温度和土壤类型对氮素矿化的影响

采用短期(15 d)室内好气培养方法,研究我因东部三类主要旱地土壤(黑土、潮土和红壤)有机氮矿化对温度(15～30°C)的响应及其影响因素.结果表明,土壤累积净矿化氮量的顺序为黑土>潮土>红壤,其中高有机质土壤大于低有机质土壤.黑土累积净矿化氮量随温度升高而增加,但潮土和红壤在25℃以上表现出持平和下降趋势.土壤矿质氮...     

我国4种土壤磷素淋溶流失特征

磷素是水体富营养化的主要限制因子,地表水磷的污染负荷主要来源于农业面源污染。采集黑土、潮土、红壤和水稻土4种土壤,采用土柱模拟的试验方法,研究磷素在4种土壤剖面中空间分布特征,以及土壤渗漏液中TP、TDP的含量、动态变化以及流失量特征。结果表明:(1)不同类型土壤全磷和有效磷含量差异性显著,由高到低依次为水稻土潮土黑土红壤;黑土、红壤和水稻土土壤全磷和有效磷含量都表现出,随土壤深度的增加,不断降低;而潮土剖面呈上下层高,中间低的分布格局。(2)4种土壤渗漏液中占主导的磷形态不一致,潮土以MRP占主导,黑土和水稻土以DOP为主,而红壤则以PP为主。土壤磷素动态变化方面,潮土表现为TP含量先减后增再减,TDP含量先增后减;黑土表现为TP含量先增后减,TDP含量持续下降;红壤和水稻土TP和TDP含量变化不显著。(3)相关分析表明,4种土壤中Olsen-P与渗漏液中TP呈指数关系,具有极显著相关性。(4)4种土壤TP、TDP下渗流失量都以潮土最高,其次是黑土和水稻土,红壤流失量最小,磷素流失以TDP为主。     

两种硝化抑制剂在不同土壤中的效果比较

采用室内培养试验,比较了两种硝化抑制剂3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)和双氰胺(DCD)在4种典型农田土壤(水稻土、潮土、黑土、红壤)中的抑制效果。结果表明,在培养期内土壤pH和NH4+-N呈先上升后下降的趋势,NO3--N和表观硝化率呈逐渐上升的趋势。与单施尿素处理(U)相比,添加硝化抑制剂显著增加了土壤NH4+-N含量,降低了NO3--N含量,表观硝化率表现为UU+DMPPU+DCD。在水稻土和潮土中,单施尿素处理的硝化过程到第14天时基本完成,添加硝化抑制剂使硝化过程延长了至少28天。在黑土和红壤中,尤其是在红壤中,硝化过程相对缓慢,施用抑制剂虽然降低了土壤的表观硝化率,但降低的程度低于水稻土和潮土。总之,在推荐用量下10%DCD的硝化抑制效果优于1%DMPP,且这两种抑制剂在不同土壤中的抑制效果不同。     

有机质对典型铜锌污染土壤自然修复过程的影响

为阐明土壤有机质含量对外源铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）自然修复过程的影响,选取红壤、潮土和黑土长期试验中不同有机质含量的土样,分别加入400 mg/kg Cu或500 mg/kg Zn,采用室内培养法研究Cu、Zn污染物的自然修复过程。结果表明：各种土壤有效态Cu、Zn浓度在培养开始的10～20 d内迅速下降,随后变化减缓,培养30～60 d后基本达到平衡。外源Cu、Zn自然修复过程符合二级动力学方程。自然修复90 d后,在红壤和潮土低有机质含量的处理中有效Cu浓度比高有机质含量的处理高24.2%～57.1%;而在黑土和潮土高有机质含量的处理中有效态Zn浓度是有机质含量低的处理的3.44～6.33倍。这说明在3种土壤上增加有机质含量对Cu、Zn的作用效果不同,在红壤上抑制了Cu的有效性,在潮土上抑制有效Cu促进有效Zn,在黑土上则促进Cu、Zn有效性。在3种土壤中,碱性潮土外源Cu、Zn修复速率较快,且有效态Cu、Zn平衡浓度较小,其对Cu、Zn的固定能力最强,酸性红壤则最弱。采用各种措施提高土壤有机质含量可作为修复红壤和潮土重金属Cu污染的有效措施之一,但增加了黑土及潮土Zn的环境风险。     

不同母质发育旱地土壤反硝化功能差异及其关键影响因素

农田土壤反硝化作用强度具有较高的空间异质性,不同类型土壤反硝化作用活性的影响机制可能存在差异。本研究通过大规模样带调查,系统采集了3种不同母质发育的旱地农田土壤,对比分析了土壤反硝化能力的差异及其与土壤环境因子的关系。结果发现:土壤反硝化势在3个类型土壤间有显著差异,其中河流冲积物发育的潮土(AS)反硝化势(以单位时间单位质量土壤的N2O释放量表示)显著高于其他两个类型土壤22.22～579.09μg/(kg·h),平均高达213.34μg/(kg·h),黑土(BS)的反硝化势平均为136.38μg/(kg·h),略高于第四纪红色黏土发育的红壤(QRCS)(96.17μg/(kg·h)),但两者无显著差异。相关性分析表明,土壤pH与反硝化势极显著正相关,说明在本研究所测定的土壤性质中,pH可能是影响不同类型土壤反硝化势差异的关键因素,另外,有机质含量对3个类型土壤反硝化势也有一定影响。同一母质发育的土壤,反硝化能力在不同采样地点也存在差异,而且调控不同类型土壤内部反硝化势的关键土壤环境因素不尽相同,其中对第四纪红色黏土发育的红壤、潮土和黑土影响最为显著的因素分别为土壤有机质、pH和黏粒含量。     

再生水灌溉对4类土壤Cd生物有效性的影响

根据国家土壤环境质量标准,选取重金属Cd含量为二级水平的4类土壤（红壤、 潮土、 土、 黑土）进行土培试验,研究再生水灌溉与小白菜生物量及Cd含量、 土壤有效态Cd含量、 pH、 微生物群落的关系,以及不同类型土壤间的差异性。结果表明, 再生水灌溉在不同类型土壤上对小白菜生物量及Cd含量、 土壤有效态Cd含量、 土壤pH和微生物数量的影响不同: 1）红壤、 潮土、 土上小白菜生物量增加显著,分别增加9.09%、 16.08%、 9.92%,黑土上增加不显著; 2）小白菜Cd含量在红壤上显著降低,由对照的0.29 mg/kg降低到0.22 mg/kg,在黑土上比对照增加了18.75%,在潮土和土上影响不大; 3）有效态Cd含量在红壤没有变化,但在潮土、 土、 黑土上增加显著; 4） 4类土壤微生物数量增加显著; 5）潮土、 土、 黑土的pH值有所降低。     

长期施肥对我国典型土壤活性有机质及碳库管理指数的影响

对我国重点农区的6种典型土壤红壤、灰漠土、垆土、潮土、褐土、黑土长期耕作施肥后的活性有机质及碳库管理指数(CMI)进行了研究,探讨施肥对不同土壤活性有机质和CMI的影响。土壤活性有机质用KMnO4氧化法测定,采用3种浓度KMnO4(33、1673、33.mmol/L)将土壤活性有机质分为高活性有机质、中活性有机质和活性有机质3部分。结果表明,只耕作不施肥(CK)10年后土壤活性有机质含量降低,CMI下降11.1～63.6,其中垆土、褐土下降幅度最大、黑土最小。施用化肥也使土壤活性有机质下降,其中单施氮(N)的潮土活性有机质下降最大,达31.3%;化肥配合施用(NPK)的红壤活性有机质下降最大,其余土壤相对较小。施肥使土壤活性有机质和总有机质含量增加,高于初始土壤和CK。施用有机肥或有机肥配施化肥,土壤活性有机质含量和CMI均显著增加,CMI以红壤上升最大,达91.4,潮土最小,仅为4.6。土壤活性有机质的数量及CMI变幅大于土壤总有机质的变化幅度,以CMI变化为大,说明CMI是评价施肥耕作对土壤质量影响的最好指标。土壤活性有机质分组结果表明,红壤活性有机质组成以高活性有机质为主;垆土、灰漠土活性有机质以高活性和中活性两部分为主;潮土以中活性有机质为主。施肥对红壤、灰漠土活性有机质组分影响明显,对垆土、潮土影响相对较小。     

