虫媒病毒性脑炎的ELISA诊断方法研究

虫媒病毒性脑炎是指一系列由节肢动物作为传播媒介,由病毒引起人和动物脑炎的疾病。这类病毒包括部分黄病毒如乙型脑炎病毒、森林脑炎病毒、西尼罗河病毒,披膜病毒科甲病毒属的各种马脑炎病毒,以及副粘病毒科的尼帕病毒等。酶联免疫吸附实验(Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)是临床血清学检测的主要方法之一。目前,广泛运用于动物临床检测虫媒脑炎病毒。本文归纳了各类ELISA检测方法的建立、ELISA试剂盒的优缺点,对该类疾病的临床诊断具有重要意义。     

猪脑心肌炎病毒RT-PCR检测方法的建立

为了对猪脑心肌炎病毒(EMCV)进行血清学调查和临床检测,试验根据猪脑心肌炎病毒5'端结构蛋白VP2基因序列设计、合成1对特异性引物,建立检测猪脑心肌炎病毒385 bp片段的RT-PCR检测方法。结果表明:该方法对脑心肌炎标准毒株VR-129B(GenBank登录号为X74312)的检测结果为阳性,对标准毒株的细胞培养物检测的敏感度达0.1TCID50;而对猪乙型脑炎病毒、戊型肝炎病毒、猪轮状病毒、猪瘟病毒、口蹄疫病毒的检测结果为阴性。说明该方法特异性强、灵敏性高,可以用于猪脑心肌炎病毒的检测和早期诊断。     

流行性出血病病毒(EHDV)血清7型毒株在中国的首次分离与鉴定

流行性出血病(EHD)是由流行性出血病病毒(EHDV)感染反刍动物引起的一种虫媒病毒病,为了解中国云南EHDV的感染情况和病毒遗传特征,笔者课题组在云南省师宗县以EHDV血清学和核酸阴性的牛、羊为哨兵动物,拟对流行于云南省的EHDV进行分离与鉴定。将采集于哨兵动物的EHDV核酸阳性血液接种BHK-21细胞进行病毒分离;通过血清中和试验与病毒Seg-2、Seg-3 ORF区的序列分析,确定病毒的血清型与遗传特征;采用C-ELISA和qRT-PCR方法对EHDV感染动物血液中的抗体水平与病毒核酸进行监测。结果如下:从2013年8月采集自云南师宗县哨兵牛的血样中分离出一株EHDV(毒株号YNSZ/V269/2013),血清中和试验结果表明分离的病毒为血清型7型(EHDV-7);Seg-2、Seg-3序列分析表明分离的病毒属EHDV-7 Eastern型,与日本毒株和澳大利亚EHDV-7型毒株具有最近的亲缘关系。哨兵动物病毒核酸转阳后,血清抗体迅速上升,3周后达最高点并能在该水平持续较长时间,而病毒核酸含量却迅速下降,7周后已经检测不到。本研究首次报道了EHDV-7型毒株在中国的分离、毒株序列特征以及在动物上的感染特性。研究结果可为进一步开展中国EHDV-7型病毒的全基因组测序、流行病学调查、诊断方法的建立和致病性等相关研究提供基础。     

云南蓝舌病毒株人工感染绵羊血液中核酸变化规律研究

为研究云南蓝舌病毒株对绵羊持续性感染特性,分别用云南地方毒株BTV-1、BTV-15和BTV-16三个原始血毒接种绵羊,在BTV感染绵羊后,定期采集血液,测定BTV核酸变化规律。结果表明:动物血液中病毒核酸存在期为90 d左右,在检测期其核酸含量呈周期性变化。研究证明云南BTV毒株存在持续感染的状况,而且血液中病毒核酸呈周期性变化。     

乙型脑炎诊断方法研究进展

乙型脑炎是由黄病毒科的乙型脑炎病毒引起的一种人与动物共患的虫媒病毒性疾病。由于本病对人类和多种动物危害非常严重，因而对其进行确诊很重要。本文对乙脑的病原学和血清学断方法进行了较为全面的综述。     

蓝舌病病毒内蒙古分离株的特性研究

蓝舌病病毒内蒙古株是继云南株、四川株之后,从隐性感染的山羊血液中分离获得的目前在中国唯一一株接近于蓝舌病毒血清17型的毒株.将他与云南毒株和美国17型毒株进行比较,发现其血清学反应群特异性完全相同;中和试验表明与云南毒株之间无交叉保护反应,与美国17型毒株有交叉保护反应,但中和不彻底;电镜下其形态与云南、美国毒株完全一致;核酸电泳分析,具有4组10基因片段,带型为3:3:3:1,第7、8、9片段不融合,与云南、美国毒株基本一致,但1、2、3组中迁移率有差异;人工接种绵羊、山羊、鸡胚,其病理变化和临床反应与云南、美国毒株比较有较大差异.     

仔猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒和血凝性脑脊髓炎病毒混合感染的诊断

对辽宁省某规模化猪场发病的哺乳仔猪,通过临床症状、血清学、病理学、动物试验和反转录多聚酶链式反应(PCR)方法进行综合诊断,确诊为猪繁殖与呼吸综合征(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrone virus,PRRSV)与猪血凝性脑脊髓炎病毒(HEV)混合感染。RT-PCR检测结果证明,所感染的PRRSV为美洲型毒株,猪血凝性脑脊髓炎病毒多呈隐性感染,本猪场哺乳仔猪发生二者混合感染,可能与PRRSV感染猪免疫力降低,容易感染HEV而混合发病有关。     

猪细小病毒自然弱毒株的分离与鉴定

猪细小病毒（porcineparvovirus，PPV）是引起母猪繁殖障碍的主要病原之一。第一株PPV是Mayr和Mahnel在１９６６年从细胞培养物中首次发现的，可能是细胞内潜伏感染的病毒。Caytwyight和Huck在１９６７年首次从流产胎儿脏器中分离到病毒，证明其为DNA病毒，并证实了其致病作用。在我国，潘雪珠于１９８３年首次分离到PPV犤１犦，此后，在我国各地陆续分离到了数株PPV。本研究从流行病学调查中分离到了一株PPV，并从形态学、血清学、生物学几个方面对其进行了鉴定，根据实验结果，推测该毒株可能是一株弱毒株，命名为闽－０１。１材…     

日本乙型脑炎病毒的分离与鉴定

收集一例疑为乙型脑炎病毒感染的种公猪肿大的睾丸病料,并将其处理制成匀浆过滤后,用乳鼠脑内接毒和细胞接毒相结合的方法盲传并分离病毒,然后设计一对PrM/E基因的特异性引物,采用RT-PCR方法对所分离的病毒进行鉴定,并将其PrM/E基因扩增产物测序,测序结果与乙型脑炎GenBank登陆的SA14-14-2株(AF315119)和SA14株(U14163)进行比较。结果表明,所分离病毒的PrM/E基因序列与JEV强毒株SA14和弱毒株SA14-14-2相应序列同源性分别为98.1%和97.1%,证实分离毒株为乙型脑炎病毒。     

猪乙型脑炎病毒的PrM-E基因克隆与测序

通过RT-PCR扩增乙型脑炎病毒主要抗原基因PrM-E,并将PrM-E基因克隆及测序后,与GenBank发表的SA14-14(M18370)基因序列进行比较分析,发现试验毒株与乙型脑炎病毒SA14-14毒株的同源性为98%。在乙型脑炎病毒基因组决定乙型脑炎病毒抗原性的PrM-E的2 000 bp序列中,试验毒株与SA14-14株有35个碱基不同,但却不影响它的功能。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -