钙处理对苹果梨果实皮孔陷斑病的防治效果

苹果梨果实皮孔陷斑病是一种因缺钙而引起的生理病害，钙处理（生长季叶面喷钙、采后浸钙）可显著地增加果实中的钙含量，降低N／Ca和K／Ca比，减少苹果梨果实皮孔陷斑病的发生。     

苹果苦痘病和其他几种果实钙营养失调症

阐述了苹果果实钙营养失调症的发生、发展与研究状况。苹果果实钙营养失调表现在果实上的症状有苦痘病、痘斑病、皮孔膨大隆起、果皮开裂和木栓样斑等。这些症状表现均与钙素营养失调有关,但非惟一原因,还有其他因素。     

套袋红富士苹果缺钙病严重发生的原因及预防

钙是决定苹果果实品质的重要元素之一,苹果果实缺钙能引起多种生理病害的发生,如苦痘病、痘斑病、水心病、果面褐烫病(水浸状)、木栓黑点(黑点)病、红玉苹果斑点(红点)病;果实阳面呈现的黄色灼烧状,严重时皮孔突出木栓化,甚至皮孔破裂,皴皮、裂口等症状。     

苹果补钙的三种常见方式

在盛果期，每年苹果采摘后，果实会带走大量的钙，而钙在树体内又不易移动，所以缺钙现象普遍发生。套袋果实表现较重，尤其在酸化严重的果园．其主要症状表现为苦痘病、痘斑病、水心病、虎皮病、红玉斑点病、皮孔败坏病等，这些都是由于缺钙导致的生理失调所致。     

苹果“皮孔陷斑病”的识别及防治方法

苹果皮孔陷斑病是在元帅系苹果上发生较多的一种生理病害。该病在发病初期,病果上出现以皮孔为园心似针尖大小的红色小点,以后慢慢由皮孔内外扩展,后期该病点逐渐变为褐色,一般直径在3～5mm左右;病斑仅限于果皮,且病斑数量向阳面多于阴面,以胴部较多。 苹果皮孔陷斑病是由缺钙元素引起的。主要防治     

不同钙肥防治苹果苦痘病的效果

苹果苦痘病又称苦陷病,在果实近成熟时开始出现．贮藏期继续发展。病斑多发生在近果顶处,即靠近萼洼的部分,而靠近果肩处较少发生。病部果皮下的果肉先发生病变,而后果皮出现以皮孔为中心的圆形斑点。这种斑点,在绿色或黄色品种上呈浓绿色,     

果实缺钙原因及补钙措施

钙是决定果实品质的一种重要矿质营养元素,果实含钙量与果实质量密切相关,含钙量较高的果实抵抗真菌侵袭的能力较强,品质较高. 1果树缺钙的症状表现 1)发生苦痘病、痘斑病(使果树表皮细胞遭到破坏,对病菌的抵抗力下降,容易诱发褐腐病)、栓、化黑点病、皮孔败坏及果肉败坏等症状,导致植株蛋白质合成力下降,影响树体生长和果品产量.     

苹果轮纹病的发生与防治

正苹果轮纹病,又名疣皮病、粗皮病,俗名烂果病、水烂,是苹果、梨果实和枝干的重要病害,有加重发生的趋势。1症状苹果轮纹病主要危害枝干和果实,叶片受害较少。枝干染病初以皮孔为中心,产生近圆形、淡褐色、水渍状病斑,渐扩大成质地坚硬、中心突起、边缘龟裂的病斑,健部产生裂缝并逐渐加深,病组织有时翘起脱落。病斑多侵害树皮的表层,极少深达木质部。果实染病多在近成熟期和贮藏期发病,以皮孔为中心,产生褐     

