Pathophysiological and immune cell responses in calves prior to and following lung challenge with formalin-killed Pasteurella multocida biotype A:3 and protection studies involving subsequent homologous live challenge

Pneumonic pasteurellosis is a common respiratory infection in cattle that has major economic and welfare implications world-wide and the incidence in the UK due to Pasteurella multocida, currently the same as that associated with Mannheimia haemolytica, is increasing. Whereas much is known regarding the pathogenesis of M. haemolytica infections little information is available on the pathogenic process of pasteurellosis initiated by P. multocida. In the present work calf systemic and innate immune responses to intratracheal challenge with formalin-killed P. multocida biotype A:3 and to subsequent experimental lung infection with live P. multocida were investigated. Eight-week-old calves were challenged intratracheally on day 0 with either 10⁹ colony forming units (cfu) of formalin-killed P. multocida biotype A:3 in 300 ml saline (n=10) or 300 ml saline alone (n=10), followed, at day 21, by challenge with 10⁹ cfu live P. multocida. Pathophysiological and lung phagocyte responses were assessed by clinical monitoring, sequential lung lavage and blood sampling. Results for samples obtained before, during and after challenge showed clinical and acute phase protein responses to both bacterial culture and saline control treatments, although higher responses were associated with bacterial challenge. Phagocytosis of P. multocida during 1 h incubation periods with lavaged cells in vitro was unaffected by exposure in vivo to killed P. multocida and there was evidence that P. multocida was able to survive intracellularly during this assay. There was no indication that lung exposure to formalin-killed P. multocida conferred protection against subsequent homologous live challenge.     

致脑膜炎多杀性巴氏杆菌的分离鉴定及全基因组重测序

旨在了解致脑膜炎多杀性巴氏杆菌的生物学特性及其引起脑部感染的生物学基础。本研究从有神经症状的病死猪脑组织中分离鉴定1株多杀性巴氏杆菌SD001,对其开展血清杀菌试验、胞内存活试验、小鼠感染试验,并利用纳米孔测序技术对其进行全基因组测序。SD001相对于猪其他器官中分离的多杀性巴氏杆菌而言表现出更强的抗血清杀菌的能力,其在小鼠巨噬细胞内存活的能力也较强。小鼠感染试验显示,相同剂量的细菌经血液感染后,SD001在小鼠血液和脑组织中的载菌量显著高于猪肺炎型多杀性巴氏杆菌(P ≤ 0.01),并且SD001造成了小鼠脑组织发生炎症等病理损伤,提示SD001可能造成血流感染并引起小鼠脑膜炎。纳米孔测序显示,SD001的全基因组大小约为2.45 Mb,平均GC含量为40.25%,编码2 281个蛋白以及77个RNA;SD001基因组中含有2条CRISPR结构、5个基因岛、7条前噬菌体序列;毒力基因预测结果显示,SD001含有233个毒力基因;基因分型结果显示,SD001为荚膜：LPS：MLST基因型A:L6:ST10。SD001感染可以引起脑膜炎,其较强的抗血清杀菌能力以及能形成血流感染的能力可能是SD001引起脑部感染的重要原因,在兽医临床关于中枢神经系统感染的诊断中应该纳入多杀性巴氏杆菌感染的可能性。     

