河北省小麦主产区禾谷孢囊线虫群体致病型研究

为了明确河北省小麦主产区禾谷孢囊线虫的致病类型,采用27个国际鉴别寄主品种和2个感病小麦品种‘石新733’和‘温麦4’对河北省邯郸、保定、任丘和唐山的4个禾谷孢囊线虫群体致病型进行了鉴定。依据Andersen等鉴别标准,4个群体的致病型不同于国际上已命名的16个禾谷孢囊线虫致病型。唐山群体为一个致病型,它的致病型和山西太谷、安徽固镇群体的致病型相似;邯郸群体、保定群体和任丘群体的致病型属于同一致病型,这3个群体的致病型和定州群体的致病型很接近。对照小麦品种‘石新733’和‘温麦4’对4个禾谷孢囊线虫群体均表现感病。     

甘肃小麦禾谷孢囊线虫rDNA-ITS和28S rDNA-D2/D3区序列特征及ITS-RFLP分析

禾谷孢囊线虫是危害禾谷类作物的重要病原,严重威胁我国小麦主产区的小麦产量和品质。利用通用引物对甘肃、河南、安徽禾谷孢囊线虫群体28SrDNA-D2/D3区和rDNA-ITS区进行PCR扩增和序列测定,利用UPG-MA方法分析了甘肃省7个种群、河南1个种群、安徽1个种群的禾谷孢囊线虫群体D2/D3区和ITS区的系统发育关系;用9种限制性内切酶对7个甘肃禾谷孢囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS区进行了RFLP分析。结果表明:中国甘肃的禾谷孢囊线虫rDNA-D2/D3区片段长度约为780bp,rDNA-ITS片段长度约为1040bp。7个甘肃禾谷孢囊线虫群体、1个河南安阳群体、1个安徽蚌埠群体的D2/D3区和新西兰的H.aucklandica群体亲缘关系很近;其ITS区同澳大利亚的H.australis、北京通州的H.avenae(AY148382)的亲缘关系很接近。RFLP分析表明,9种限制性内切酶酶切禾谷孢囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS共产生了22个酶切片段,不同酶切的RFLP分布型在7个种群间没有差异。甘肃省禾谷孢囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS区具有高度的保守性,与中国的C型群体相近,但不同于欧洲的A型群体和印度的B型群体。这是首次报道甘肃CCN种群分子特征。     

甘肃小麦禾谷孢囊线虫rDNA-ITS和28S rDNA-D2/D3区序列特征及HS-RFLP分析

禾谷孢囊线虫是危害禾谷类作物的重要病原,严重威胁我国小麦主产区的小麦产量和品质.利用通用引物对甘肃、河南、安徽禾谷孢囊线虫群体28S rDNA-D2/D3区和rDNA-ITS区进行PCR扩增和序列测定,利用UPG-MA方法分析了甘肃省7个种群、河南1个种群、安徽1个种群的禾谷孢囊线虫群体D2/D3区和ITS区的系统发育关系;用9种限制性内切酶对7个甘肃禾谷孢囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS区进行了RFLP分析.结果表明:中国甘肃的禾谷孢囊线虫rDNA-D2/D3区片段长度约为780 bp,rDNA-ITS片段长度约为1 040 bp.7个甘肃禾谷孢囊线虫群体、1个河南安阳群体、1个安徽蚌埠群体的D2/D3区和新西兰的H.aucklandica群体亲缘关系很近;其ITS区同澳大利亚的H.australis、北京通州的H.avenae(AY148382)的亲缘关系很接近.RFLP分析表明,9种限制性内切酶酶切禾谷孢囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS共产生了22个酶切片段,不同酶切的RFLP分布型在7个种群间没有差异.甘肃省禾谷孢囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS区具有高度的保守性,与中国的C型群体相近,但不同于欧洲的A型群体和印度的B型群体.这是首次报道甘肃CCN种群分子特征.     

