乳牛衣原体性流产的病原鉴定及免疫原性研究

对采自甘肃、陕西和宁夏奶牛场的发生不明原因流产乳牛病料进行了间接血凝试验（IHA）、PCR、病原分离鉴定和MOMP基因检测，证实病原为鹦鹉热衣原体（Chlamydia psittaci）。对分离株Sx5和Nx进行毒力稳定性和免疫原性测定，用鸡胚连传20代，SX5和NX株的毒力比较稳定，毒力效价分别为10^-11ELD50和10^-10ELD50；用这2株菌对小鼠和牛做免疫效力试验，结果显示，免疫鼠5／5和5／5保护，对照鼠0／5保护；免疫牛3／3和3／3保护，对照牛0／3保护。表明，SX5和NX株具有良好的免疫原性，可以作为疫苗研制的候选菌株。     

Identification of rumen microbial biomarkers linked to methane emission in Holstein dairy cows

Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions is relevant for reducing the environmental impact of ruminant production. In this study, the rumen microbiome from Holstein cows was characterized through a combination of 16S rRNA gene and shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Methane production (CH₄) and dry matter intake (DMI) were individually measured over 4–6 weeks to calculate the CH₄ yield (CH₄y = CH₄/DMI) per cow. We implemented a combination of clustering, multivariate and mixed model analyses to identify a set of operational taxonomic unit (OTU) jointly associated with CH₄y and the structure of ruminal microbial communities. Three ruminotype clusters (R1, R2 and R3) were identified, and R2 was associated with higher CH₄y. The taxonomic composition on R2 had lower abundance of Succinivibrionaceae and Methanosphaera, and higher abundance of Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae and Lachnospiraceae. Metagenomic data confirmed the lower abundance of Succinivibrionaceae and Methanosphaera in R2 and identified genera (Fibrobacter and unclassified Bacteroidales) not highlighted by metataxonomic analysis. In addition, the functional metagenomic analysis revealed that samples classified in cluster R2 were overrepresented by genes coding for KEGG modules associated with methanogenesis, including a significant relative abundance of the methyl-coenzyme M reductase enzyme. Based on the cluster assignment, we applied a sparse partial least-squares discriminant analysis at the taxonomic and functional levels. In addition, we implemented a sPLS regression model using the phenotypic variation of CH₄y. By combining these two approaches, we identified 86 discriminant bacterial OTUs, notably including families linked to CH₄ emission such as Succinivibrionaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Rikenellaceae. These selected OTUs explained 24% of the CH₄y phenotypic variance, whereas the host genome contribution was ~14%. In summary, we identified rumen microbial biomarkers associated with the methane production of dairy cows; these biomarkers could be used for targeted methane-reduction selection programmes in the dairy cattle industry provided they are heritable.     

新疆地区奶牛子宫内膜炎病原菌的分离鉴定及其对抗菌药的敏感性试验

通过细菌形态学和细菌生化特性,分离和鉴定了新疆地区患子宫内膜炎的21头奶牛子宫分泌物中的病原菌分别为蜡样芽孢杆菌(24.5%)、非溶血性链球菌(18.4%)、大肠杆菌(14.3%)、溶血性链球菌(10.2%)、表皮葡萄球菌(10.2%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(10.2%)、胎儿弯曲菌(10.2%)和不动杆菌等.其中革兰氏阳性菌检出率较高(73.5%).子宫内膜炎病原菌以单一菌株感染为主(47.6%).采用Kirby-Barer法测定了鉴定菌株对13种抗微生物药的体外药物敏感性.链球菌、大肠杆菌和葡萄球菌对氨苄西林不敏感,而对卡那霉素和庆大霉素敏感性较高;大肠杆菌对青霉素和氨苄西林全部耐药(100%),对四环素和多西环素耐药率较高(均为83.3%);溶血性链球菌对青霉素和四环素全部耐药,对链霉素耐药率为80%;相对而言,表皮葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药率较低;氟喹诺酮类对各种分离菌株比较敏感.     

Identification of plasma and hepatic parameters related to metabolic robustness in dairy cows

Blood plasma and hepatic parameters were identified that describe the differences between metabolically robust or vulnerable dairy cows grouped according to their past health status. Data from a field study on dairy cows were used from which metabolically challenged dairy cows were selected that had a milk fat percentage of >4.5 mg/g and a fat to protein ratio of >1.5 in their previous early lactation. The selected cows were either classified as metabolically robust or vulnerable based on the occurrence of various metabolic and (re)production disorders in their previous lactations. Blood and liver tissue samples were collected in week 3 ante partum (a.p.) (-3 wk), in week 4 (+4 wk) and in week 13 (+13 wk) post-partum (p.p.). Plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones and mRNA expression of genes involved in metabolic pathways in the liver were used as variables for a two-group discriminant analysis (DA). Average discriminant scores (centroids) were different (p < 0.05) in -3 wk, +4 wk and in +13 wk. In -3 wk, significant variables that best explained the differences between metabolically robust and vulnerable cows were parity, plasma triglycerides, glucose and mRNA abundance of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2). In addition, based on the classification matrix, 69% of the dairy cows were correctly classified. In +4 wk, identified significant parameters were parity, plasma glucose and urea, and 67% of the cows were correctly classified. In +13 wk, significant variables that explained the differences between the groups were parity, mRNA abundance of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain 1 and CPT1, and 66% of the cows were correctly classified. In conclusion, the identified variables may distinguish from metabolically challenged cows, those cows that had a poorer health performance in their previous lactations.     

Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus chromogenes isolates from intramammary infections of dairy cows

Staphylococcus chromogenes is a highly prevalent species in subclinical mastitis with a well-established impact on somatic cell count. Few data are available on its antimicrobial susceptibility. The objective of this study was three-fold: (1) to evaluate simple identification tests by comparing them with a genomic method; (2) to determine minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of different antibiotics; (3) to search for the presence of important resistance mechanisms and resistance-determining genes.Seventy-three staphylococcal strains, all collected on different dairy farms, were tentatively identified as S. chromogenes based on their lack of hemolysis and their characteristic intermediate DNase activity. The identification of 70 strains was confirmed as S. chromogenes by tRNA intergenic spacer PCR (tRNA PCR). Three strains were identified as S. sciuri, a species that is naturally cloxacillin- and lincomycin-resistant.All 70 S. chromogenes strains were found to be normally susceptible to neomycin, gentamicin, erythromycin, enrofloxacin, and to penicillinase-stable penicillins and cephalosporins, represented in this study by cloxacillin. The latter result was confirmed by the absence of the mecA gene in each of 13 strains in which this gene was searched for. Twenty-seven (38%) strains were penicillinase producers. Three lincomycin-resistant S. chromogenes strains were found to carry the linA gene.It was concluded that S. chromogenes can be identified reliably in routine mastitis bacteriology, and that the only resistance of importance is against penicillinase-susceptible penicillins.     

Identification of aesculin-hydrolyzing streptococci, lactococci, aerococci and enterococci from subclinical intramammary infections in dairy cows

Aesculin-hydrolyzing, catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci isolated from subclinical intramammary infections in dairy cows were identified to species level using growth characteristics and biochemical activity. The results indicated that the aesculin-hydrolyzing cocci associated with this type of infection are a very heterogenic group. S. uberis strains, including inulin- or beta-glucuronidase-negative isolates, accounted for only about one-third of the collection, and Enterococcus faecalis strains for one-fifth. Other species of some importance included (in descending order of isolation frequency) Aerococcus viridans, Streptococcus pluranimalium, Lactococcus garvieae, Streptococcus bovis and Streptococcus gallolyticus.     

4例奶牛剖腹产的技术探讨

难产是奶牛常见的产科病之一.难产发生以后,施行剖腹产手术是一种重要的救治手段. 如能慎重选择病例、早期进行手术,成功率很高.2001年4～6月份,山东农业大学兽医院进行牛剖腹产手术7例,笔者亲自参加4例,发现了救治过程中的许多复杂的难点问题和意外事故,对广大兽医临床工作者有重要的指导意义.在此,把临床实践与剖腹产技术理论相结合 ,深入探讨,总结经验教训,以供广大同仁借鉴.     

奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)

本文简要介绍奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的概念、症状、诊断及预防。     

Echocardiographic measurement of cardiac valvular thickness in healthy cows,cows with bacterial endocarditis,and cows with cardiorespiratory diseases

ObjectiveTo determine valvular thickness in healthy cows, cows with bacterial endocarditis, and cows with various cardiorespiratory diseases.Animals40 healthy Holstein adult cows (CONTROL), 6 adult cows with confirmed bacterial endocarditis (BE), and 10 cows with other cardiorespiratory disorders (NONBE).MethodsProspective study using right transthoracic echocardiographic examination in CONTROL, BE and NONBE cows. The valvular thicknesses of all cows were assessed in four different locations for all cardiac valves, and the maximal value was used for further analysis.ResultsThe mean [±standard deviation (SD)] maximal thicknesses of the tricuspid, mitral, aortic, and pulmonary valves in the CONTROL group were 0.69 ± 0.10 cm, 0.85 ± 0.21 cm, 0.72 ± 0.17 cm, and 0.58 ± 0.12 cm, respectively. The maximal valvular thicknesses were less than 0.97 cm for the tricuspid, less than 0.91 cm for pulmonary, less than 1.05 cm for the aortic, and less than 1.28 cm for the mitral. In BE cows, the maximal valvular thickness of affected valves (median: 4.22 cm; range: 2.52–6.97 cm) and non affected valves (median: 0.75 cm; range: 0.45–1.52 cm) were significantly different (P = 0.0004). The maximal valvular thicknesses of the NONBE valves as well as the unaffected valves in the BE group were not significantly different compared to the CONTROL group valves.ConclusionsUsing the mean ± 2SD formula for each valve in healthy cows, a thickness of tricuspid, mitral, aortic or pulmonary valves greater than 0.85 cm, 1.27 cm, 1.06 cm or 0.82 cm respectively should raise the suspicion of valvular bacterial endocarditis.     

应用牛冷冻胚胎对秦川系受体牛移植的效果

应用进口加拿大牛冷冻胚胎解冻后对秦川系受体牛进行移植，共解冻6个品种的胚胎175枚，解冻后直接移植给161头受体牛，妊娠83头，移植妊娠率51.6%。其中灵台点移植32头，妊娠20头，移植妊娠率达62.5%。     

Subclinical mastitis of beef cows

Two beef cow herds were investigated to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and to determine whether it contributed to decreased weaning weight of calves nursed by affected cows. Quarter samples obtained about 30 days after calving were evaluated by the California mastitis test and by direct microscopic cell count. In 1 herd, a 92-cow confinement operation, 17 quarters of 12 cows were infected with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp other than agalactiae, or Klebsiella sp. Mean 205-day adjusted weights were 203.9 kg and 218.2 kg for calves nursed by infected vs noninfected cows. In the other herd, a 75-cow range-pasture operation, 8 quarters of 8 cows were infected, all with S aureus. Mean 205-day adjusted weights were 162.5 kg and 174.6 kg for calves nursed by infected vs noninfected cows.