不同鸡品种TYR基因遗传变异分析

采用PCR-SSCP方法,对中国宁夏固原鸡、海南文昌鸡、西藏藏鸡和国外引进海赛克斯鸡TYR基因5′侧翼区及外显子13个位点（P1、P2、P3）的遗传变异进行研究。结果表明,P2位点无多态,P1位点在3个中国鸡品种中均出现3种基因型,分别为AA型、BB型和AB型;在引进的海赛克斯鸡中,只检测到BB型和AB型2种类型。4个鸡品种在该位点均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态;P3位点在中国3个鸡品种中均检测到3种基因型,分别为AA型、BB型和AB型,而海赛克斯鸡中只检测到AA和AB型,固原鸡和文昌鸡在该位点处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态,藏鸡和海赛克斯鸡均处于极不平衡状态。进一步说明,中国地方鸡品种的TYR基因蕴藏丰富变异资源。经克隆测序分析,P1位点存在C→T的单碱基替换突变,P3位点存在G→A的单碱基替换突变,但未引起氨基酸突变。独立χ2分析显示,两位点基因型和等位基因分布在不同鸡品种之间存在显著或极显著差异（P〈0.05和P〈0.01）,提示TYR基因的基因型和等位基因分布与鸡品种因素显著相关。本研究为以后对鸡TYR基因5′侧翼区及外显子1的进一步研究提供基础依据。     

籽鹅GH基因内含子3多态性及其与体重和屠体性状的关联分析

根据鸭生长激素基因内含子3的序列设计引物，利用PCR—SSCP方法对籽鹅进行了单核苷酸多态性分析，并检测其多态性。结果表明，籽鹅生长激素基因内含子3长约364bp，共发现了7个突变位点，分别为A160G、C167G、T264C突变，以及AA型个体在176、177位点G、A碱基缺失和BB型个体在231、232位点C、T碱基缺失。产生AA、AB和BB3种基因型，其中BB基因型为优势基因型，且基因型频率表现为BB〉AB〉AA；卡方检验结果表明，基因型分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡（P〉0．05）。不同基因型与体重和屠体性状的关联分析结果表明：BB基因型个体的7周龄体重、9周龄体重、10周龄体重、胸肌重、胸肌率及心脏重显著高于AA型个体（P〈0．05）；BB基因型个体8周龄体重显著高于AB型个体（P〈0O．05）；在所分析的性状中，BB基因型个体的均值最大，AB型次之，AA型最小。     

ESR和PGR基因在5个山羊品种中的多态性分析

为了检测贵州白山羊、河北绒山羊、河南槐山羊、美姑黑山羊、承德黑山羊5个品种的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs),试验采用PCR-SSCP技术和DNA测序技术分析雌激素受体(ESR)、孕酮受体(PGR)基因外显子的多态性,并分析其山羊产羔率的关系。结果表明:ESR基因在这5个山羊品种中不存在多态位点,保守性高。PGR基因在146 bp处有C→G的突变,产生3种基因型,即AA基因型、AB基因型、BB基因型。贵州白山羊AA基因型比BB基因型多0.03只,AB基因型比AA基因型多0.49只;河北绒山羊AA基因型比AB基因型多0.07只,BB基因型只有1只产羔数为2.00只;河南槐山羊AB基因型比AA基因型多0.27只,但不同基因型对3个品种的产羔数影响没有达到显著水平。     

石歧杂鸡催乳素基因外显子4变异与产蛋就巢性状的关联分析

利用PCR-SSCP技术和测序技术对催乳素（prolactin,PRL）基因外显子4进行SNP检测,并分析了该基因与石歧杂鸡产蛋、就巢性状的相关性。结果表明,PRL基因外显子4存在1个多态性位点,该位点在6017位点发生G→A的碱基突变,产生了AA、AB和BB 3种基因型,AA基因型为优势基因型,等位基因A为优势等位基因,该突变未导致氨基酸的变异;该位点的变异与开产日龄、首次就巢日龄呈现一定的显著差异趋势,BB基因型开产日龄、首次就巢日龄都晚于AA和AB基因型。     

高邮鸭PRL基因内含子1的SNP检测及其与产蛋性状的相关分析

利用PCR—RFLP技术对高邮鸭催乳素（Prolactin，PRL）基因内含子1进行了SNP检测和测序分析，并对该基因与高邮鸭产蛋性状的相关性进行了研究。结果表明：PRL基因内含子1存在两个Dra Ⅰ酶切位点，其中1个位点具有DraⅠ多态性。该位点由于在1326位点发生了T→C的碱基突变，产生了AA、AB和BB3种基因型。基因型BB和等位基因B的频率最高；BB基因型个体30周龄蛋重极显著高于AB基因型个体（P〈0．01）；AB基因型个体的双黄率显著高于BB基因型个体（P〈0．05）；3种基因型间产蛋数、最长连产天数和开产体重无显著差异。     