酥梨贮藏期两大病害的防治

一、轮纹病轮纹病主要为害果实和枝干。枝干受害后,以皮孔为中心,形成直径3—20毫米大小不等的圆形或椭圆形病斑,呈褐色至灰褐色,病部中央突起成质地坚硬的疣状物,故又称“疣皮病”。以后病斑边缘发生龟裂,形成一道凹陷的环缝与健皮分离。次年病斑上长出黑色小点状分生孢子器,病组织逐渐翘起并脱落。果实多在成熟期和贮藏期发病。果实受害后,最初在皮孔处生成灰褐色水渍状小斑点,以原皮孔为中心迅速向四周扩大,形成深浅相间的同心轮纹呈淡褐色至红褐色果腐,条件适宜时,5—7天可全果腐烂,并发出酸臭气味,后期     

苹果疮斑病的观察与防治

苹果疮斑病的观察与防治苹果疮斑病是危害果实的一种传染性病害，果实感病后，轻者１～３个疮斑，重者可达１５～２０个，病斑小则１ｍｍ，大则６～７ｍｍ，深１～２ｍｍ，大部分呈圆形，发生部位多以果实阳面及萼部为主。发病初期病果出现皮孔为针尖大小的红色小点，随着...     

钙素营养与套袋苹果苦痘病的关系

为了探讨苹果套袋后苦痘病加重的原因,以富士苹果为试材,对果实发育过程中钙、氮含量的变化规律,果实幼果期和成熟期钙总量,套袋后果实微环境湿度变化及不同有机质果园苦痘病发生率进行了测定。结果表明,未套袋苹果果实在幼果期吸收钙量占成熟果实总钙量30%左右,后期占70%左右,套袋影响了果实对钙的吸收;套袋使袋内湿度增加,果实表面蒸腾作用降低,使果实对钙的吸收受到影响;同时套袋果氮含量一直高于未套袋果,N/Ca增大,促成了苦痘病的发生。增加果园有机质含量,可以改善根际钙离子供应,降低苦痘病的发生。     

Evaluating pre-harvest foliar calcium applications to increase fruit calcium and reduce bitter pit in ‘Golden Delicious’ apples

In all major apple producing countries, applications of foliar calcium (Ca) products to increase fruit Ca content and reduce the incidence of bitter pit in apples are used. Calcium nitrate (Ca(NO₃)₂), Calcimax and Ca acetate were applied, commencing at three different developmental stages (early, mid and late) of fruit growth. Late Ca(NO₃)₂ (80 days after full bloom (dafb)) applications increased the Ca content of fruit at harvest more than early (six dafb) and mid (40 dafb) applications. There was a trend towards an increase in bitter pit from early to late applications of Ca(NO₃)₂ and Calcimax, confirming previous results obtained when applying only Ca(NO₃)₂. In spite of the very low incidences of bitter pit during these seasons (less than 7%), significant differences between treatments were found between Ca(NO₃)₂ Mid and other treatments in 2004/2005, as well as Ca(NO₃)₂ and Calcimax Early and other treatments in 2005/2006. Ca acetate applications did not show any trends in fruit Ca content or bitter pit incidence when applied during the three stages. Thus, products may differ in efficiency of Ca absorption and effectiveness in decreasing bitter pit in fruit when applied during different developmental stages.     

国光苹果苦痘病的防治研究

国光苹果在碱性土壤中易发生缺钙,引起果实苦痘病的发生。本文通过两年的研究证实,果实苦痘病的发生是由于果实内钙素含量低,氮素含量高,氮、钙比值过大的原因。果实中钙素的积累主要是在盛花后的8周前,而果实发育中后期,钙素积累缓慢。树体喷洒钙盐以硝酸钙,氯化钙混同硼砂效果较好。预防苦痘病的发生,还应注意限制土壤氮肥的施用量。     

