体外产气法评价青海高原农牧交错区作物秸秆组合效应

研究采用体外产气法评价了青海高原农牧交错区作物秸秆小麦秸按0,25:75,50:50,75:25,100的比例分别与蚕豆秸、豌豆秸、马铃薯秸和油菜秸两两组合后的发酵产气特性。结果表明,通过作物秸秆间科学的组合搭配能有效提高反刍作物对单一作物秸秆的利用率,且小麦秸分别与蚕豆秸、豌豆秸、马铃薯、油菜秸均以50:50比例组合较为合适;因此,科学地开发利用青海高原农牧交错区作物秸秆类粗饲料是解决该地区反刍家畜粗饲料资源紧缺的有效途径之一。     

体外产气法评价青海地区油菜秸与5种作物秸秆组合效应

本研究旨在采用体外产气法评价青海地区油菜秸分别与小麦秸、蚕豆秸、豌豆秸、马铃薯秸和青贮玉米秸组合的产气发酵特性,以加快该地区作物秸秆类粗饲料的科学利用。试验采集青海省西宁市周边农牧交错区的油菜秸、小麦秸、蚕豆秸、豌豆秸、马铃薯秸等作物秸秆,以牦牛为瘤胃液供体动物,进行油菜秸分别与5种作物秸秆组合的体外产气试验。结果表明:油菜秸秆与其他五种作物秸秆以不同比例搭配组合后,可产生不同程度的正负组合效应,且油菜秸分别与小麦秸、豌豆秸以50∶50比例组合较为合适,与马铃薯秸、青贮玉米秸以25∶75比例组合较为合适,与蚕豆秸以75∶25比例组合较为合适。通过作物秸秆类粗饲料间营养组合互补能有效提高牦牛对单一作物秸秆的体外消化率,为该地区农牧交错带牦牛冷季补饲的粗饲料合理利用提供科学指导。     

秸秆饲料养羊技术应用效果

秸秆饲料主要是指禾本科作物的秸秆和豆科作物秸秆。禾本科作物秸秆主要有玉米秸、小麦秸、稻草等,豆科作物秸秆有豌豆秸、黄豆秸、蚕豆秸等。固原地区的秸秆资源比较丰富,玉米秸、小麦秸和豆类植物是该区的三大作物秸秆,若能充分利用好这些秸秆资源,将会对该区养羊业的发展产生极大的推动作用。秸秆饲料的营养特点是粗纤维含量高,占干物     

秸秆发酵饲料的制作技术

可以制作发酵饲料的秸秆资源十分丰富。收获了粮食后的各类禾本科作物，如麦秸、稻草、玉米秸、高粱秸以及豆科秸秆、薯藤、无毒野草都可以用来做微贮饲料。通过分析表明：豆科秸秆以花生秸为最好，禾本科秸秆以玉米秸秆为最佳。     

各种秸秆饲料在舍饲养羊中应用的效果观察

秸秆饲料主要指禾本科作物和豆科作物秸秆,禾本科作物秸秆主要有玉米秸、小麦秸、稻草等;豆科作物秸秆有黄豆秸、蚕豆秸等,此外还有各种蔓藤。我国的秸秆资源非常丰富,年产量达5.79亿吨,其中玉米秸、小麦秸和稻草秸是我国的3大作物秸秆,其产量达4.39万吨,占所有秸秆的75.8%。     

秸秆饲料养羊技术应用效果

所谓秸秆饲料主要是指禾本科作物的秸秆和豆科作物秸秆。禾本科作物秸秆主要有玉米秸、小麦秸、稻草等；豆科作物秸秆有黄豆秸、蚕豆秸等，此外还有各种蔓藤。     

浅谈秸秆饲料的营养特点

脱谷后的作物茎秆和附着的干叶称为秸秆，如玉米秸、玉米蕊、稻草、谷草、各种麦类秸秆、豆类和花生的秸秧等，来源十分广泛。了解秸籽饲料的营养特点，对于研究开发和利用秸秆资源，提高秸秆饲料的营养价值具有重大经济意义。     

种籽质量

种籽质量是各类草场或作物种植中的一个重要方面。购买良种如同选择正确的繁育品种或栽培品种。在一年的适当时间下播种籽或采用完整的整地方法一样重要。种子的质量可用其遗传的完整性、自然纯度 (不受无所需求物质的影响 )和成活力来测定。1　遗传的完整性这是指种子的“真实标志” ,即生产出与父本植物一模一样的植物。这可通过在播种、生长、收割、加工及包装等整个阶段对种子进行。在澳大利亚 ,“种子鉴定”是为保护和生产有效作物种子和牧草栽培品种而广泛采用的一种方法。这种鉴定对种子鉴定繁育者和购买者都有利。繁育者可获产品的…     

花生秸营养特性的研究

本研究的目的是在全面分析测定花生秸各营养成分含量的基础上，采用瘤胃尼龙袋技术测定山羊对花生秸的瘤胃消化率、瘤胃中停留的最佳时间，为合理调剂和配制饲料提供理论依据．1材料和方法1．1试验材料1．1．1花生秸：采集上年收获的无虫害、无霉变花生秸（包括根基部），自然风干，经粉碎机粉碎，1mm网眼过筛，制成分析样品．1．1．2试验动物：体重约25kg，生理状况正常的装有永久性启胃瘘营的成年马头山羊3只（2旱，1土）．1．2样品的分析测定方法用常规方法测定花生秸等样品的干物质（DM）和粗灰分（Ash），用凯氏定氮法测定粗蛋白（CP…     

饲草作物对土壤健康与农业可持续发展的作用

饲草作物是指为增加土壤肥力,防止土壤侵蚀,累积和保护土层,增加土壤养分和含水率以及提高土壤质量而种植的植物。饲草作物为农田土壤提供了诸多益处,其还有助于增加和维持土壤中的微生物多样性。本文对多种饲草作物对土壤特性的作用,如土壤含水量、土壤微生物的活动、土壤碳固存、土壤硝态氮淋失、土壤水分和土壤健康等进行综述。饲草作物的选择通常取决于其自身对土壤的作用,其他考虑因素还包括天气条件,播种时间,是否为豆科植物以及杀灭饲草作物的时间和方法。研究表明,饲草作物也可用于减缓气候变化,抑制作物中的杂草,增加可交换的营养物质如Mg2+和K+,具有一定的经济性。另外,覆盖作物也会存在一些问题,包括杀灭覆盖作物的方法,其可能成为病原体的寄主,饲草作物的再生性以及短期收益不明显。尽管有一些局限,饲草作物仍被认为可以明显改善土壤整体健康状况,为主栽作物提供可持续的生态环境。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein