乳化盐对Mozzarella干酪功能特性的影响

针对Mozzarella干酪品质存在的缺陷,拟通过添加乳化盐来改善Mozzarella干酪功能特性.在Mozzarella干酪拉伸过程中分别添加1％、3％、5％的柠檬酸钠、焦磷酸钠,测定贮藏第21天干酪功能特性的变化.结果表明,添加乳化盐后干酪的硬度和粘聚性显著上升(P＜0.05),油脂析出面积显著增加(P＜0.05),干酪熔化性改善,其中添加3％的柠檬酸钠和焦磷酸钠后,熔化面积分别增加了37.58％和59.57％;干酪中钙离子含量下降,说明乳化盐通过螯合酪蛋白胶体,削弱了酪蛋白间的相互作用,从而改善了Mozzarella干酪的功能特性.     

菊粉在酸性条件下的凝胶特性

为了得出菊粉在酸性条件下的成胶规律、凝胶稳定性和质构特性,考察了pH值对不同菊粉含量形成的凝胶性能的影响。试验发现,随pH值降低,菊粉成胶能力减弱,成胶时间延长,而凝胶指数随菊粉含量的增加而增大,随pH值的降低而减小;当pH值为1时,60%的菊粉溶液也不能形成凝胶。随菊粉含量的升高,其凝胶持水力增加,其增加幅度随pH值的降低而减弱,pH值分别为7、5和3时,60%的菊粉凝胶持水力较40%的凝胶分别增加了9.4%、5.75%和5.47%;菊粉含量越高,凝胶对酸的稳定性越强,当pH值为3和水解时间为24 h时,40%菊粉凝胶的水解速率分别是50%和60%的1.35倍和2.97倍。质构仪分析发现,pH值高低与菊粉凝胶的硬度、强度、黏着性、凝聚性、咀嚼性等呈正相关。差示扫描量热仪分析发现,当pH值由7下降到3时,50%菊粉凝胶的可冻结水含量增加程度最大,达到26.0%。     

蚕豆蛋白的提取及NaCl浓度和pH值对其溶解性和乳化性的影响

蚕豆蛋白富含微量元素和人体必需的8种氨基酸,具有较高的开发价值。采用超声提取和水提取的方法提取蚕豆蛋白,研究了NaCl浓度和pH对蚕豆蛋白提取率、沉淀、功能性的影响。在pH值为8～12,超声提取和水提取均有较高的提取率。蚕豆蛋白的等电点在pH4.0～4.2之间。在pH4溶解性和乳化性最低,pH值在4～12时溶解性和乳化性随pH值的升高而升高, pH值为12时溶解性和乳化性最高。NaCl浓度从0 到 1.0 mol/L,溶解性和乳化性升高;当NaCl浓度继续增加,在pH 4、pH 7溶解性和乳化性随之下降。在相同的NaCl浓度和pH值时,超声提取比水提取蛋白的溶解性和乳化性高。该研究为蚕豆蛋白的提取工艺的确定及其在食品中的应用提供依据。     

蚕豆蛋白的提取及NaCl浓度和pH值对其溶解性和乳化性的影响

蚕豆蛋白富含微量元素和人体必需的8种氨基酸,具有较高的开发价值。采用超声提取和水提取的方法提取蚕豆蛋白,研究了NaCl浓度和pH对蚕豆蛋白提取率、沉淀、功能性的影响。在pH值为8～12,超声提取和水提取均有较高的提取率。蚕豆蛋白的等电点在pH4.0～4.2之间。在pH4溶解性和乳化性最低,pH值在4～12时溶解性和乳化性随pH值的升高而升高, pH值为12时溶解性和乳化性最高。NaCl浓度从0 到 1.0 mol/L,溶解性和乳化性升高;当NaCl浓度继续增加,在pH 4、pH 7溶解性和乳化性随之下降。在相同的NaCl浓度和pH值时,超声提取比水提取蛋白的溶解性和乳化性高。该研究为蚕豆蛋白的提取工艺的确定及其在食品中的应用提供依据。     

航天诱变高产酸副干酪乳杆菌A-4-2性质与酶活性研究

以航天诱变副干酪乳杆菌A-4-2为研究对象,采用扫描电镜、低pH值、荧光定量PCR(聚合酶链式反应)等方法对诱变菌株进行了形态学、耐受性、产胞外多糖含量及β-半乳糖苷酶基因表达量等研究。比较了突变菌株和出发菌株的耐酸、耐胆盐、产胞外多糖、表面疏水性等性能变化和差异以及β-半乳糖苷酶基因表达量的变化。结果表明,突变菌株形态学观察结果与野生菌株无明显差异;在pH值3. 5培养1 h与2 h,突变菌株较野生菌株的存活率显著升高(P 0. 05);发酵7 d后菌株耐酸能力评价结果显示,不同pH值条件下,突变菌株的活菌数均显著高于野生菌株(P 0. 05),且耐胆盐及产胞外多糖的能力均未受到影响,但菌株表面疏水性显著降低;突变菌株β-半乳糖苷酶活性和基因表达量,均显著高于出发菌株(P 0. 05)。同时,证明了β-半乳糖苷酶活性与菌株产酸有密不可分的关系。     