FSHβ亚基基因与繁殖性能及胎盘性状的关联分析

以117头大白猪为研究对象,以FSHβ亚基基因为候选基因,采用PCR产物直接电泳方法检测FSHβ亚基基因位点的多态性,检出3种基因型,分别为AA、AB和BB基因型。将基因座不同基因型与总产仔数(TNB)、产活仔数(NBA)、初生体质量(BW)和胎盘性状(PT)进行关联分析。结果表明:FSHβ亚基基因在该位点上,就初产母猪而言,AA和AB基因型比BB型个体的TNB分别多3.25和2.37头(P0.05),AA和AB基因型比BB型个体的NBA分别多3.31和2.49头(P0.05)。就经产母猪而言,AA和AB基因型比BB型个体的TNB分别多2.71和1.60头(P0.05),AA和AB基因型比BB型个体的NBA分别多2.95和1.74头(P0.05)。AA基因型比AB和BB型个体的胎盘效率(PE)分别高16.28%和23.09%(P0.05)。总体而言,FSHβ亚基基因在该位点的A等位基因对TNB、NBA和PE均表现为正效应。     

荆江麻鸭GH基因第4外显子SNP及其与体性状的关联研究

采用PCR-SSCP方法检测了96只荆江麻鸭生长激素基因第4外显子序列多态性,并分析了基因多态性与屠体性状间的关系.结果发现,在荆江麻鸭生长激素基因第4外显子中检测到1个突变位点,为3701 nt处C→T碱基转换,产生AA、BB和AB3种基因型,其中野生基因型BB为优势基因型(54.17%).卡方检验结果表明,群体该位点处于遗传平衡状态(P＞0.05).最小二乘分析结果表明,AA基因型个体全净膛率显著高于BB基因型(P＜0.05).初步推断,GH基因可作为影响荆江麻鸭部分屠体性状的候选基因(标记),其中突变基因型AA为有利基因型.     

石歧杂鸡催乳素基因外显子2的SNP检测与产蛋就巢性状的关联分析

利用PCR-SSCP技术对石歧杂鸡的催乳素(prolactin,PRL)基因外显子2进行SNP检测和测序分析,并对该基因与石歧杂鸡产蛋、就巢性状的相关性进行了研究。结果表明,PRL基因外显子2存在多态性位点,该位点由于在3838位点发生C→T的碱基突变,产生了AA、AB和BB3种基因型,并导致氨基酸的改变,由亮氨酸变为苯丙氨酸。基因型AA和等位基因A的频率最高;BB基因型个体首次就巢时间显著晚于AA和AB基因型(P0.01);BB基因型的就巢次数显著多于AA和AB基因型(P0.05);3种基因型与产蛋性状相关性不显著。     

水貂TYR基因T138A位点多态性及其与毛色性状的关联分析

试验旨在检测水貂酪氨酸酶（tyrosinase,TYR）基因T138A位点的多态性,并分析其与水貂毛色表型的相关性。提取5种被毛色型430只水貂血液基因组DNA,采用PCR-RFLP技术,对TYR基因T138A位点进行多态性检测,统计等位基因频率与基因型频率,通过卡方（χ²）独立性检验分析该位点多态性与水貂毛色性状的相关性。结果表明,T138A位点存在2个等位基因T和A,形成TT、TA和AA 3种基因型,AA基因型在吉林白水貂群体中为优势基因型（0.9069）,而TT基因型为金州黑水貂、珍珠水貂、咖啡水貂和银蓝水貂群体的优势基因型,其中在金州黑水貂群体中基因型频率最高（1.0000）。关联分析表明,TYR基因T138A位点的多态性与毛色性状呈极显著相关（P<0.0001）。表明TYR基因T138A位点可能是影响水貂毛色的主控位点或与调控白色被毛表型主控位点连锁的分子标记。     

京海黄鸡斑联蛋白基因外显子9 SNP位点及其与屠宰性能的相关性研究

以京海黄鸡为试验材料,采用PCR-SSCP技术检测斑联蛋白(zyxin)基因外显子9的SNP,探讨zyxin基因该位点多态性与京海黄鸡屠宰性状之间的关系。结果发现该位点存在1个SNP突变位点,表现为3种基因型:AA、AB和BB。统计分析表明,公鸡的胸肌重AA基因型显著高于AB基因型(P＜0.05),活体重和屠体重AA基因型显著高于BB基因型(P＜0.05);母鸡的活体重、头重、爪重和屠体重AA基因型显著高于BB基因型(P＜0.05),全净膛重AA基因型显著高于AB基因型(P＜0.05)。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.