牛源A型多杀性巴氏杆菌hyaD基因缺失株的构建及其在小鼠上的交叉保护性分析

hyaD为A型多杀性巴氏杆菌荚膜多糖合成相关基因,为探讨该基因对多杀性巴氏杆菌毒力及其免疫保护特性的影响,本研究利用同源重组方法,构建了牛源A型多杀性巴氏杆菌CQ2株（PmCQ2）的hyaD基因缺失株（ΔhyaD）。结果发现,与野生株相比,ΔhyaD的荚膜产生量及其感染后在脏器中的细菌定殖量均显著下降,其毒力显著降低。细胞试验发现,ΔhyaD更易黏附于巨噬细胞,被吞噬数量显著多于野生株,致使巨噬细胞相关炎性因子表达显著上调。hyaD基因的缺失,可调控与荚膜合成、LPS合成转运、铁转运等相关的基因表达显著下调,促使相关保护性抗原基因表达显著上调。以制备的PmCQ2株和ΔhyaD株灭活苗免疫小鼠（加强免疫1次）,免疫后第21天分别采用同源和异源多杀性巴氏杆菌攻毒,ΔhyaD株免疫小鼠肺组织感染后24 h无明显或轻微病理损伤,对牛源A型、B型和F型多杀性巴氏杆菌的免疫保护率分别为100%、100%和80%,对兔源、猪源和禽源A型多杀性巴氏杆菌的免疫保护率分别为90%、100%、100%;而野生株PmCQ2除对牛源A型多杀性巴氏杆菌的保护率在80%以上外,对牛源B型和F型及兔、猪、禽源A型多杀性巴氏杆菌均无明显交叉保护作用。研究结果表明,hyaD基因可通过调控荚膜产生及毒力相关因子表达影响菌株毒力;hyaD基因缺失可调控相关交叉保护性抗原表达,赋予菌株交叉免疫保护特性。该研究为多杀性巴氏杆菌通用型疫苗的研发提供了参考。     

羊源D型多杀性巴氏杆菌感染小鼠脾脏转录组分析

试验旨在探索羊源D型多杀性巴氏杆菌入侵宿主脾脏组织中引发的免疫应答途径。首先利用羊源D型多杀性巴氏杆菌(HN01菌株)感染小鼠,建立羊源D型多杀性巴氏杆菌感染的动物模型;之后利用转录组测序技术获得感染小鼠与正常小鼠的脾脏转录组数据,并使用COG、KOG、eggNOG、GO、KEGG数据库对测序结果中的差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes,DEGs)进行功能注释与分析,同时对于显著富集到关键免疫通路的差异表达基因使用STRING软件和KEGG mapper进行蛋白互作分析,筛选出核心通路中起关键作用的基因;最后选取关键的10个基因进行实时荧光定量RT-PCR验证。转录组分析结果显示,与正常组相比,感染组中筛选出3 380个差异表达基因(P<0.01,log₂|FoldChange|≥0.5),其中1 691个基因上调,1 689个下调。基因功能富集分析结果表明,感染组脾脏中的差异表达基因主要发挥信号转导的功能,其主要参与的生物途径包括细胞因子与细胞因子受体互作通路、趋化因子信号通路、HIF-1信号通路、TNF信号通路。蛋白互作分析筛选出约28个核心差异表达基因,结合实时荧光定量RT-PCR验证后,其中9个基因的表达结果与测序一致,分别是C3、Cd4、Cxcl13、Lck、Gnai1、Grap2、IL-6、Cxcr6及Serping1基因。本研究初步证明了脾脏在抵抗多杀性巴氏杆菌入侵中参与了一系列免疫应答反应,为进一步研究羊源D型多杀性巴氏杆菌与宿主之间相互作用的分子机制奠定理论基础。     

1株多杀性巴氏杆菌的全基因组序列及致病相关基因分析

通过对多杀性巴氏杆菌(Pasteurella multocida)CS株全基因组的毒力基因分析,以期从基因组角度了解P. multocida CS的致病性机理。常规方法分离细菌,并进行毒力鉴定。基于二代测序平台对P. multocida CS进行测序,应用比较基因组学方法将其与GenBank中具全基因组来源于不同地域和宿主的P. multocida基因组进行比较分析。结果显示：猪肺疫病料中分离细菌滴鼻感染小鼠,测得其LD₅₀为5×10² CFU·mL^-1,显示较强毒性。将测序后的P.multocida CS株全基因组信息提交至NCBI,获得登录号SUB11119617。通过对P.multocida CS全基因组序列的分析表明,P.multocida CS株全基因组大小为2 599 048 bp,G+C含量为39.932%,编码CDs为2 580个,占整个基因组长度的69.6%,编码CDs的平均长度为952 bp。此外还有53个tRNA基因和3个rRNA基因。有87.95% 的编码CDs可进行COGs功能分类,29个为功能未知基因。利用RaAXML的最大释然法(maximum likelihood,ML)进行系统进化分析发现,P. multocida CS株与1个猪源性、2个牛源血清A型毒株,和1个猪源性D型毒株有较近的亲缘关系。P. multocida CS株含254个毒力相关基因,分为4大类11小类。其中铁摄取系统、黏附系统、分泌系统和双组分调控系统相关的多个基因在不同的毒株(包括血清型)的分布存在多态性。通过对基因出现频率的分析发现,铁摄取系统相关的tbpA和铁复合物外膜受体蛋白基因(iron complex outer membrane receptor protein gene,irp)以及黏附的相关的ppdD和ompA基因在血清A型出现的频率较高,这是否与不同菌株的毒力差异相关有待进一步证实。P. multocida CS的分泌系统由Ⅰ型(hly基因)、Tat型、Sec-SRP型3种类型组成。其中,hlyD基因在不同的血清型的分布频率存在多态性。P. multocida CS株的双组分信号转导系统(TCSs)由16个调节相关基因,12个感应相关基因和2个有hybrid相关基因。这些基因在不同血清型分布的多态性与不同菌株毒力的关系有待进一步研究。综上所述,组成铁摄取系统、黏附系统、分泌系统和双组分调控系统的基因在不同的血清以及同一血清型内出现频率存在多态性,它们与P. multocida菌株毒力强弱的关系有待进一步研究。     

Role of collagen in adherence of Streptococcus uberis to bovine mammary epithelial cells

We reported previously that pre-incubation of Streptococcus uberis with collagen induced expression of S. uberis surface proteins. In a subsequent study, we showed that incubation of S. uberis with extracellular matrix proteins, particularly collagen, increased adherence and internalization of S. uberis to mammary epithelial cells. In the present report, the potential mechanism by which S. uberis exploits the presence of collagen to enhance adherence to bovine mammary epithelial cells was evaluated. Adherence assays were conducted with S. uberis pre-treated with and without collagen and co-cultured in medium supplemented with or without collagen. Pre-incubation with collagen followed by co-culture in medium containing collagen up-regulated ligands that enhanced adherence of S. uberis to mammary epithelial cells. Collagen-up-regulated ligand(s) also increased adherence of S. uberis to mammary epithelial cells in the absence of collagen, but adherence was lower than when collagen was present during the adherence assay. Chloramphenicol was added to the culture medium to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Adherence decreased significantly in chloramphenicol-treated S. uberis pre-treated or co-cultured in the presence of collagen. These results suggest that S. uberis expresses ligands with affinity for collagen that are up-regulated by collagen. We hypothesize that these ligands increase adherence by using collagen as a bridge between the bacterium and host cell and/or by direct interaction with host cell receptor(s).     