陕西省小麦禾谷孢囊线虫rDNA-ITS区序列与RFLP分析

 采用线虫通用引物TW81和AB28对采自陕西的20个小麦禾谷孢囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS区进行PCR扩增、克隆和测序。利用Mega软件的UPGMA方法分析了陕西省小麦禾谷孢囊线虫群体及其与GenBank公布的近缘种的系统发育关系,结果表明陕西省小麦孢囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS区片段的长度为1 045 bp,且均为禾谷孢囊线虫（Heterodera avenae）,ITS区序列同源性为99.56%,只有3处碱基存在差异。其ITS区同中国河南（EU106175）、北京（AY148382）、山东（HM370427）的禾谷孢囊线虫H. avenae,澳大利亚的H. australis（AY148395）及俄罗斯的H. pratensis（AY148351）的亲缘关系最为接近。利用8种限制性内切酶Ava Ⅰ（Eco88 Ⅰ）、Alu Ⅰ、Hha Ⅰ（Cfo Ⅰ）、Hae Ⅲ（BsuR Ⅰ）、Hind Ⅲ、Hinf Ⅰ、Rsa Ⅰ和Mva Ⅰ（Bst N1）对20个陕西省CCN群体的ITS区PCR扩增产物进行限制性内切酶谱（RFLP）分析,结果表明8种限制性内切酶酶切ITS-PCR产物后共产生22个酶切片段,20个种群的PCR-RFLP谱型一致,表明陕西省小麦禾谷孢囊线虫是同一个群体且与已报道的中国CCN群体的“C”型一致,有别于欧洲的“A”型群体和印度的“B”型群体。这是首次报道陕西省小麦禾谷孢囊线虫种群的分子特征。     

水稻白叶枯病菌毒素的分离、生物测定及化学成份初步分析

 采自山西太谷及安徽固镇小麦上两禾谷胞囊线虫群体对禾谷胞囊线虫致病型国际鉴别寄主A组内11个品种具有相同的反应型——除对小麦品种Capa有毒性外,对大麦四个品种(Emir,Ortolan,Siri和Morocco)、燕麦四个品种(Sun Ⅱ,Pusa hybrid bsl,Silva和A.stezilis I.76)以及小麦其它两个品种(Loros和Iskamish-k-2-Light)等均无毒性,与目前世界上已正式命名的13个致病型不同,而与瑞典的Knislingc和Ringaascn两禾谷胞囊线虫群体的致病型相似,但也存在一定差异,瑞典的两群体对Morocco有毒性,而太谷和固镇两群体对Morocco无毒性。     

豫北及冀南地区4个小麦禾谷孢囊线虫群体的种类鉴定

禾谷孢囊线虫病(Cereal Cyst Nematode,CCN)是世界上为害小麦等禾谷类作物的重要根部线虫病害,许多国家受害严重[1].该病的病原禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae group)是一个复合种群组,包括12个有效种和几个未命名的种,其中发生普遍、危害严重的有燕麦孢囊线虫(H.avenae)、菲利普孢囊线虫(H.filipjevi)、大麦孢囊线虫(H.hordecalis)和麦类孢囊线虫(H.latipons)[1].我国1987年在湖北省天门县首次在小麦上发现禾谷孢囊线虫病,Wang等[2]鉴定病原为燕麦孢囊线虫(H.avenae);后陆续在河南、安徽、山东等多个省份发现该病,病原均为该种线虫.2010年Li等[3]在河南许昌报道发现了菲利普孢囊线虫(H.filipjevi).     

Heterodera filipjevi许昌群体SCAR标记的建立

菲利普孢囊线虫Heterodera filipjevi是禾谷类作物上重要的病原线虫之一,严重影响禾谷类作物的产量和品质。本课题组前期研究发现菲利普孢囊线虫许昌群体是一个新的致病型,其在小麦上的致病力强于其他多个群体,危害更为严重。本研究旨在建立菲利普孢囊线虫许昌群体的快速、准确的分子检测体系,为Heterodera filipjevi许昌群体的监测和防控及抗病品种的选育利用奠定基础。本研究采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)和序列特征扩增区域(SCAR)的方法,对黄淮麦区5个重要小麦孢囊线虫致病型共9个线虫群体进行RAPD分析和SCAR标记转化,并通过增加除黄淮麦区外的线虫群体验证所获得的致病型相关分子标记的特异性和有效性。本研究共筛选了331条RAPD引物,筛选出2个菲利普孢囊线虫许昌群体相关的RAPD标记,引物S86可以扩增出1条约550 bp的多态性片段,引物S178可以扩增出1条约1 200 bp的多态性片段,并将这2个RAPD标记成功转化为SCAR标记。SCAR标记的特异性检测结果表明这两个SCAR标记只在许昌群体上有特异性扩增,可以用于许昌群体的分子检测。     

不同轮作模式下小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的发生动态和种群密度

轮作是防治小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的重要农业措施,为了明确青海省春麦区不同轮作模式对小麦禾谷孢囊线虫的控制效果,采用田间大区试验法对生产中应用的6种轮作模式进行了研究。结果表明:不同轮作模式下,小麦禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度变化差异极显著,其中小麦与马铃薯、油菜、蚕豆轮作两年或以上能有效降低小麦禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度,土壤中的孢囊量减少39.31%~84.39%,单孢虫口数量减少73.21%~95.35%,虫口密度减少83.76%~97.82%;不同作物间,小麦与马铃薯或蚕豆的轮作效果(虫口密度减少74.39%~79.37%)显著优于小麦与油菜的轮作效果(虫口密度减少67.16%)。在同一地块相同条件下,种植油菜、蚕豆、马铃薯、小麦4种作物,小麦禾谷孢囊线虫均能正常孵化,4月底土壤中的2龄幼虫(J2)量增加,5月上旬达到高峰期,5月中旬开始,土壤中的J2、孢囊量、虫口密度和单孢虫口数量均急剧下降,6月至7月份下降幅度小,趋于稳定;田间空孢囊率于5月中旬至6月中旬急剧增加,7月份趋于稳定,8月份以前,4种作物田禾谷孢囊线虫的孵化动态和种群密度变化趋势一致,8月中旬,小麦田随着新孢囊脱落到土壤中,禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度开始上升,小麦收获后土壤中的孢囊量比播种前增加28.62%,虫口密度增加41.30%;而油菜、蚕豆、马铃薯田土壤中的孢囊量比播种前减少32.27%~48.36%,虫口密度减少70.91%~81.73%,8月中旬至10月份小麦田禾谷孢囊线虫种群密度极显著高于油菜、蚕豆、马铃薯田。     

河南郑州小麦禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)的核糖体基因ITS序列和RFLP分析

 采用PCR技术对河南郑州禾谷孢囊线虫群体的核糖体基因(ribosomal DNA,rDNA)内转录间隔区(Internal Transcribed Spacers,ITS)进行扩增,获得片段长度约为1040bp。利用UPGMA方法分析了河南郑州禾谷孢囊线虫群体与近缘种的系统发育关系,结果表明:中国Heterodera avenae群体,H.australis和H.pratensis亲缘关系很近。8种限制性内切酶(Restriction Enzyme,RE)酶切禾谷孢囊线虫ITS的扩增产物,其中HindⅢ、AvaⅠ不能酶切PCR产物;Alu Ⅰ酶切PCR产物,获得560bp和480bp2个片段;RsaⅠ和Hinf Ⅱ酶切后分别得到3个片段(700、320、20bp和820、180、40bp);CfoⅠ是3个酶切位点(740、150、110、40bp);HaeⅢ和MvaⅠ能分别清晰地观察到3个片段(420、350、180bp和400、340、280bp),但有微小片段无法清晰观察到。9个种群所得RFLP图谱一致,说明郑州禾谷孢囊线虫群体可能是同一种群且不同于欧洲群体(typeA)和印度群体(typeB)的C型。     

河南省小麦主产区菲利普孢囊线虫与禾谷孢囊线虫发生情况调查

为了解河南省小麦主产区菲利普孢囊线虫与禾谷孢囊线虫的发生情况,作者分别于2014年和2015年5月通过随机采样调查方法,从商丘、漯河、许昌、新乡、鹤壁、安阳、濮阳、焦作等八地区19个县市采集到61份小麦孢囊线虫(CCN)的根围土壤样品,分析了样品的孢囊密度,发现采自商丘、新乡、鹤壁、安阳和濮阳地区的样品孢囊密度普遍较高,CCN发生比较严重;利用双重PCR技术对样品的CCN种类进行了快速检测鉴定,检测出禾谷孢囊线虫单一侵染的样品有33份;菲利普孢囊线虫单一侵染的样品有9份,与禾谷孢囊线虫复合侵染的样品有19份。菲利普孢囊线虫主要采自商丘、漯河、许昌、新乡、焦作等五个地区,其中商丘地区发生比较普遍。该研究可为河南省小麦的品种布局和孢囊线虫的综合防治提供指导。     

Distribution of pathotypes with regard to host cultivars in French wheat leaf rust populations

