施用方式对赤红壤坡地上污泥铜随径流迁移的影响

研究了以撒施、撒施+草和穴施方式施用于赤红壤坡地上污泥中的Cu在人工降雨条件下随径流的迁移情况。结果表明,污泥撒施后的前期(1d和18d)径流中混匀样总Cu(MTCu)、静置样总Cu(STCu)、颗粒态总Cu(TPCu)、悬浮态总Cu(TSCu)和可溶性总Cu(TDCu)浓度和流失量均达到峰值,其中MTCu、STCu浓度和流失量峰值分别为1674.9μg·L-1、105.4μg·L-1和21.59mg·m-2、1.32mg·m-2,分别是穴施和撒施+草对应峰值的4.2～13.7倍和5.4～24.9倍;此后Cu浓度和流失量均逐渐降低。与撒施相比,撒施+草径流中各形态Cu浓度和流失量削减率可分别达72.8%～91.7%和91.4%～97.1%,穴施对应削减率则可分别达78.2%～89.9%和68.6%～82.9%。撒施、撒施+草和穴施MTCu径流流失系数分别为0.83%、0.03%和0.26%,穴施和撒施+草均可有效防止污泥Cu的流失,但以撒施+草效果最好。颗粒相Cu是Cu流失的重要形式。     

污泥对赤红壤坡地磷素随地表径流流失的影响

在人工模拟降雨条件下,研究了污泥施用量对赤红壤坡地磷随径流流失的影响.结果表明,污泥撒施1d后的径流中混匀样总磷(MTP)、静置样总磷(STP)、颗粒态总磷(TPP)、悬浮态总磷(TSP)和可溶性总磷(TDP)浓度均达到峰值.撒施(60 t/hm~2)对应峰值分别为4.22,1.58,3.84,1.20,0.38 mg/L.为撒施(120 t/hm~2)对应峰值的40%～96.8%,此后撒施径流磷索浓度呈递减趋势,施用量引起的撤施径流磷素浓度差异逐渐变小.模拟试验期内,随污泥用量的增加,撒施径流磷素平均浓度不同程度随之升高.但撒施径流磷素流失量未必随之升高;污泥用量对穴施径流磷索浓度和流失量无明显影响.撒施径流46.0%～67.8%MTP和62.2%～74.6%STP流失量发生在污泥施用前期(1d和18d)径流中.MTP径流流失系数依次为撒施(60t/hm~2)>撒施(120t/hm~2)>穴施(120t/hm~2)>穴施(60t/hm~2).颗粒态磷是磷随径流流失的主要形式.     

不同污泥施用量条件下赤红壤坡地水土流失特征的研究

研究了人工模拟降雨条件下不同污泥施用量对赤红壤坡地上水土流失特征的影响。结果表明:污泥撒施后的前期(1d和18d)径流中,各施用量处理的径流颗粒物浓度及流失量均达到峰值,撒施60t/hm2对应峰值分别为4517.0mg/L和79.3g/m2,为撒施120t/hm2对应峰值的83.8%和96.7%,此后撒施60t/hm2径流颗粒物浓度和流失量不同程度高出撒施120t/hm2处理,是同期对应值1.1～4.1倍。模拟试验期内,撒施60t/hm2径流量是撒施120t/hm2同期指标的1.2～2.3倍,撒施污泥用量越低,径流累积产生量和颗粒相(颗粒物和悬浮物)累积流失量越高,但污泥用量对穴施上述指标并无明显影响。     

不同施用方式下酸性土坡地污泥氮素随径流迁移的研究

研究了以撒施和穴施方式施用于酸性赤红壤坡地上的污泥氮素在人工降雨条件下随径流的迁移情况。试验结果表明,污泥撒施后24 h径流中TN、TDN、TPN和NH4 -N的浓度和流失量最高,其中TN浓度为57.0 mg/L,TN流失量为1 086.5 mg/m2,占撒施TN累积流失量的70.6%,分别是穴施对应峰值的6.0倍和2.4倍,此后浓度和流失量均逐渐降低。穴施径流中氮素及撒施NO3--N浓度与流失量则呈先上升后逐渐下降趋势。撒施和穴施TDN/TN累积流失量分别为38.7%和65.0%,NH4 -N是TDN流失的主要形式(≥55.7%)。控制颗粒物流失是防止氮流失的重要内容,此外,污泥氮素在土壤中的转化及污泥对坡地土壤理化性状的改变均影响着径流中氮的迁移。     