不同蛋白原料条件下常温再制干酪制品析水性和质构特性研究

常温再制干酪制品是指经超高温瞬时灭菌（Ultra high temperature treated,UHT）处理后可常温贮藏的灭菌型干酪制品,是我国乳品工业的新热点。然而,干酪在UHT处理后易失稳发生凝胶结构重构,在贮藏期间出现析水等质构问题,影响产品品质。为阐明蛋白原料对常温再制干酪制品析水性的影响及机制,筛选了3种不同的蛋白原料：膜过滤酪蛋白胶束、浓缩牛奶蛋白、凝乳酶酪蛋白,分析其蛋白质含量、组成以及粒径、电位、水合性和钙离子分布等理化特性,进而分析了蛋白原料对常温再制干酪制品析水性和质构特性的影响规律,并从水分分布和微观结构层面解析蛋白原料对常温再制干酪制品析水性的影响机制。结果表明：3种蛋白原料的蛋白质含量和组成存在显著差异,浓缩牛奶蛋白的乳清蛋白占总蛋白质量分数比膜过滤酪蛋白胶束高7.81个百分点,而凝乳酶酪蛋白中不含乳清蛋白;在水合性方面,浓缩牛奶蛋白和膜过滤酪蛋白胶束相近,均显著高于凝乳酶酪蛋白。蛋白原料显著影响常温再制干酪制品析水性,贮藏90d时,由凝乳酶酪蛋白制备的常温再制干酪制品析水率最高,而由浓缩牛奶蛋白制备的常温再制干酪制品的析水率最低,表面析水率和离心析水率分别为0.42%和1.10%。水分分布和微观结构结果显示,蛋白原料通过影响干酪制品中水分的存在状态和三维网络空间结构,从而影响常温再制干酪制品的析水性。研究解析了不同蛋白原料对常温再制干酪制品析水性的影响及机制,为常温再制干酪制品析水性的改善提供了理论依据。     

不同操作条件对连续生成微酸性电生功能水的影响

利用复极连续式电生功能水生成系统,研究了不同操作条件(电压、盐酸溶液供给量、原水pH值和盐酸溶液质量分数)对电生功能水中有效氯浓度、pH值及电导率的影响。实验结果表明,微酸性电生功能水中的有效氯浓度随电压(3～5 V)的增大而增大(P<0.01),但pH值和电导率的变化不显著(P>0.05);随着盐酸溶液供给量增加,微酸性电生功能水中的有效氯浓度和电导率也随之增加,而pH值随之降低(P<0.01);随着原水的pH值升高,微酸性电生功能水的pH值升高而电导率减小(P<0.01),有效氯浓度变化不显著(P>0.05);微酸性电生功能水随盐酸溶液质量分数的增加,有效氯浓度和电导率随之增加,而pH值随之降低(P<0.01)。     

沸石用于农村高氟水处理研究

高氟水在我国广泛分布，为保障人们的饮水安全，采用沸石处理高氟水.。研究了接触时间、pH、温度、使用次数对除氟效果的影响，结果表明沸石的吸附容量随着接触时间增大而增大，60min后趋于定值；吸附容量随温度的降低而增大；在pH值4～9之间，随着pH值的增加，除氟效果降低，但在pH值7～9范围内，pH值对除氟效果影响不大；沸石随着再生次数的增多有越用越好的趋势。在此基础上分析了沸石用于农村高氟水处理的可行性。沸石廉价易得、再生费用低、出水水质安全、操作管理方便，是一种保障高氟水地区农村饮用水安全的好材料。     

环境因子对异养小球藻脂肪酸组分含量和脂肪总酸产量的影响

通过调节小球藻异养培养的pH值、盐度等环境因子,可在保证小球藻生物量的同时有效地提高小球藻脂肪酸总产量。试验表明,低pH值环境比高pH值环境更有利于脂肪酸的合成。当pH值为5．0时,可得到最高脂肪酸总产量0．84g／l,比在最适生长条件下（pH=6．O）小球藻的脂肪酸总产量提高了0．28g／l。在浓度为0．1～0．4mol／l的NaCl培养基中,藻细胞的生物量没有太大变化,但是藻细胞的脂肪酸含量比培养基中未添加NaCl的藻细胞有了明显的提高,当NaCl浓度为0．3mo]／1时得到最高脂肪酸总产量1．04胡,比培养基中未添加NaCl提高了0．32g/l。     

机车冬季的使用

1.燃油供给系 冬季气温低,燃油粘度高,流动阻力增大,不利于雾化。若柴油中有水分,还易冻结。为此,一是要彻底清洗燃油系,换用冬季用油。二是柴油在进入油泵前,用热水加温,可改善低温时的启动性能和燃烧性能。三是气温过低时,可向油箱加入适量煤油稀释柴油。四是机车工作结束后,就向燃油箱加油驱赶潮湿空气,避免雾气凝结成水,锈蚀零件或结冰堵塞油路。五是定期放出燃油箱中沉淀水,防止水进入柴油内而冻结。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。