A:L1 ST128型鸭源多杀性巴氏杆菌的耐药性及毒力分析

旨在阐明贵州某规模化鸭场临床疑似鸭霍乱的病原菌耐药性及毒力特征，通过细菌的分离鉴定、多位点序列分型（MLST）、ERIC-PCR同源性分析、药敏试验、动物回归试验、细菌全基因组测序以及基因组局部比较分析对分离株进行系统研究。结果显示，分离得到5株鸭源多杀性巴氏杆菌（PmCW1~5），均为A：L1 ST128型且同源性较高；分离株均对氨苄西林、阿莫西林、左氧氟沙星和林可霉素4种药物耐药，其中PmCW1还对环丙沙星低水平耐药；对强毒株PmCW1的全基因组数据分析显示，PmCW1中存在β-内酰胺类、喹诺酮类、四环素类、大环内酯类和多肽类等耐药基因，同时存在多药外排泵及多药耐药蛋白基因，耐药表型与耐药基因检测结果基本相符；PmCW1中存在的毒力基因总数为201个，主要是脂寡糖/脂多糖（LOS/LPS）、荚膜、黏附因子等编码基因；此外，还检测到IV型菌毛基因（ptfA、comE、hofB、hofC、vfr）、铁摄取相关蛋白基因（ccmABCEF、hgbBC、fur、hscB等）以及部分外膜蛋白基因（ompP5等）等；PmCW1具有典型的A：L1型多杀性巴氏杆菌的特征。综上表明，本研究分离得到的ST128型鸭源多杀性巴氏杆菌目前鲜有报道，对其耐药性及毒力的研究可为鸭霍乱的临床用药及疫苗研发提供理论依据。     

Release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from bovine alveolar macrophages stimulated with bovine respiratory viruses and bacterial endotoxins

The release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) from cultured bovine alveolar macrophages (BAM) was evaluated following stimulation of BAM with bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), Escherichia coli 0111:B4 endotoxin, Pasteurella haemolytica type 1 endotoxin, Pasteurella multocida endotoxin, and virus/endotoxin combinations. A cytotoxic assay system using Georgia bovine kidney cells as targets was used to measure TNF- activity. The cytotoxic activity was neutralized by an anti-human TNF- monoclonal antibody.

Stimulation of BAM with 1 median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID₅₀) of live or ultraviolet (UV)-inactivated PI-3 virus/cell resulted in release of TNF- in significantly (P<0.05) higher amounts than sham-induced BAM. The quantities of TNF- released after live or UV-inactivated BHV-1 or BRSV induction were not significantly higher than sham-induced BAM. E. coli 0111:B4, P. haemolytica type 1 and P. multocida endotoxins stimulated TNF- release in a dose-dependent manner. Sequential exposure of BAM to 1 TCID₅₀ per cell of either live BHV-1, PI-3 virus or BRSV and then 5 μg ml⁻¹ of either E. coli 0111:B4, P. haemolytica type 1 or P. multocida endotoxin caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in detectable TNF- in seven of nine virus/endotoxin combinations tested, when compared with 5 μg ml⁻¹ of endotoxin alone. Parainfluenza-3 virus/endotoxin combinations stimulated higher TNF- release when compared with other virus/endotoxin combinations. Five out of six test animals had serum-neutralizing antibodies to PI-3 virus, one out of six had serum-neutralizing antibodies to BHV-1, and two out of six had serum-neutralizing antibodies to BRSV, suggesting a possible relationship between serum neutralizing antibodies and TNF- release from in vitro cultivated BAM.     

A longitudinal study of serological patterns of respiratory infections in nine infected Danish swine herds

Sixteen litters of seven pigs from each of nine Danish farrow-to-finish herds were followed to investigate the serological patterns caused by natural infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida toxin and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 2, 5–7, 12. In seven of the herds, pigs were followed as two separate cohorts started 4 weeks apart, and in two herds only one cohort was followed.

A total of 999 pigs were included in the study. The pigs were blood sampled at weaning and subsequently every fourth week until slaughter. All pigs were examined for antibodies against M. hyopneumoniae (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), P. multocida toxin (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 2, 5–7, 12 (complement-fixation tests). The most-common pattern (28%) of seroconversion was that of pigs first seroconverting to A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2, followed by seroconversion to M. hyopneumoniae. Each herd had a dominant serotype of A. pleuropneumoniae to which most pigs seroconverted. Seroconversion to the respiratory pathogens occurred mainly in the growing-to-finishing units (8–24 weeks). The risk of seroconversion to the P. multocida toxin was very low (<20%) and occurred late.

None, four and seven herds tested seropositive to PRRS and to swine influenza virus subtypes H3N2 and H1N1, respectively, when testing 10 pigs per herd (selected randomly among the study pigs) at the age of 20 weeks.     