不同坡度坡耕地土壤氮磷的流失与迁移过程

采用人工模拟降雨试验研究不同坡度的土壤侵蚀程度,分析了土壤养分在不同坡度(5°,10°,15°,20°,25°)随坡面径流流失及水分入渗向下迁移的动态变化过程和机制。结果表明,在恒定降雨强度下,初始产流10min内,产流产沙量随时间迅速递增,随后缓慢增加并逐渐趋于稳定,总产流量大小为15°10°20°5°25°;10°总产沙量最大,15°和20°总产沙量相近,5°和25°总产沙量接近。不同坡度条件下总产流量和总产沙量随坡度的变化趋势均可用二次函数拟合,相关系数R2为0.65。10°~15°坡度之间存在一个对径流中养分浓度变化有显著影响的转折点。硝态氮在湿润层内的迁移过程用幂函数描述,铵态氮在湿润层内的浓度变化用三次多项式拟合,速效磷浓度在湿润层内随深度变化并不明显;硝态氮、铵态氮总流失量随坡度的变化趋势符合二次多项式变化,相关系数R2分别为0.91和0.77。20°时水溶性磷流失总量最大,为15°坡面的1.61倍。径流中初始养分浓度主要受养分在径流中溶解度的影响,在产流后期,土壤流失量对径流养分浓度的影响程度加大。     

三峡库区紫色土旱坡地不同坡度土壤磷素流失特征研究

以三峡库区紫色土旱坡地为研究对象,采用野外径流小区观测方法,研究了三峡库区旱坡地不同坡度下土壤磷素的流失特征。结果表明,地表径流量和侵蚀泥沙量都随着坡度的增大而增大,且径流量和泥沙量是先增大后减小,最后趋于稳定。地表径流和侵蚀泥沙中磷素的流失量均呈17°>9°>4°的趋势。地表径流中,颗粒态总磷流失量是水溶态总磷流失量的1.50～1.51倍。全磷主要吸附在泥沙中流失,磷素随泥沙的流失量占总流失量的85.0%～94.1%。研究结果为三峡库区旱坡地磷素的管理提供理论依据。     

三峡库区王家沟小流域不同坡度土壤氮素流失特征研究

采用野外径流小区观测方法,研究了三峡库区王家沟小流域旱坡地不同坡度土壤氮素的流失特征。结果表明:①旱坡地不同坡度小区土壤氮素流失量总体不大,单场降雨侵蚀泥沙氮素流失量最大值为189.06 mg/m2,而在地表径流中仅为28.12 mg/m2,侵蚀泥沙氮素流失量明显高于地表径流氮素流失量,最大差异达到16.8倍,差值随着坡度的增大有减少的趋势;坡度越大,地表径流氮素和侵蚀泥沙氮素的流失量也越大,呈现出小区17°>9°>4°的趋势;铵态氮流失量明显低于硝态氮流失量,4°、9°、17°小区地表径流硝态氮流失量较铵态氮流失量分别高出3.2、3.6、4.0倍,说明硝态氮较铵态氮更易于流失,且随着坡度的增大差异增大。②不同坡度小区地表径流量、侵蚀泥沙流失量与降雨量均存在显著的线性正相关(P<0.05),且随着坡度的增大地表径流量与降雨量的相关系数在增大,侵蚀泥沙流失量表现则相反,这可能与土壤母质、作物生长等情况有关。     

三峡库区不同坡度石灰土坡耕地磷素流失特征

[目的]研究石灰土坡耕地在不同坡度下的磷素流失规律,以期为三峡库区农业面源污染的防治和水资源保护提供基础数据。[方法]在三峡库区香溪河流域坡耕地修建径流小区进行原位人工降雨试验,在雨强1.5mm/min时,分析10°,15°和20°这3种坡度下坡耕地的径流量、泥沙浓度,以及地表径流中总磷、颗粒态磷,泥沙中总磷、速效磷浓度的变化趋势,并对径流泥沙进行无机磷分级试验。[结果]坡度越大,地表径流量、径流总量、泥沙流失量越大,初始产流时间越短,但坡度对径流中泥沙流失浓度的影响不显著;不同坡度下径流中总磷(TP)、颗粒态磷(PP)浓度都随着产流时间逐渐变小最后趋于平衡,其中径流中TP主要以PP形式流失,达到80%以上;泥沙中磷素流失主要以无机态磷为主,无机磷分级试验表明被植物高效利用的有效态磷和缓效态磷占无机磷总量的54.1%~57.8%。[结论]坡度主要通过影响地表径流总量和径流携带的泥沙总量而影响磷素流失总量,石灰土坡耕地磷素流失主要以径流泥沙携带为主。     

