测试部位对猕猴桃近红外光谱响应特性的影响

应用近红外光谱漫反射技术,采集猕猴桃赤道附近不同测试部位的近红外光谱,对不同测试部位的平均吸光度和噪声进行差异性分析,对不同测试部位的近红外光谱波峰位置、不同波长处的吸光度以及近红外光谱糖度定量分析模型的预测精度进行了单因素方差分析.同一猕猴桃在赤道附近的不同测试部位,其近红外光谱平均吸光度及噪声的波动性较小,波峰位置差异不显著;同一猕猴桃在相同的波峰位置处,不同测试部位的吸光度差异不显著.越是靠近长波近红外区,吸光度的相对标准偏差越大,但是从总体上看,不同波长位置、不同测试部位吸光度的离散度都不大;用不同测试部位的光谱所建立的糖度定量分析模型检测精度差异不显著.猕猴桃赤道附近不同测试部位的近红外光谱都可以用来分析整个猕猴桃的品质.     

基于高光谱成像技术的残留氯吡脲猕猴桃无损识别

利用近红外高光谱技术,依据施药猕猴桃和空白猕猴桃中氯吡脲残留量不同、有机成分含量不同,进行了2类猕猴桃的无损识别技术研究。首先进行2类猕猴桃的田间试验,获得具有代表性的猕猴桃样品,然后通过近红外高光谱设备扫描样品,获得每个样品的近红外高光谱图像并输出每个样品平均反射光谱值,最后进行2类猕猴桃的无损识别。结果表明,PCA-LDA(主成分分析-线性判别分析)和支持向量机(SVM)2个数学模型的正确识别率都是94.4%;施药样品氯吡脲的残留量为0.03 mg/kg,空白样品的氯吡脲残留量为0 mg/kg;总糖、总酚、维生素C、可滴定酸、17种氨基酸、8种微量元素等有机成分含量存在一定的差异。因此,采用近红外高光谱技术进行植物生长调节剂猕猴桃的无损识别是可行的。     

基于近红外高光谱成像的猕猴桃早期隐性损伤识别

为了研究识别早期隐性损伤猕猴桃的方法,以"华优"猕猴桃为对象,以900~1 700 nm范围近红外高光谱成像系统为检测设备,采集了完好无损和隐性损伤1~3 h内猕猴桃的近红外高光谱。研究发现900~1 350 nm内二者的反射光谱具有明显的差异。对此区域进行分段主成分分析,确定1 050~1 200 nm为识别损伤的最佳光谱区域。基于此最佳光谱区域内主成分图像的权重系数及波长间光谱反射值的相关性优选了4个特征波长(1 057、1 090、1 120和1 177 nm)。对该4个特征波长进行了二次主成分分析,并结合中值滤波、阈值分割及数学形态学处理方法提出了早期隐性损伤猕猴桃的识别算法。该算法对70个无损猕猴桃和70个隐性损伤猕猴桃的正确识别率分别为100%和95.7%,平均正确识别率为97.9%。研究结果表明,近红外高光谱成像技术可用于早期隐性损伤猕猴桃的识别。     

运用近红外漫反射技术检测苹果内部品质

为了建立山东烟台富士苹果糖度和硬度的近红外光谱测定法,本实验应用光纤漫反射近红外光谱检测技术快速定量分析苹果的糖分含量和硬度。使用偏最小二乘法建立预测模型,样品糖分预测值和实测值之间的相关系数为0.97210,校正标准差(RMSEC)为0.363;样品硬度预测值和实测值的相关系数为0.95452,校正标准差(RMSEC)为0.594。通过本次试验研究表明,近红外光谱测定法能准确地对富士苹果糖分含量和硬度进行无损快速定量分析。     

基于近红外光谱技术的叶面药液浓度检测

提出了一种应用近红外光谱技术快速检测叶面药液浓度的方法。采用漫反射测量方式获取了叶面药液的近红外光谱。选用标准偏差归一化、三点滑动平均滤波和一阶导数为最优组合预处理。通过7种波段方案的对比,得出最优波段为350～1 900 nm。采用偏最小二乘法建立了叶面药液质量浓度与光谱反射率的定量分析模型。其预测集相关系数为0.994,预测均方根误差为0.039。结果表明,利用近红外光谱技术检测叶面药液浓度具有实际指导意义。     