富士苹果施钙肥效应

以8年生富士苹果(Malusdomesticacv.Fuji)为试材进行不同组合钙肥试验,结果表明,土施CaSO4肥显著提高了土壤总钙、交换性钙和果实钙含量,以3.5kg/株CaSO4处理效果最显著;将3.5kgCaSO4分为幼果期和膨大期2次使用增钙效果明显,分期施肥无论配合秋施有机肥还是春季喷氨基酸钙都极显著提高了果实钙含量,以S2+1.5AM处理(春施2kgCaSO4+喷3遍氨基酸钙+夏施1.5kgCaSO4+秋施5kg苹果专用有机肥)的钙含量最高,达到179.17mg/kg;秋施苹果专用有机肥明显提高果实钙含量,增加根系和枝条的贮藏钙,以10kg/株配合春施1kg/株CaSO4的效果较好。当有机肥施用量达到15kg/株或CaSO4超过3.5kg/株时增钙效果下降。交换性钙、土壤及果实Ca/Mg比值与果实钙含量呈正相关,土壤速效磷、钾、果实N/Ca比值与果实钙含量呈显著负相关。不同施肥处理果实的N/Ca比值和Ca/Mg比值差异显著,采收时富士果实N/Ca比值<17,Ca/Mg比值≥7,贮藏期间的苦痘病发生率较低。有利于富士苹果钙素营养的施肥组合是秋冬施有机肥加钙化肥、幼果期喷钙和果实膨大期土施钙肥。     

Multiformulation dips for controlling storage disorders of apples and pears. II. Assessing scald inhibitors

Superficial scald (scald) was adequately controlled by diphenylamine (DPA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT and Topanol), and Ethoxyquin and partly controlled by Topanol O (a BHT emulsion formulated for calcium chloride compatibility). Mixing calcium chloride (calcium) with these scald-inhibitors tended to improve the level of scald control, although this effect was not always significant, and Benlate reduced the effectiveness of Ethoxyquin. The phytotoxic effect of individual dip components caused appreciable wastage from lenticel spotting. Lowest lenticel spotting occurred with Ethoxyquin and DPA miscible oil (MO), while BHT miscible oil formulations Topanol and Topanol O caused excessive spotting. Calcium was also highly co-inductive to lenticel spotting, and this effect was compounded by the inclusion of scald inhibitors with calcium. In using mixed ingredient (multiformulation) dips, DPA as a miscible oil or powder gave effective scald control without greatly increasing lenticel spot when calcium was added. However, this effect was more apparent on ‘Granny Smith’ and since calcium did not improve fruit firmness on ‘Delicious’, its inclusion in post-harvest dips for this cultivar is not warranted.     

秋锦苹果苦痘病与果实矿质元素含量和品质相关性的研究

以套袋秋锦苹果为试材,测定了苦痘病果与健果不同部位矿质含量及可溶性固形物的含量。结果表明:矿质元素含量果皮果肉,苦痘病果实的Ca含量低于健果,果皮中尤为明显;苦痘病果N、P、K、B含量及N/Ca、K/Ca、B/Ca、P/Ca均高于健果,N/K、N/P和K/P差异不明显;果皮不着色面Ca含量均低于着色面,而N含量均高于着色面。苦痘病果可溶性固形物含量显著高于健果。果皮各矿质元素之间以及各矿质元素与SSC间存在较密切的相关性。     

Penetration of surface-applied 45Ca into apple fruitt

The uptake of ⁴⁵Ca applied to the skin of apple fruit was examined in the laboratory with regard to the practice of spraying with calcium solutions to prevent bitter pit.

The speed of penetration of ⁴⁵Ca from a drop on the fruit surface was found to be much higher under conditions of 50–80% relative humidity of the air than at saturation. Evaporation of the drop apparently strongly influenced the absorption of Ca into the apple. Penetration was faster in cv. Cox’s Orange Pippin than in James Grieve. The Ca which entered the fruit remained either in the skin or immediately beneath it.

When ⁴⁵Ca was applied more than once, the subsequent treatments, especially those applied at high relative humidity, were less effective. It is concluded that for practical purposes it would be advisable to spray repeatedly when the relative humidity is low.     

