供给能力因子、发展性供给能力因子低于平均水平。     

对修改《农药管理条例》的几点拙见

《农药管理条例》(以下简称《条例》)自1997年颁布实施以来,全国的农药管理工作逐步走上了正规化、法制化的道路,对保证农药产品质量、保护农业、林业生产和生态环境安全起到了极为重要的作用。但是,随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的不断完善、我国社会经济发展水平的不断提高和人     

Procedures for the settlement of disputes concerning phytosanitary measures

The situation regarding the resolution of phytosanitary disputes has changed considerably with the introduction of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on SPS Measures and the approval of the 1997 revised IPPC by the 29th FAO Conference. In understanding the issues involved in dispute settlement, it is helpful to consider: a general outline of dispute resolution procedures; the problems inherent in the mechanics of dispute settlement and the technicalities of phytosanitary measures in resolving phytosanitary disputes; the current means of resolving phytosanitary disputes, including the use of consultation and a committee of experts, as described in the 1997 revised IPPC, and the dispute settlement body of the WTO; the ways of dealing with the problems, including consideration of the level and nature of the dispute, the international character of such disputes, the nature of the decision (recommendatory or binding), the organization of the resolution system and the systems available. It is suggested that the Interim Commission on Phytosanitary Measures could take a role in this area, with a committee on dispute resolution that considered dispute resolution procedures, to aid parties in dealing with the difficulties involved in the resolution of phytosanitary disputes.     

2018年我国农业植物产地检疫和调运检疫情况分析

产地检疫和调运检疫分别从产地和调运环节管控农业植物检疫性有害生物随植物及其产品传播扩散风险,是我国农业植物检疫工作的重要组成部分.在我国全面免征国内植物检疫费后,产地检疫和调运检疫的工作任务加重,给整个植物检疫系统,特别是基层植物检疫机构提出了更高的工作要求.为了摸清我国农业植物产地检疫和调运检疫的基本情况,本文系统收...     

利用Monte-Carlo模拟再评估梨火疫病病菌随水果果实的入侵风险

以梨火疫病随进境苹果果实传入的可能性为例，利用Monte-Carlo模拟方法评估有害生物的入侵风险。按照4种不同场景分别建立B分布来拟合入境水果中感染梨火疫病的比率，利用Pert分布拟合进口量。模拟表明，在4种场景下，最可能出现病害的时间分别为4702、3458、216和105年，在第4种场景即对入境苹果果实无任何检疫要求的情形下，出现发病的最少年份为14年。结果表明，传入风险随入境数量的增加而增加。     

Preliminary account of the phytosanitary status of stone-fruit trees in Lebanon

Investigations were carried out in the main stone-fruit growing areas of Lebanon to assess the phytosanitary condition of commercial orchards. The presence of virus and virus-like diseases and their identification was ascertained through: (i) field surveys, (ii) sap transmission to herbaceous hosts, (iii) graft transmission to woody indicators; and (iv) ELISA and IEM tests. The mean infection level was 25%. ranging from 5% in apricot to 45% in cherry. The following viruses were identified: apple chlorotic leaf spot trichovirus (ACLSV), prunus necrotic ringspot (PNRSV) and prune dwarf (PDV) ilarviruses. Plum pox potyvirus (PPV), apple mosaic ilarvirus (ApMV), and six nepoviruses tested for (SLRV, TBRV, RRV, CLRV, ArMV and ToRSV) were not encountered.     

小麦矮腥黑穗病(TCK)传入中国及其定殖的风险分析研究进展

由Tilletia controversa Kühn (TCK) 引起的小麦矮腥黑穗病是对小麦危害极大的一种病害。国际上有15个国家包括中国把其列为检疫对象。基于中美小麦贸易和检疫的需要，对小麦矮腥黑穗病在我国传入和定殖的风险研究一直是两国科学家的研究热点。本文系统介绍了此病害在风险分析方面的研究进展。     

PM 8/1 (2) Potato

Specific scope

The purpose of this Standard is to recommend to EPPO Member countries the phytosanitary measures which they should use or require for seed and ware potatoes moving in international trade to prevent the introduction and spread of quarantine pests. Farm‐saved seed is not covered because it is not grown under an official certification scheme and should not be traded. The recommended phytosanitary measures for A1 pests are addressed to all EPPO Member countries and those for A2 pests are aimed at countries where the pest does not occur or is not widely distributed. These recommendations are derived from the phytosanitary measures included in EPPO Standard PM 1/2 (EPPO A1 and A2 Lists), EPPO Standards PM2 (pest‐specific phytosanitary measures, which were withdrawn in 2006) and Pest Risk Analyses (PRAs).