坡面氮素流失的坡度和雨强效应模拟研究

为了研究坡面径流和壤中流中全氮(TN)的流失特征,探索坡度和雨强对TN流失的影响,以风化花岗岩母质发育的土壤为研究对象,选定坡度(5°,8°,15°,25°)和降雨强度(60,90,120,150mm/h)作为可变量,采用原状土搬迁的方式,在室内设计的径流槽上进行人工模拟降雨试验,设计试验降雨时长为坡面径流产流后90min,壤中流水样收集延续直至无出流为止。结果表明:(1)坡面径流TN流失浓度在产流初期快速下降,随雨强的减小或坡度的增大而增大,产流后期浓度趋于稳定且差距不大。(2)壤中流TN流失浓度均明显高于坡面径流,其流失过程规律为"上升—下降—略有上升—平稳",总体上随雨强的减小或坡度的增大而增大。(3)坡面径流和壤中流的TN流失量均随雨强或坡度的增大而增大。壤中流是坡面TN流失的主要途径,流失比例可达91.26%~99.61%。坡面径流中TN流失量占坡面TN总流失量的比例随雨强的增大而增大。(4)雨强、流量与坡面径流、壤中流TN总流失量均呈极显著正相关,而坡度只与壤中流TN总流失量呈显著正相关。(5)在雨强90mm/h与120mm/h之间存在一个临界雨强,超过这个临界雨强,坡面径流TN流失量及其占总流失量的比例都会大幅上升。     

坡度对坡面土壤矿质氮素水蚀流失负荷的影响

坡度是影响坡面水土流失和土壤养分流失过程的重要因素。室内模拟降雨试验表明,当坡长一定时,不仅土壤侵蚀量存在一个“侵蚀临界坡度”,土壤矿质氮流失量随坡度变化也存在一个“养分流失临界坡度”。试验测定这2个临界坡度均在15°～20°之间。土壤矿质氮地表流失以随地表径流流失为主,约占总流失量的99%。坡面矿质氮总流失量的96%为硝态氮,硝态氮对径流中矿质氮总量的贡献率明显高于在侵蚀泥沙中的贡献率。采取一定的截流措施是控制坡面矿质氮流失的关键。     

基于NIR-SVM对鸭梨褐变病果的识别

本文针对水果内部品质评定分类存在主观性强和一致性差的特点,提出了一种新的鸭梨褐变识别分类方法,该方法是利用近红外光谱仪获取正常鸭梨和褐变鸭梨近红外光谱并对其进行分析的基础上,应用支持向量机(SVM)算法的识别原理建立正常鸭梨和褐变鸭梨的分类识别模型。在多项式核函数下对试验样品的识别准确率为95%。研究结果表明NIR-SVM用于对于鸭梨褐变病果的无损检测识别是可行的。     

遥感监测介电常数与土壤含水率关系模型

为了获取大范围地表土壤水分时空分布信息,该文开展了微波辐射计/散射计监测介电常数与土壤体积含水率之间的关系研究。微波观测的信号与目标的介电常数密切相关,而土壤含水率是决定土壤介电常数的决定性因素,这是利用微波遥感监测土壤水分的物理基础。该研究针对土壤介电常数到土壤水分之间的转换问题,利用Dobson半经验模型建立模拟数据库,用建立的模拟数据库对Hallikainen关系式进行最小二乘回归法标定,建立了适用于微波辐射计SMOS(频率1.4GHz)、AMSR-E(频率6.9GHz)和微波散射计ERS-WCS/METOP-ASCAT(频率5.3GHz)监测的介电常数到土壤体积含水率转换的简化模型。利用模拟数据和实测数据的联合验证结果表明,简化模型具有良好的精度和实用性。     

Growers problems with hydroponics

Growers problems with production of vegetables in soilless cultural systems are primarily caused by nutrient deficiencies or toxicities that may not necessarily be due to improper preparation of the nutrient solution. Pythium fungus disease on the roots has caused crop failures of tomatoes and cucumbers in NFT during warm weather.     

Nitrate Dynamic in a Tropical Mollisol Amended with Organic Manures,Planted with Sweet Corn,and Monitored with SPAD Readings

Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of relative chlorophyll content (RCC) in sweet corn leaves as an indicator of nitrate concentration in soil. Study objectives were (1) to evaluate the effect of manure types (chicken and dairy), rates (0, 168, 336, and 672 kg ha^?1 equivalent N), and application frequency (one and two applications) of organic amendments on (a) nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) concentration within and below the crop root zone and (b) the RCC of sweet corn leaves and (2) to quantify the relationship between RCC and NO₃-N concentrations. The results showed a significant increase in NO₃-N concentrations within and below the root zone and plant leaf RCC under chicken manure treatments. Manure application rates and frequency had a significant effect on both NO₃-N concentration within and below the root zone and leaf RCC. It appears that leaf RCC can be used as an indicator of NO₃-N availability for sweet corn cultivated under the study conditions.     