牛溶血性曼氏杆菌及牛荚膜A型多杀性巴氏杆菌灭活疫苗对小鼠的保护性研究

牛溶血性曼氏杆菌及牛荚膜A型多杀性巴氏杆菌是导致牛呼吸道疾病（bovine respiratory disease,BRD）的重要细菌性病原,每年给养牛业带来巨大的经济损失,目前对其疫苗研究仍显不足。本研究选用牛溶血性曼氏杆菌（Mannheimia haemolytica,Mh） Mh422株和牛荚膜A型多杀性巴氏杆菌（Pasteurella multocida,Pm） PmCQ2株作为疫苗菌株,分别制备了2种菌体浓度的Mh和Pm单价灭活菌苗及3种菌量配比（1∶1、2∶1和3∶1）的Mh-Pm二联灭活苗,以小鼠为模型,皮下多点免疫（0.2 mL）,加强免疫2次,免疫剂量均为首免的一半。首免后第7天及其后每隔5 d,小鼠尾静脉采血分离血清,ELISA方法检测抗体效价,三免后第20天,分别以Mh422或PmCQ2进行腹腔攻毒测定免疫保护效果。结果显示,所有小鼠接种疫苗均无不良反应,二免后第10天抗体达较高水平,三免后抗体水平持续升高,第15天到达高峰,其后25 d维持高水平,后缓慢下降。Mh单菌苗的2种免疫剂量对Mh422株攻毒的免疫保护率均为0,而Pm单菌苗的2种免疫剂量对PmCQ2株攻毒的免疫保护率全为100%;Mh和Pm间无交叉免疫保护作用;3种菌量配比的Mh-Pm二联疫苗对Mh422株和PmCQ2株攻毒的各自免疫保护率分别为53%～71%和100%。该研究结果表明,所制备的Mh422单菌苗对同型攻毒无免疫保护作用,在诱导机体抗体产生方面,Mh和Pm间无相互抑制作用,PmCQ2株具有促进Mh422株灭活疫苗对Mh422的免疫保护作用,这为牛溶血性曼氏杆菌和牛多杀性巴氏杆菌二联疫苗的进一步研究提供了理论基础。     

Transmission of pathogenic respiratory bacteria to specific pathogen free pigs at slaughter

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the transmission of pathogenic respiratory bacteria to thirteen 5-month-old specific pathogen free (SPF) pigs, during the slaughtering process in a commercial slaughterhouse. Before transportation, the SPF pigs and the lorry were checked to confirm the absence of pathogenic respiratory bacteria.

Nine SPF pigs (group 1) were in contact in a conventional slaughterhouse with finishing pigs, during 4 h before slaughtering. Four SPF pigs (group 2) were slaughtered immediately at arrival in the slaughterhouse.

Five bacterial pathogens (Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus parasuis and Streptococcus suis) were detected by PCR, after slaughtering, from nasal cavities, tonsils and trachea in the two groups of pigs. Lung samples were PCR negative. Three and four bacterial species were isolated from the pigs of group 2 and group 1, respectively. Cultures were negative from the lungs.

All the bacterial species present in the SPF pigs were detected by PCR. P. multocida was isolated, from three samples of scalding water before the onset of slaughtering.

Our results suggest that the SPF pigs became contaminated mainly by the slaughterhouse environment and the scalding water. Histological examinations revealed that during scalding, contaminated water could reach the trachea and the lungs of pigs. Checks conducted at slaughter for respiratory disorders have to be carried on, but nasal cavities and tonsils are not appropriate for bacteriological investigations. Moreover, bacteriological results obtained from the lungs of slaughtered pigs have to be used with carefulness.     