不同预处理方法对PLS模型检测哈密瓜糖度的影响

为寻找适合可见近红外光谱检测哈密瓜糖度含量的最佳光谱预处理方法,进行哈密瓜样品可见近红外光谱数据的预处理方法比较与研究。研究比较了4种光谱数据预处理方法对哈密瓜糖度偏最小二乘法建模精度的影响。研究结果表明:标准正态变量变换与二阶导数相结合是哈密瓜糖度含量可见近红外光谱检测的有效光谱预处理方法,其相关系数和内部交叉验证均方差分别为0.6893和0.666,并且利用该方法建立的哈密瓜糖度预测模型的相关系数、预测集均方根误差和校正集的相关系数、校正集均方根误差分别为0.7342、0.573、0.7605、0.588,最佳因子数为11。     

水果糖度近红外光谱在线检测装置

采用短波近红外光谱仪,进行机械传送、光谱采集处理、自动控制等系统的设计和集成,研制水果糖度近红外光谱在线检测装置。在550~850nm范围,采用偏最小二乘法,建立了苹果糖度近红外光谱在线检测数学模型。经比较,标准正交校正和一阶导数处理后的光谱建立的数学模型预测效果最优,模型的相关系数为0.78,模型预测均方根误差为0.67°Brix。实验表明:水果糖度近红外光谱在线检测装置可准确地检测苹果糖度含量。     

基于近红外漫反射光谱技术的芒果糖度无损检测方法研究

近红外光谱分析技术是近年迅速发展的一门绿色分析技术,具有快速、准确、无损伤检测的特点,正越来越广泛地应用于水果内部品质的无损检测。为此,应用近红外漫反射光谱技术无损检测芒果糖度,光谱数据经一阶微分和Savitzk-Golay预处理后,分别采用主成分回归法(PCR)和偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立芒果糖度近红外分析模型,当主成分数为10时,预测相关系数R分别为0.838 69,0.976 59,RMSEC分别为1.628 4,0.205 8,MEP为1.235 0,0.738 3;采用BP神经网络对70个样品光谱进行训练,建模集相关系数达到0.983 3,而对36个预测样品集的相关系数只有0.663 9;调整建模集和预测集样品,相关系数增大到0.683 6,平均相对误差由10.336 9%降到8.057 6%。研究结果表明,利用近红外漫反射光谱技术对芒果糖度进行无损检测是可行的。     

近红外透射光谱无损检测赣南脐橙糖度的研究

探讨了近红外透射光谱无损检测赣南脐橙内部糖度指标的可行性,并建立近红外透射光谱与赣南脐橙内部糖度指标之间的关系.以80个赣南脐橙为研究对象,利用透射光谱测定法获取完整赣南脐橙的近红外光谱(200～1100nm),选取不同的光谱波段范围对水果样本的透射光谱进行有效信息的提取,并结合多元线性回归(MLR)、主成分回归(PCR)和偏最小二乘法(PLS)3种不同的数学校正方法对赣南脐橙的糖度(SC)进行定量分析.实验结果为:在550～900nm波段范围内,PLS校正模型的预测精度最好,其相关系数为0.9032,预测样本均方根误差为0.2421.实验结果表明,近红外透射光谱可以作为一种准确、可靠、无损的检测方法,用于检测赣南脐橙内部的糖度指标.     

赣南脐橙叶片SPAD值可见近红外光谱无损检测

为了提供果树精准肥水管理参考数据,进行了果树叶片SPAD值近红外光谱无损检测研究。采用反射方式,采集100片赣南脐橙叶片的可见近红外光谱;利用移动窗口偏最小二乘法结合遗传算法、连续投影算法筛选光谱变量,并建立偏最小二乘回归校正模型。采用移动窗口偏最小二乘法和连续投影算法组合筛选的39个光谱变量建立的校正模型预测结果最优,模型预测相关系数为0.898,模型预测SPAD值均方根误差为2.116。试验表明,应用可见近红外反射光谱技术结合化学计量学算法进行赣南脐橙叶片SPAD值无损检测是可行的。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。