The Effect of Frequent Spraying with Calcium Nitrate Solutions on the Mineral Composition and the Occurrence of Bitter Pit of the Apple Cox’s Orange Pippin

In several commercial orchards the percentages of Ca and K in the leaves and fruit of the cultivar Cox’s Orange Pippin were determined at intervals during one or more years. The values for a series of untreated trees were continually compared with those of a comparable series of trees which were sprayed at about seven-day intervals with a Ca(NO₃)₂ solution. At the end of each experiment the fruit was placed in storage and later examined for the incidence of bitter pit.

The Ca contents of leaves and fruit and the quotient (K+Mg)/Ca in the leaves of untreated trees showed only a moderate relationship with the percentage of bitter pit. The K content of the fruit was more closely correlated, however.

The level above which much bitter pit was unlikely to occur was found to be approximately 7.5–8 mg Ca in a fruit of 140 g fresh weight.

The total amount of Ca in the untreated fruit increased in a rather regular and comparable fashion in the various experiments. The rate of increase was somewhat higher during the first period of development, until the fruit reached about 20–40 g in weight, than during its subsequent growth.

Spray treatments increased the Ca content of the leaves by 0.2–0.5% of the dry weight; a maximum of 4 mg Ca was added to the fruit, an increase of 47% on the basis of the amount already present. In general the Ca level increased progressively during the season with successive spray applications, and 9–15 sprays reduced bitter pit incidence to about 5%.

The permeability of the fruit tissue to ions diminished as a result of the sprays, and it is suggested that an increase in cell membrane permeability may be involved in the development of the disease.

For commercial orchards, more frequent sprays may need to be applied than are recommended at present to provide effective control of bitter pit.     

套袋黄冠梨黑点病与钙素营养和果实衰老的关系

为探明套袋黄冠梨果实黑点病发病原因,从采后生理、矿质营养水平、酚类物质酶促褐变和果实衰老等方面对套袋黄冠梨果实黑点病进行了研究。结果表明:套袋果呼吸强度显著高于不套袋果;套袋果Ca含量仅为不套袋果的49%-63%,果皮钙素含量未套袋果>套袋健康果>套袋病果,套袋病果与不套袋果果皮N/Ca比值分别为9.8和6.1,K/Ca比值分别为17.6和8.8;果皮和果心酚类物质含量及多酚氧化酶活性(PPO)呈套袋病果>套袋健康果>未套袋果的趋势;套袋病果果皮丙二醛(MDA)含量及电导率显著高于未套袋果;果皮钙素含量与其PPO活性、多酚及丙二醛含量、电导率呈高度负相关。初步分析黄冠梨果实黑点病病因为缺钙性生理衰老。     

The Effects of Increasing the Supply of Nitrogen,Phosphorus, Calcium and Potassium to the Roots of Merton Worcester Apple Trees on Leaf and Fruit Composition and on the Incidence of Bitter Pit at Harvest

Merton Worcester apple trees in pot culture were supplied for four consecutive years with N, P, Ca and K at two rates. Apples of this cultivar differed from those of cvs Cleopatra and Jonathan both in their response to nutrient supply variations and in the interrelationships among the levels of mineral elements in the fruit and bitter pit incidence at harvest. The association between fruit levels of N, P, K and Mg previously observed in the other two cultivars was absent in Merton. In two years a positive association appeared in Merton between K level and bitter pit incidence. Doubling the K supply reduced fruit Ca level and increased protein N level and bitter pit incidence. A threefold increase in the Ca supply had the opposite effect on each of these variables. Bitter pit incidence was not affected by doubling the P supply, but was increased by supplying extra N, some of which was in the form of ammonium ion. The differences found between Merton Worcester and the two cultivars studied previously under the same cultural conditions demonstrate that any conclusions in this area concerning apples in general are valid only if they are based on findings over a number of seasons in a wide range of cultivars.