ABSTRACT Isolates of wheat leaf rust collected from durum and bread wheat cultivars in France during 1999-2002 were analyzed for virulence on 18 Thatcher lines with single genes for leaf rust resistance (Lr genes). Sampling focused on the five most widely grown bread wheat cultivars (two susceptible and three resistant) to allow statistical comparison of diversity indexes between the cultivars. Leaf rust populations from durum and bread wheats were different. The diversity of the bread wheat leaf rust pathotypes, as measured by the Shannon index, ranged from 2.43 to 2.76 over the 4 years. Diversity for wheat leaf rust resistance was limited in the host since we postulated only seven seedling resistance genes in the 35 cultivars most widely grown during 1999-2002. Leaf rust populations were strongly differentiated for virulence within bread wheat cultivars, and diversity was higher on those that were resistant, mainly due to a more even distribution of virulence phenotypes than on susceptible cultivars. The pathogen population on the susceptible cv. Soissons was largely dominated by a single pathotype (073100), whereas all other pathotypes virulent on cv. Soissons either decreased in frequency or remained at a low frequency during the period studied. Several pathotypes including the most complex one were found only on resistant cultivars, even though most of them were virulent on the susceptible cv. Soissons. Specific interactions were necessary, but not always sufficient, to account for pathotype distribution and frequencies on the cultivars, suggesting that selection for virulence to host resistance genes is balanced by other selective forces including selection for aggressiveness.     

Relation between pathogenicity and genetic variation within <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plasmodiophora brassicae</Emphasis>

The relation between diversity of pathogenicity on clubroot-resistant (CR) cultivars of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) bred in Japan and DNA polymorphisms in 17 populations of Plasmodiophora brassicae from cruciferous plants was examined by inoculation tests and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis using 18 arbitrary primers. Four pathotypes (A–D) were identified after inoculation of six CR cultivars of Chinese cabbage in the 17 populations from cruciferous crops. A relatively high level of genetic diversity was also detected among these populations in the RAPD analysis. Although the four pathotypes could not be clearly differentiated using the RAPD data, most populations of three pathotypes had a consistent location on the dendrogram. All pathotype B (virulent on five cultivars except Utage 70) and D (avirulent on all cultivars) populations, which were common in incompatible interactions with cv. Utage 70, were located in a single subcluster. All five pathotype C populations (virulent only on cv. Utage 70) except for one population grouped in another single subcluster. Because four pathotype A populations (virulent on all six cultivars, races 4 and 9) fell in different subclusters, the populations may be genetically polyphyletic. Populations from cruciferous weed Cardamine flexuosa differed remarkably from those from cruciferous crops in pathogenicity on common cultivars of Chinese cabbage and turnip and C. flexuosa, but they grouped in a single cluster with all race 9 populations from crops. Race 9 populations from crops may thus be closely related to populations from the weed rather than to races 1 and 4 from crops.     

小麦禾谷胞囊线虫致病型研究

 玉米弯抱霉叶斑病菌(Cuvrularia luanat(walk) Bode),近年来在河南对玉米的为害日趋严重,常导致叶片枯焦。     

Characterization of virulence reactions for Heterodera avenae populations from two localities in Algeria

Heterodera avenae is widely distributed in areas where most cereal crops are produced in Algeria. However, the virulence of the Algerian populations of this nematode on individual cereal species and cultivars has not been well documented. The virulence of H. avenae populations from Tiaret and from Oued Smar were tested under natural outdoor conditions and in an in vitro test to determine reactions of nine barley, oat and wheat cultivars selected from the International differential assortment for identifying pathotypes of H. avenae. All nine cereal differentials expressed the same reactions to both populations. The nematodes reproduced well on the barley cultivar ‘Emir’ and the wheat cultivar ‘Capa’. Resistant entries included the barley cultivars ‘Siri’, ‘Ortolan’ and ‘Morocco’, the oat cultivars ‘Nidar II’ and ‘A. sterilis I.376’, and the wheat cultivars ‘Loros’ and ‘AUS10894’. This matrix of reactions indicated that H. avenae populations from both locations were characterized as H. avenae Group 1 pathotypes but did not conclusively distinguish among pathotypes Ha21, Ha31 or Ha81. The Cre1 gene was identified as a potentially valuable source of resistance when developing wheat cultivars intended for release into these localities.     

关中西部小麦条锈菌贵农22致病类群的监测

正小麦条锈病是由条形柄锈菌小麦专化型(Puccinia striiformis West.f.sp.tritici Eriks.Henn.)引起的气传病害,是我国和全世界最重要的病害之一。一般年份可造成小麦减产10%~30%,流行年份减产50%~60%,甚至绝收。小麦条锈病是大区流行性病害。陕西地处越夏菌源基地和黄淮海冬麦区的地理接合地域,是条锈病流行的重要"桥梁"地带~([1])。早期研究认为甘     

Problems with the Use of Resistance in Wheat to the Australian Pathotype of Heterodmra avenae1

Problems with the use of resistance in wheat to the Australian pathotype of Heterodera avenae are discussed. Resistance in different cultivars is regarded as a continuous series, and multiplication rates, sex ratios and susceptibility/resistance all measure the same thing. The best source of resistance to the Australian pathotype is in Aus 10894, but this will be of greatest use if incorporated into a tolerant cultivar. Tolerance of wheat cultivars is also a continuous series from poor to good. Cv. Olympic has poor tolerance. Resistance in cv. Festiguay and Portugal 1 31 may also be useful in tolerant cultivars. The Australian pathotype is not more damaging than other pathotypes.     