Adherence of streptococcal isolates from cattle and horses to their respective host epithelial cells

Adherence of Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolates from cattle and S equi isolates from horses to their respective host epithelial cells was compared with the adherence of S pyogenes to human epithelial cells. The adherence was quantitatively determined by use of fluorescein-labeled streptococci. All 3 streptococcal species adhered selectively to their respective host cells. The mechanism of adherence was evaluated by binding studies with adhesive plasma protein, fibronectin. Although all 3 streptococcal species bound fibronectin, S dysgalactiae and S equi interacted preferentially with a 210-kilodalton (kD) C-terminal fragment of fibronectin, whereas S pyogenes bound only a 29-kD N-terminal fragment. A synthetic peptide Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser, representing the host cell attachment site of fibronectin, partially inhibited the binding of fibronectin and of its 210 kD fragment to S dysgalactiae, but not to S equi. The binding of fibronectin and its 29-kD fragment to S pyogenes was not inhibited by Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser. These differences in binding activities corresponded to the ability of fibronectin to mediate the adherence of the streptococci to the epithelial cells: fibronectin strongly inhibited the adherence of S pyogenes and S equi to the epithelial cells, but only weakly inhibited that of S dysgalactiae.     

羊源多杀性巴氏杆菌重组酶聚合酶扩增诊断方法的建立

为建立适用于羊源多杀性巴氏杆菌的重组酶聚合酶扩增（RPA）诊断方法,本研究依据前期测序鉴定的羊源多杀性巴氏杆菌KMT1基因序列构建pET-28a （＋）-KMT1质粒标准品。设计基于RPA技术的特异性引物及RPA荧光探针,建立实时荧光RPA方法的最适反应体系。采用10倍梯度连续稀释的质粒标准品检测该RPA方法的敏感性并绘制相关性曲线;以10种不同菌株的基因组DNA为模板验证方法的特异性;用感染多杀性巴氏杆菌的山羊及小鼠组织样品对方法的可靠性进行验证。结果显示,本试验建立的实时荧光RPA方法最适反应温度为39 ℃,最佳引物为KMT1-Fe1,灵敏度达100拷贝/μL,检测下限为10拷贝/μL。与大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、副伤寒沙门氏菌、副溶血弧菌、绿脓杆菌、产酸克雷伯菌、布鲁氏菌S2株和鲍曼不动杆菌均无交叉反应。对13个组织样本进行检测,阳性率为76.9%,与实时荧光定量PCR检测结果的符合率达92.3%。综上所述,本研究建立的羊源多杀性巴氏杆菌实时荧光RPA方法具有特异性强、灵敏度高、可靠、快速便捷等特点,适用于多杀性巴氏杆菌的临床分子诊断。     

猪多杀性巴氏杆菌的分离鉴定及oppA基因遗传进化分析

【目的】了解福建省猪场猪多杀性巴氏杆菌（Pasteurella multocida,Pm）的流行及oppA基因遗传进化情况。【方法】本研究采用细菌分离培养、生化试验、16S rRNA PCR扩增测序、PCR荚膜分型、oppA基因克隆及相似性分析、动物回归试验等方法对分离菌株进行鉴定和分析。【结果】本研究共分离到10株菌,分离菌在血平板上形成淡灰白色、湿润光滑、奶油露珠状菌落;分离菌株能酵解蔗糖、果糖、麦芽糖和甘露醇,不能分解葡萄糖、枸橼酸盐、乳糖、硫化氢等,与多杀性巴氏杆菌生化特性基本一致;分离菌株16S rRNA序列与GenBank中登录的多杀性巴氏杆菌相似性达99.9%以上,10株分离菌均为多杀性巴氏杆菌;PCR荚膜分型显示,6株分离菌为荚膜A型,4株为荚膜D型;基于oppA基因的遗传进化树显示,10株分离菌均位于同一分支内;动物回归试验结果显示,在24 h内攻毒小鼠死亡率较高（21/30）,分离菌有较强的致病力。【结论】福建省猪场猪多杀性巴氏杆菌流行菌株的荚膜血清型主要是A和D型,且大部分菌株都来源于共同的祖先,本研究结果丰富了猪多杀性巴氏杆菌的流行病学资料,并为该病的防控奠定基础。     