Specific approval and amendment

First approved in 2004‐09. Revised in 2017‐09     

EPPO Council Colloquium on five years of the EU Single Market Loos-en-Gohelle (FR), 1997–09–18

In 1992, EPPO organized jointly with the EU Commission, in Brussels, a Colloquium on the phytosanitary impact of the Single Market (OEPP/EPPO, 1993). This unique undertaking in the harmonization of the phytosanitary regulations of 12 (now 15) countries has now been in place for 5 years, and a further Colloquium was held to review progress. Speakers from the EU Commission, from the NPPOs of Member States, and from the NPPOs of other EPPO countries contributed their views on two main questions: (1) practical implementation of the main new elements of the phytosanitary regime (registration of growers, plant passports, protected zones, inspection at destination); (2) consequences for other EPPO countries and in particular prospects for extending the regime to them through equivalence agreements. The Colloquium concluded that the Single Market has been a success and that the problems which were anticipated by some parties have not materialized. In particular, there has been no increase in new pest outbreaks by comparison with the preceding period, and the costs of applying the new regime have not been excessive. A few practical difficulties persist in some areas of work and will now have to be resolved.     

违规进境植物及其产品检疫处置措施探究

在口岸植物检疫工作中,违规进境植物及其产品因不符合相关要求,不能受理报检,但其又存在检疫风险,这种情况时有发生。对此现有法规"进境检疫"中没有应对的措施。本文通过对国际标准的研究并结合我国植物检疫实践分析,认为可引入"扣留"这一行政强制措施,赋予检验检疫机构在第一时间内掌控检疫物的法定权力,从而实施相应的检疫监管,防止疫情传入。这是对现有检疫处置措施的创新,也有利于进一步完善进境植物检疫法规体系。     

Global internet trade of plants – legality and risks

Internet trade of plants has been investigated in a short study that focused on plants for planting imported into Germany from third countries worldwide. Internet trade of plants may pose a high phytosanitary risk when commodities are infested with non‐native pests including quarantine pests. The offers of 1097 internet traders, in particular non‐European traders, have been checked. One hundred and seventeen consignments of plants were purchased from 70 different internet traders and investigated in detail. As only individual plants were purchased the study shows in particular what is available for purchase to private consumers. The study revealed that 89% of the consignments did not comply with phytosanitary import requirements for one or more reasons. In all these cases the phytosanitary certificate was missing and in 68% of the consignments the customs declaration was missing or wrong. Wrong customs declarations indicate that these internet traders ignored the import requirements or provided incorrect information to the import authorities. Prohibited plants could be easily bought via the internet. In addition, harmful organisms were found in 13% of the consignments and 2% of these were quarantine pests. All consignments that were accompanied by the required phytosanitary certificate issued by the National Plant Protection Organisation of the exporting country (11%) complied with the EU and German, respectively, import requirements.     

Q‐collect: results of a European Union project to improve the status of reference collections important for plant health

The ability of National Plant Protection Organizations (NPPOs) and their affiliated laboratories to quickly and reliably detect and identify organisms is critical for the effective performance of phytosanitary measures. Plant pest diagnostics is also essential to support the phytosanitary certification of consignments of plants and plant products exported from the EU. Access to reference material has been identified as a limitation on the ability of laboratories to develop and validate diagnostic tests and ensure the reliability of diagnostics. The EU FP7 Q‐collect project worked to establish the state of the art of current phytosanitary collections, to identify gaps and propose minimum quality standards, to facilitate access to specimens and to design and build networks of reference collections. The main results of the project are presented in this paper.