我国家禽新城疫病毒流行基因型分析

新城疫病毒(NDV)为RNA病毒,突变频率高,已进化出21种基因型.NDV强毒株引起的新城疫(ND)对我国养禽业造成巨大威胁.疫苗株与流行株基因型的不匹配导致疫苗效果不佳,影响了ND的防控.NDV可感染多种家禽,在不同宿主中流行的NDV基因型不同.目前,缺乏对我国家禽中NDV流行基因型的系统分析,影响了针对不同家禽ND...     

非典型性新城疫与大肠杆菌混合感染的诊制

新城疫（ND）的病原是新城疫病毒（NDV），虽然只有一个血清型，其抗原性也一致，但毒力差异较大。传统疫苗对流行毒株有一定保护力，但近年来免疫鸡群非典型性新城疫不断发生。目前，在生产中几乎所有的商品鸡均多次使用ND疫苗，但免疫鸡群仍屡次发病。更重要的是，近几年来火肠杆菌病与非典型新城疫的混合感染在养鸡场中广泛发生．     

鸡非典型性新城疫与大肠杆菌病混合感染的诊治

新城疫 (ND)是威胁我国养鸡业的主要传染病 ,病源是新城疫病毒 (NDV) ,虽然NDV只有一个血清型 ,其抗原性一致 ,但毒力差异较大 ,传统疫苗对流行毒株有一定保护力 ,且保护力在 55%以上 ,近年来新城疫的发生和流行日趋增加 ,我国自 1 996年以来也数次出现典型性新城疫的暴发。在生产中几乎所有的商品鸡均多次使用ND疫苗 ,但免疫鸡群仍屡次发病 ,因此 ,控制和减少免疫鸡群中ND强毒感染与传播成为我们鸡病防制工作中亟待解决的问题。奎屯及周边地区的养鸡户中也时常暴发鸡新城疫 ,这些发病鸡都做过ND免疫 ,发病多以非典型性新城疫为主 ,且…     

如何防控强毒新城疫

2005年11月到2006年5月份,我市及周边县市养鸡户在已经接种H5亚型禽流感灭活疫苗的产蛋鸡群、育成鸡和未接种H5亚型油苗的肉鸡群、雏鸡群中,普遍发生了一种发病急、死亡快、死亡率3%到30%、后期出现神经症状的疫病,经山东农业大学动物医学院专家确诊为强毒新城疫(ND)。该病若与H9亚型禽流感并发感染,死亡率可达90%,与大肠杆菌、支原体混感时,死淘率可达40%。康复鸡群产蛋恢复相当缓慢,损失相当严重。根据哈尔滨兽医研究所曹殿军(2004年)研究证实,我国现在流行的NDV主要以基因Ⅶ型NDV为主,同时存在我国特有的基因Ⅸ型NDV感染,他对采自全国24个省市的91株NDV分析指出,基因Ⅶ型占51株,基因Ⅸ型占9株,基因Ⅵ型占15株,基因Ⅱ型占9株。如此严重的强毒NDV流行,再加上高致病性禽流感的消极影响,给我们养鸡业造成沉重打击。如何防控强毒ND已经成迫在眉睫的问题,笔者根据所掌握的资料及近年来防治ND方面取得的成功经验,加以总结,供同行参考。     

鸡新城疫流行毒株与标准毒株的交叉免疫保护试验

新城疫(ND)是由新城疫病毒(NDV)引起的禽类的一种以呼吸道、消化道黏膜出血为典型症状的急性传染病,是危害养禽业的重要的疫病之一。近年来,随着新城疫活苗和油乳剂灭活苗的广泛应用,禽类典型新城疫的发病率越来越少,但是在免疫鸡群发生非典型ND却越来越普遍,给养鸡业造成很大经济损失。针对免疫鸡群中非典型ND的普遍发生,学者们众说纷纭,有的认为存在超强毒,有的认为存在一种新型病原,有的认为由于并发症如大肠杆菌病的发生,使本来不能致病的疫苗株变成致病株,还有的观点是免疫失败所致。为了探索病因,西北农林科技大学禽病研究室2000年从ND免疫鸡群中分离了一株ND强毒株,     

RT-PCR对新城疫病毒强弱毒株的快速鉴定

根据新城疫病毒(NDV)F蛋白基因结构的特点及强、弱毒株F蛋白基因裂解位点的序列差异设计了4条引物,并将其配成3对引物,采用RT-PCR试验对来自鸡和七彩山鸡的9株NDV野毒分离株,F48E8和LaSota 2株标准强、弱毒株进行了快速鉴定;并将RT-PCR鉴定结果与NDV常规致病性试验结果进行了比较。结果表明,RT-PCR试验能够快速将11个参试毒株区分为强毒株和弱毒株,其结果与传统致病性试验测定结果基本一致,该方法可以用于ND的快速诊断和强、弱毒株的快速鉴定。     

基因VII型新城疫的研究进展

新城疫(Newcastle disease,ND)是由新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus,NDV)引起的鸡和多种禽类的急性高度接触性传染病,呈败血症经过.目前,基因VII型新城疫病毒分布最为广泛,危害最为严重.新城疫因致病毒株不同,所引起的症状和病变等亦有很大差异.眼下国内很多流行的强毒株大多属...     

用RT-PCR方法监测湖南某肉鸡场鸡群新城疫强毒感染

应用RT PCR方法对弱毒疫苗免疫 7d后的鸡群进行NDV强毒的感染监测。每 7天采一批样品 ,共采 3批样品 ,从每一批样品中都检测到NDV强毒株的存在 ,证实免疫鸡群感染了NDV强毒     

新城疫病毒分子生物学（待续）

新城疫病毒（Newcastle disease virus ,NDV)是副粘病毒属的成员，属单股负链RNA病毒，由该病毒引起的新城疫（ND）是世界性分布的疾病，对养禽业危害极大，为了更深入地研究NDV的致病机理，免疫机理以及新城疫的特异性诊断和预防，国内外在NDV分子生物学研究方面做了大量工作，取得了较大进展。     

一步法RT-PCR快速检测鸡新城疫病毒强毒株

本文参照NDV融合蛋白(F)基因序列设计引物,通过一步法RT-PCR扩增到NDV强毒株的170bp大小的特异条带。试验中未检出NDV弱毒株、IBV、AIV、IBDV的RNA,能够检出NDV尿囊液毒的最低滴度为10-5稀释度(相当于103.7EID50病毒量)。对山东省不同地区于1997至2003年所分离的21个NDV强毒株检测全为阳性,而6个NDV弱毒株全为阴性。整个实验操作从病毒核酸提取到判定结果,在5h内即可完成。实验结果表明,该方法特异、敏感,适用于强毒感染鸡群的快速检测     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。