Variability in germination and in temperature and storage resistance among Paenibacillus larvae genotypes

There are several methods for cultivation of Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB) in honey bees. Protocols for detection of sub-clinical levels of the bacterium from honey and bee samples include heat treatment of samples. The main objective of this study was to investigate if there is variability in temperature resistance among P. larvae genotypes, potentially leading to biased diagnose and disease monitoring. The variation in germination and proliferation ability among type collection (N = 4) and field isolates (N = 4) of P. larvae representing four different genotypes was investigated. Results demonstrate a significant variability between P. larvae genotypes in germination rate on solid media as well as in endospore resistance to heat treatment and storage. It is concluded that strains of different genotypes should be included in evaluation of standard laboratory protocols for cultivation of P. larvae to avoid bias in disease monitoring and quantification of the pathogen.     

猪多杀性巴氏杆菌皮肤坏死毒素亚单位蛋白的制备及免疫原性研究

为获得针对猪萎缩性鼻炎主要病原体——多杀性巴氏杆菌皮肤坏死毒素的高免疫原性抗原，本试验构建、表达并验证该毒素的亚单位蛋白抗原，将猪多杀性巴氏杆菌毒素PMT基因与pMD19-T载体进行连接、转化，经序列分析鉴定后，分别使用BamH Ⅰ、Hind Ⅲ与Blp Ⅰ限制性内切酶将其酶切为3个基因片段。将片段1（Tox1）、片段2（Tox2）和片段3（Tox3）分别亚克隆至原核表达载体pET32-b、pET32-a和pET32-b中，构建3个重组表达载体。将重组表达载体转化E.coli BL21（DE3）感受态细胞，经IPTG诱导后，分别进行SDS-PAGE与Western blotting检测，并使用小鼠与豚鼠初步研究其免疫原性。结果显示，构建的3个基因片段长度分别为776、409与410 bp，与GenBank中相关序列具有高度同源性；3个蛋白片段表达正常，表达量分别达到379.95、447.62与459.82 μg/mL，SDS-PAGE验证条带分别为75、77与53 ku；因3个片段位置不同，仅Tox3有Western blotting检测条带，与理论预测相符；使用3种表达蛋白免疫小鼠与豚鼠后，二免后14 d，血清经试剂盒检测阳性率达到100%，对二免后14 d小鼠攻毒保护率达到93%。本研究成功构建了PMT的3个亚单位活性片段，且具有较好的免疫原性。     

The C-terminal variable domain of LigB from Leptospira mediates binding to fibronectin

Adhesion through microbial surface components that recognize adhesive matrix molecules is an essential step in infection for most pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we report that LigB interacts with fibronectin (Fn) through its variable region. A possible role for LigB in bacterial attachment to host cells during the course of infection is supported by the following observations: (i) binding of the variable region of LigB to Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in a dose-dependent manner reduces the adhesion of Leptospira, (ii) inhibition of leptospiral attachment to Fn by the variable region of LigB, and (iii) decrease in binding of the variable region of LigB to the MDCK cells in the presence of Fn. Furthermore, we found a significant reduction in binding of the variable region of LigB to Fn using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Finally, the isothermal titration calorimetric results confirmed the interaction between the variable region of LigB and Fn. This is the first report to demonstrate that LigB binds to MDCK cells. In addition, the reduction of Fn expression in the MDCK cells, by siRNA, reduced the binding of LigB. Taken together, the data from the present study showed that LigB is a Fn-binding protein of pathogenic Leptospira spp. and may play a pivotal role in Leptospira-host interaction during the initial stage of infection.     