利用雨水对半干旱地区覆膜春小麦有限灌溉的研究

在宁夏南部山区对春小麦集雨补充灌溉研究表明,春小麦全生育期覆膜栽培能有效地抑制土壤蒸发,大幅度增加产量,提高水分利用率。在覆膜春小麦拨节期灌水30mm产量可增加371.1kg/hm²,水分利用率提高11.2%,拨节期是地膜春小麦集雨节灌最佳补水时期。地膜春小麦拨节期1次供水30、60、90和120mm,与不灌水相比,小麦籽粒产量均有大幅度增加,增幅分别为23.4%、68.7%、105.5%和98.3%。分析认为,覆膜春小麦1次补灌水量以60mm为宜     

Biochemical traits associated with growing sorghum genotypes with saline water in the field

Abstract

This study was aimed to determine biochemical traits related to higher phytomass production in sorghum genotypes irrigated with saline water. It was also attempted to consider whether or not forage yield production under non-saline conditions could be used as an index for for the selection of high yielding genotypes of sorghum under saline conditions. Forty-five sorghum genotypes were grown under field conditions using saline water or normal irrigation water in two growing seasons in Yazd, Iran. It appeared that salinity tolerance in sorghum genotypes, in addition to local adaption, was highly related to forage yield as well as some biochemical traits as carotenoid concentration, catalase activity, and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio. The screening method based on biochemical traits appeared to be applicable for identification of the salt-tolerant genotypes.     

Biological response of rats fed with tofu treated with high hydrostatic pressure

Emerging technologies for food preservation have arisen in recent years, such as high-pressure (HP) hydrostatic treatment, and the biological response for this kind of food preservation is not well-known. Forty female rats (six weeks old) were used in the experiment to evaluate the biological effects of HP treatment of tofu. The animals were divided into groups that were fed with tofu (untreated), tofu treated with HP, and conventional food (as control) for 28 days. The glucose level, mineral content (calcium, potassium, zinc, and magnesium), shinbone maximum shear force, weight of the body, and weight of organs (heart, liver, spleen, and kidneys) were analyzed. The biological response for the rats was that significant differences were found in the calcium amount determined on the serum of the rats fed with untreated tofu and those fed with tofu treated with HP, and the calcium amount was lower on the rats fed with tofu treated with HP. Also, there were significant differences in the weight of the liver, and it was lower in the rats fed with tofu treated with HP. It was quite remarkable how the weight of the body and organs were smaller in the rats fed with tofu in comparison to the weight of the control rats. In the other components assayed no significant differences were found. HP produces a potential effect on tofu as it is observed in the rats response to the tofu treated with HP.     

Rice bran fermented with saccharomyces boulardii generates novel metabolite profiles with bioactivity

Emerging evidence supporting chronic disease fighting properties of rice bran has advanced the development of stabilized rice bran for human use as a functional food and dietary supplement. A global and targeted metabolomic investigation of stabilized rice bran fermented with Saccharomyces boulardii was performed in three rice varieties. Metabolites from S. boulardii-fermented rice bran were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and assessed for bioactivity compared to nonfermented rice bran in normal and malignant lymphocytes. Global metabolite profiling revealed significant differences in the metabolome that led to discovery of candidate compounds modulated by S. boulardii fermentation. Fermented rice bran extracts from three rice varieties reduced growth of human B lymphomas compared to each variety's nonfermented control and revealed that fermentation differentially altered bioactive compounds. These data support that integration of global and targeted metabolite analysis can be utilized for assessing health properties of rice bran phytochemicals that are enhanced by yeast fermentation and that differ across rice varieties.     

Nitrogen leaching losses under crops fertilized with biowaste compost compared with mineral fertilization

The effect of compost fertilization compared with mineral fertilization on N leaching to the groundwater was investigated in six plots of a long‐term field experiment and a lysimeter station on a Molli‐gleyic Fluvisol (WRB) near Vienna, Austria. The plots investigated included two treatments with compost fertilization (16 and 23 t ha^–1 y^–1, respectively, on average of 11 y), two treatments with mineral N fertilization (41 and 56 kg N ha^–1 y^–1, respectively), and two treatments with combined fertilization (9 t compost + 56 kg N ha^–1 y^–1 and 23 t compost + 22 kg N ha^–1 y^–1, respectively). Nitrogen leaching to the groundwater as determined using ceramic suction cups was not increased after 11 y of compost fertilization with higher amounts than used in practical farming (23 t ha^–1 y^–1, corresponding to an annual input of 205 kg N_tot ha^–1) as compared to mineral fertilization under the conditions of the experiment. Even intensive N mineralization during a 4‐month period of bare fallow did not cause pronounced differences between the fertilization treatments. The results suggest that in the pannonic climate, compost fertilization does not pose a risk for groundwater eutrophication on the medium term.