高温高压间歇灭菌对中国典型土壤性质的影响

以中国8种典型土壤(砂质潮土、壤质潮土、黄泥土、乌栅土、红壤、红黏土、赤红壤和砖红壤)为代表,首先比较土壤高温高压间歇灭菌前后细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量,以评估灭菌效果,其次评价灭菌前后主要土壤性质的变化,包括土壤有机质(OM)、比表面积(SSA)、pH、阳离子交换量(CEC)、游离铁铝氧化物(Fed、Ald)、电荷零点(ZPC)。结果表明,该方法可以达到理想的灭菌效果,对部分理化性质则会造成一定的影响。除砂质潮土和红壤高温高压灭菌后OM含量显著增加外,其他6种土壤的OM含量受该灭菌方法的影响不大;酸性和有机质含量高的土壤,pH受高温高压灭菌影响较大,而碱性和有机质含量低的土壤则影响不大;所有供试土壤的SSA均显著降低,而CEC和Fed,Ald没有显著变化;4种可变电荷土壤中,红黏土、赤红壤和砖红壤的电荷零点(ZPC)没有变化,而红壤的ZPC则显著降低,且未出现于本研究测定的pH范围内(pH2.5~8)。由于土壤是一个复杂的多物质体系,受高温高压灭菌导致其性质变化还有待进一步的研究。     

铁氧化物影响土壤硝化作用动力学的作用机制

为探究铁氧化物对土壤硝化动力学的影响,以全铁含量低的酸性潮土(pH4.9)和中性潮土(pH7.2)为研究对象,通过7d的室内恒温(28℃)培养,研究了不同pH土壤在添加0(对照),0.5%,1%,3%,5%,10%(重量比)铁氧化物后的硝化动力学过程。结果表明:铁氧化物加入量超过3%,则改变中性潮土的硝化动力学过程由一级变为零级模型。不同含量铁氧化物加入后,酸性潮土的硝化过程均符合一级动力学模型。加铁处理的酸性潮土,其净矿化速率均显著高于不加铁处理。加铁量为10%处理的净矿化速率为4.12mg/(kg·d),是不加铁处理的7.82倍。随着铁氧化物加入量的增加,酸性潮土净硝化速率显著升高而中性潮土净硝化速率却显著下降。酸性潮土中铁氧化物加入量超过3%的处理,其净硝化速率极显著高于加铁量小于3%的处理。总之,铁氧化物的加入显著促进酸性潮土的净硝化速率,对中性潮土的净硝化速率却有显著抑制作用,并且加入量越大对2种土壤的作用效果越显著。3%的铁氧化物加入量是显著影响酸性潮土和中性潮土硝化作用的临界值。     

温度和水分对华中地区菜地土壤氮素矿化的影响

为研究华中地区菜地土壤的矿化特征和矿化规律,拟定菜地土壤合理的氮肥施用量,本文以华中地区两种典型菜地土壤——黄棕壤和潮土为研究对象,利用室内连续培养试验研究了温度、水分对菜地土壤矿化的影响。结果表明,黄棕壤的矿化速率和氨化速率均随着温度的升高而升高;硝化速率在15%和25%含水量下随温度的升高而升高,而在35%含水量下随温度的升高而降低。潮土矿化速率在15%含水量时随温度的升高而升高,而在25%和35%含水量下随温度的升高先增加后减小;硝化速率在15%和35%含水量时随温度的升高而增加,25%含水量时随温度的升高先增加后降低;氨化作用随温度的升高而降低。黄棕壤的矿化量在含水量为25%、温度35℃时高达34.9 mg.kg 1;潮土的矿化量在含水量为25%、温度为25℃时最高,为63.9mg.kg 1。不同温度下潮土矿化量均大于黄棕壤。黄棕壤的氨化速率随含水量的增加而增加,硝化速率随含水量的增加而降低,矿化速率则在含水量25%时最大。潮土的氨化、硝化和矿化作用随水分变化不明显。本研究还发现,25%的含水量是黄棕壤微生物活性的水分临界点,潮土的水分临界点不明显。通过对土壤氮素的矿化速率与水分含量和温度之间的函数关系模拟发现,黄棕壤模拟效果好于潮土。     

Effect of tillage treatments upon soil tests for soil acidity,soil phosphorus and soil potassium at three soil depths

Abstract

Soil samples were obtained at 0–3, 3–6, 6–9 and 0–9 inch depths from experimental plots receiving five tillage treatments. Each of two samplers composited approximately six one‐inch cores from each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for acidity, P and K using routine analysis procedures in the University of Illinois Soil Testing Laboratory.

Few significant differences were attributed to sampler and it was concluded that samplers using similar sampling techniques were obtaining soil samples from the same population.

No significant differences in soil acidity at different depths were observed. The different tillage methods did significantly affect soil P at the 0–3 inch depth, but had no significant effect on soil P at deeper depths. Different tillage methods also significantly affected soil K values at different depths.     

Usability of soil survey soil texture data for soil health indicator scoring

Soil textural information is an important component underlying other soil health indicators. Soil texture analysis is a common procedure, but it can be labor intensive and expensive. Soil texture data typically are available from the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database, which may be an option for determining soil health texture groups (SHTG). The SSURGO database provides soil texture information in the soil map unit (SMU) name, taxonomic class category (family), and detailed values (≤ 2 mm soil fraction) of percent sand, silt and clay by soil horizon. The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of using SSURGO data for SHTG at the 147-ha Cornell University Willsboro Research Farm in New York state as an alternative for soil texture data determined manually on collected soil core samples. Comparative results revealed that representative values for soil texture from the SSURGO database generally matched measured mean values for all SMUs.     

土壤含水率与土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响

土壤含水率和土壤碱度是表征土壤物理化学性质的两个重要参数。通过室内三轴不固结不排水试验,研究了土壤含水率和土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响。试验处理采用5种土壤碱度(土壤可交换钠百分比ESP=0、5、10、20、40)和4种土壤质量含水率(0.05、0.10、0.20以及饱和含水率0.34)水平。试验结果显示,土壤黏聚力随着土壤含水率的增加基本上呈先增大后减小之趋势;当土壤含水率在0.10附近时黏聚力达到其最大值。土壤内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的增加而线性减小。土壤碱度对土壤黏聚力的影响机理较为复杂,其影响效果随土壤含水率的增加而减小;但土壤碱度对土壤内摩擦角的影响较小。土壤碱度对土壤抗剪强度的影响程度明显地小于土壤含水率对其的影响程度。     

Volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing

Abstract

The design, dimensiors and materials for constructing volumetric soil measures for routine soil testing use are presented. Scoop calibration techniques are also described. Reproducibility of results obtained under routine laboratory, conditions are shown. The measures include volumes of 1.0‐, 2.5‐, 5.0‐ and 10‐ cm³ respectively.     

Relationships between soil respiration and soil moisture

The interaction of soil microbes with their physical environment affects their abilities to respire, grow and divide. One of these environmental factors is the amount of moisture in the soil. The work we published almost 25 years ago showed that microbial respiration was linearly related to soil-water content and log-linearly related to water potential. The paper arose out of collaboration between two young researchers from different areas of soil science, physics and microbiology. The project was driven by not only our curiosity but also the freedom to operate without the constraints common to the current system of science management. The citation history shows three peaks, 1989, 1999 and from 2002 to the present day. Interestingly, the annual citation rate is as high as it has ever been. The initial peak is due to the application of the work to studies on microbial processes. The second peak is associated with the rise of simulation modelling and the third with the relevance of the findings to climate change research. In this article, our paper is re-evaluated in the light of subsequent studies that allow the principle of separation of variables to be tested. This re-evaluation lends further credence to the linear relationship proposed between soil respiration and water content. A scaled relationship for respiration and water content is presented. Lastly, further research is suggested and more recent work on the physics of gas transport discussed briefly.     

Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture

Microbial activity is affected by changes in the availability of soil moisture. We examined the relationship between microbial activity and water potential in a silt loam soil during four successive drying and rewetting cycles. Microbial activity was inferred from the rate of CO₂ accumulating in a sealed flask containing the soil sample and the CO₂ respired was measured using gas chromatography. Thermocouple hygrometry was used to monitor the water potential by burying a thermocouple in the soil sample in the flask. Initial treatment by drying on pressure plates brought samples of the test soil to six different water potentials in the range -0.005 to -1.5MPa. Water potential and soil respiration were simultaneously measured while these six soil samples slowly dried by evaporation and were remoistened four times. The results were consistent with a log-linear relationship between water potential and microbial activity as long as activity was not limited by substrate availability. This relationship appeared to hold for the range of water potentials from ?0.01 to ?8.5 MPa. Even at ?0.01 MPa (wet soil) a decrease in water potential from ?0.01 to ?0.02 MPa caused a 10% decrease in microbial activity. Rewetting the soil caused a large and rapid increase in the respiration rate. There was up to a 40-fold increase in microbial activity for a short period when the change in water potential following rewetting was greater than 5 MPa. Differences in microbial activity between the wetter and drier soil treatments following rewetting to the original water potentials are discussed in terms of the availability of energy substrate.     

A soil core for routine soil sampling

Abstract

The design, materials and dimensions for constructing a coring device for sampling soil fauna and flora at different depths is described.     

Why soil erosion models over-predict small soil losses and under-predict large soil losses

Evaluation of various soil erosion models with large data sets have consistently shown that these models tend to over-predict soil erosion for small measured values, and under-predict soil erosion for larger measured values. This trend appears to be consistent regardless of whether the soil erosion value of interest is for individual storms, annual totals, or average annual soil losses, and regardless of whether the model is empirical or physically based. The hypothesis presented herein is that this phenomenon is not necessarily associated with bias in model predictions as a function of treatment, but rather with limitations in representing the random component of the measured data within treatments (i.e., between replicates) with a deterministic model. A simple example is presented, showing how even a `perfect' deterministic soil erosion model exhibits bias relative to small and large measured erosion rates. The concept is further tested and verified on a set of 3007 measured soil erosion data pairs from storms on natural rainfall and run-off plots using the best possible, unbiased, real-world model, i.e., the physical model represented by replicated plots. The results of this study indicate that the commonly observed bias, in erosion prediction models relative to over-prediction of small and under-prediction of large measured erosion rates on individual data points, is normal and expected if the model is accurately predicting erosion rates as a function of environmental conditions, i.e., treatments.     

黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响及其评价

为了研究黑土区土壤侵蚀厚度对土地生产力的影响,采用盆栽试验,人为剥离黑土表层0、5、10、15、20、25和30 cm土壤以模拟侵蚀厚度不同的耕层土壤,分析土壤侵蚀厚度对土壤理化性质、大豆生物性状和水分利用效率等指标的影响。并对TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution)模型进行改进,用于评价侵蚀厚度不同的土壤的土地生产力。结果表明:土壤全N、碱解N、全P、速效P、有机质含量和土壤田间持水率均随侵蚀厚度的增加而递减,土壤容重随侵蚀厚度的增加而递增。土壤侵蚀厚度对大豆生长有显著影响,随着侵蚀厚度的增加,大豆减产率呈"S型"曲线递增,产量、耗水量呈"Z型"曲线递减,水分利用效率呈指数曲线关系递减。改进的TOPSIS模型对不同侵蚀厚度下土地生产力的评价结果较为理想,计算的土地生产力指数随土壤侵蚀厚度的变化呈"Z型"曲线,与大豆产量的变化趋势相同,且二者呈指数函数关系,决定系数达0.996,均方根误差为0.65。研究结果可为黑土区土壤侵蚀防治提供理论依据。     

节水灌溉对盐渍土盐分调控与土壤微生物区系的影响

河套灌区是我国大型自流灌区之一,盐渍化是该区土壤主要障碍因素之一。目前,河套灌区葵花田生育期灌溉量约为1 100～1 200 m3hm-2,灌溉用水量偏大和地下水位偏高已成为制约当地灌溉农业可持续发展的主要障碍:一方面,水资源浪费严重;另一方