苜蓿假盘菌与苜蓿叶片亲和性互作的超微结构特征

从细胞角度揭示苜蓿假盘菌与苜蓿叶片亲和性互作机制。以两者亲和性互作系统为研究材料,利用透射电子显微镜技术研究了苜蓿假盘菌与苜蓿叶片亲和性互作的超微结构特征。结果表明,病菌侵入寄主组织后,菌丝直接穿透寄主细胞壁进入寄主细胞形成胞内菌丝,以胞内生长并向相邻细胞扩展。病菌菌丝穿透寄主细胞壁时,菌丝中的液泡给予了较大的压力帮助其穿透。进入寄主细胞内的病菌菌丝,被内陷的寄主原生质膜包裹,菌丝与质膜始终是隔离的,寄主原生质膜和细胞壁之间沉积电子致密度深的物质。病菌菌丝不断地在寄主原生质膜区域扩展,伴随菌丝体在寄主细胞内的不断扩大,周围的原生质膜也相应扩大其面积,但始终将寄主原生质与菌丝体隔开,而脱离质膜的菌丝形成菌丝鞘包裹。随侵染程度的增加,未被穿透的寄主原生质膜区域逐步被降解。病菌侵染叶绿体等细胞器时,首先是菌丝鞘与叶绿体等细胞器膜相连,然后降解其基粒片层结构,被降解的细胞器组织沿菌丝和胞壁周围沉积。侵染后期,菌丝胞内和胞外扩展,但处在细胞降解物中的菌丝显示较厚的细胞壁,寄主细胞内充满了大量的黑色物质和结晶状的颗粒物。     

牛源坏死梭杆菌43K外膜蛋白的黏附特性研究

旨在明确牛源坏死梭杆菌43K OMP的黏附特性。将43K OMP基因克隆连接至pET-32a载体,转化入大肠杆菌BL21 DE3中,通过IPTG诱导进行原核表达,应用黏附试验、天然蛋白竞争试验、抗体抑制试验和蛋白酶水解试验,明确牛源坏死梭杆菌43K OMP的黏附性,同时将纯化的重组蛋白和提取的天然43K OMP与牛子宫内膜细胞和牛乳腺上皮细胞共孵育,观察43K OMP对细胞的黏附作用。结果显示：43K OMP基因克隆到pET-32a载体中,随后在大肠杆菌BL21 DE3以包涵体形式成功表达;携带重组质粒(H2019)的大肠杆菌经IPTG诱导后,与空载体对照相比,与宿主细胞的结合显著增强(P<0.05);天然43K OMP与细胞共孵育后,黏附细胞的细菌数量显著降低(P<0.05);H2019与43K OMP多抗或单抗预孵育后,显著降低黏附宿主细胞的细菌数量(P<0.05);经不同浓度蛋白酶K处理H2019后,黏附细胞的细菌数量显著降低(P<0.05),且与蛋白酶K浓度呈现剂量依赖关系。同时,43K OMP天然蛋白和重组蛋白能黏附于牛子宫内膜细胞和乳腺上皮细胞表面。...     

Role of complement S protein (vitronectin) in adherence of Streptococcus dysgalactiae to bovine epithelial cells.

The binding of bovine complement S protein (vitronectin) to Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolates from cattle with mastitis and the S protein's role in streptococcal adherence to bovine epithelial cells were investigated. All 25 clinical isolates of S dysgalactiae interacted with bovine S protein. None of the other streptococcal species tested bound to bovine S protein. The S protein-binding sites were saturable and highly sensitive to trypsin. The binding of bovine S protein to S dysgalactiae isolates was specific and could not be inhibited by other plasma proteins, such as fibronectin, albumin, fibrinogen, alpha 2-macroglobulin, or IgG. Similarly, streptococcal binding of bovine S protein was not influenced by the synthetic peptide Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser, which constituted the host cell attachment sequence of S protein. In adherence experiments, prior binding of bovine S protein to S dysgalactiae enhanced streptococcal adherence to bovine epithelial cells. The enhancing effects by bovine S protein were abolished when the respective binding sites on the streptococci were digested by trypsin. Thus, bovine S protein could be an important mediator of adherence of S dysgalactiae to bovine epithelial cells.