Disease severity and pathotype dynamics of Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici in Denmark

Disease severity of wheat yellow rust, Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici , was analysed in Denmark from 1985 to 1999 in relation to the effects of weather on winter survival, distribution of host cultivars and pathotype dynamics. Below-average temperatures in January and February (midwinter) reduced yellow rust on the susceptible cv. Anja, and in three of four growth seasons following cold winters no yellow rust was observed on any cultivar under natural conditions. The agronomic consequences of dispersal of yellow rust urediniospores from external sources to Denmark, in a period during which large areas were planted with relatively few wheat cultivars, were demonstrated in several cases, most evidently when the Yr9 and Yr17 resistance genes became ineffective. Yr9 was overcome by the pathogen in a period with severe yellow rust epidemics on commercial cultivars, while virulence for Yr17 was first observed in a year with almost no yellow rust. In contrast, the resistance in cv. Kraka ( Yr1, CV ) was increasingly effective in controlling yellow rust, because pathotypes with the matching combination of virulence declined in the pathogen population. Pathotype frequency dynamics were thus influenced by selection forces within the country, and by selection forces in areas where spores were spread to Denmark from outside. The importance of a sufficient level of partial resistance in the wheat germplasm to prevent too much damage by yellow rust epidemics, in the event that the resistance genes are overcome by the pathogen population, is emphasized.     

Is virulence phenotype evolution driven exclusively by Lr gene deployment in French Puccinia triticina populations?

Puccinia triticina is a highly damaging wheat pathogen. The efficacy of leaf rust control by genetic resistance is mitigated by the adaptive capacity of the pathogen, expressed as changes in its virulence combinations (pathotypes). An extensive P. triticina population survey has been carried out in France over the last 30 years, describing the evolutionary dynamics of this pathogen in response to cultivar deployment. We analysed the data set for the 2006–2016 period to determine the relationship between the Lr genes in the cultivars and virulence in the pathotypes. Rust populations were dominated by a small number of pathotypes, with variations in most of the virulence frequencies related to the corresponding Lr gene frequencies in the cultivated landscape. Furthermore, the emergence and spread of a new virulence matched the introduction and use of the corresponding Lr gene (Lr28), confirming that the deployment of qualitative resistance genes is an essential driver of evolution in P. triticina populations. However, principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that certain pathotype–cultivar associations cannot be explained solely by the distribution of Lr genes in the landscape. This conclusion is supported by the predominance of a few pathotypes on some cultivars, with the persistence of several other compatible pathotypes at low frequencies. Specific interactions are not, therefore, sufficient to explain the distribution of virulence in rust populations. The hypothesis that quantitative interactions between P. triticina populations and bread wheat cultivars—based on differences in aggressiveness—is also a driver of changes in pathotype frequencies deserves further investigation.     

Effect of genotype unit number and spatial arrangement on severity of yellow rust in wheat cultivar mixtures

Pure stands of a yellow rust-susceptible wheat cultivar, pure stands of a resistant cultivar, and a 1 : 1 random mixture of resistant and susceptible cultivars were compared to populations in which strips or hills of the cultivars were alternated to attain genotype units (units of the same host genotype) that were larger in area than that of a single wheat plant. These four host populations were grown in plots of different sizes in order also to alter the number of units per host population. The goal was to determine if increasing the number of genotype units in mixed populations of large genotype units improved disease control relative to pure-line populations by increasing the amount of inoculum exchange among genotype units. Random mixtures of the two cultivars always provided better disease control than did alternating strips or hills. Evidence for an effect of genotype unit number on the efficacy of mixtures for rust control was found in only one of three experiments. Random mixtures of the two cultivars increased grain yield relative to the pure stand mean, but alternating strips did not.     

Differentiation of pathotypes of lettuce mosaic virus

Differential interactions between six crisphead cultivars of lettuce and five isolates of lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) have identified a novel resistance factor in the cultivar Ithaca. The LMV isolates could be grouped into three pathotypes, two of which have not been identified previously. One of these, pathotype III represented by an isolate from Spain, was virulent on all of the cultivars. There were differences in aggressiveness between isolates of the same pathotype.