天津市混栽梨园中不同品种梨树上中国梨喀木虱的发生规律

为明确梨木虱在不同品种梨树上的发生规律,于2015-2016年对天津市混栽梨园中3个品种梨树上中国梨喀木虱Cacopsylla chinensis的周年发生情况进行调查。结果表明,中国梨喀木虱冬型成虫在早酥梨树上的出现日期为2月底,在黄冠和晚秋黄梨树上的出现日期为3月上旬至中旬。3月中下旬始见第1代卵,4月上旬达高峰期,4月下旬孵化为若虫并达到高峰期,4月底至5月初始见第1代夏型成虫,5月上旬至下旬达高峰期;5月下旬第2代若虫孵化,6月初达高峰期,中旬成虫羽化,下旬成虫达高峰期;6月底至7月初第3代若虫陆续出现,7月上旬至下旬达高峰期,下旬成虫羽化;8月上旬第4代若虫出现,中下旬达高峰期;9月中旬第5代若虫出现,月底达高峰期。早酥梨树上中国梨喀木虱发生高峰期的数量显著高于黄冠和晚秋黄梨树上的数量,晚秋黄梨树上1、2代的发生量显著高于黄冠梨树上的发生量。     

Notes on pistachio seed wasps from two locations in the east Mediterranean

Two seed wasps, Eurytoma plotnikovi Nikol’skaya. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) and Megastigmus pistaciae Walker (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), were collected from pistachio nuts, Pistacia vera (Anacardiaceae), in Gaziantep province in Turkey and in El Harub, Judean Hills, Palestinian Authority. E. plotnikovi was clearly identified for the first time in Turkey among the reared materials, but in the past it had been recorded there by several authors under different names. The percentages of fruit infestations by these wasps in untreated pistachio orchards in Gaziantep province and in one orchard in El Harub were 69% and 81%, respectively. Gugolzia karadagae Doğanlar (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was responsible for 2.2–17.5% parasitism of E. plotnikovi in Gaziantep province. So far, G. karadagae was not found in any other part of Turkey, nor in El Harub or Israel.     

河南省二点委夜蛾的发生规律及原因分析

为明确二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone(M?schler)在河南省的发生规律,于2012—2013年在该省各地采用灯光诱集法对二点委夜蛾成虫进行诱测。结果表明:河南省二点委夜蛾每年发生4代,其中越冬代成虫在4—5月陆续羽化,未形成明显的高峰,第1代成虫高峰期为6月上中旬,第2代成虫高峰期为7月中下旬,8月下旬9月初为第3代成虫高峰期,其中第2代成虫密度明显大于第1代和第3代。2012年二点委夜蛾在河南省北部地区发生较重,浚县第2代成虫密度为4 916头,2013年河南省中东部发生较重,民权县和长葛市第2代成虫密度分别达到8 409头和5 390头。对成虫监测结果分析发现,2012—2013年河南省二点委夜蛾成虫发生期与降雨量和温度的关系不稳定,但每年第2代成虫密度与该年5、6月下旬日均降雨量呈显著正相关,依据5、6月下旬的降雨量和温度建立的2012年和2013年第2代成虫密度自然对数回归方程的均方根误差分别为0.612和0.752,可较好地反映二点委夜蛾第2代成虫的发生密度。     

高效氯氰菊酯亚致死浓度对桃小食心虫成虫体内解毒酶活性的影响

为研究高效氯氰菊酯亚致死浓度对桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii Matsumura雌、雄蛾体内解毒酶活性的影响,采用药膜法,以LC10、LC20和LC40浓度的高效氯氰菊酯处理桃小食心虫成虫24 h,分别测定药剂压力解除后0、6、12和24 h桃小食心虫雌、雄蛾体内细胞色素P450单加氧酶7-乙氧基香豆素-O-脱乙基酶（ECOD）、羧酸酯酶（CarE）和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）的活性,并分析其动态变化。结果表明:与对照相比,高效氯氰菊酯LC10浓度处理能抑制桃小食心虫成虫的ECOD比活力,且随处理浓度增加,高效氯氰菊酯对ECOD活性的诱导作用逐渐体现,LC40浓度处理组ECOD活性显著高于对照;此外,LC20和LC40浓度处理组可诱导桃小食心虫雄蛾CarE和GSTs比活力的增加,但对于雌蛾则结果相反。当药剂压力解除后,随着处理时间的延长,成虫体内ECOD、CarE和GSTs活性总体表现为先增加后降低,而药剂浓度越高对其解毒酶的诱导或抑制作用越显著,且存在一定性别差异。研究显示,从短期响应来看,桃小食心虫雌、雄蛾体内的3种解毒酶在高效氯氰菊酯亚致死浓度胁迫后均表现较为活跃,酶活性呈现出先增加后降低的动态变化。由于雌、雄蛾个体的生理机能以及对药剂敏感性的差异,这种生理响应机制存在一定的剂量和性别差异。     

不同地区不同寄主植物上孤雌桃蚜及不同蚜型桃蚜共生菌的多样性

为了解桃蚜Myzus persicae共生菌动态变化的影响因素,利用诊断PCR、通用引物PCR及PCR-DGGE技术检测不同地区、不同寄主植物、不同蚜型桃蚜体内共生菌的种类,并用诊断PCR技术测定桃蚜体内次生共生菌的感染率。结果显示,不同地区、不同寄主植物、不同蚜型桃蚜体内初生共生菌布赫纳氏菌Buchnera aphidicola的16SrRNA基因序列高度一致。不同地区相同寄主上孤雌桃蚜体内次生共生菌的种类和感染率均不相同。同一地区不同寄主上孤雌桃蚜体内次生共生菌的种类和感染率略有差异。桃树上不同蚜型桃蚜体内次生共生菌种类有很大差异,孤雌蚜、雌性蚜和雄蚜未感染次生共生菌,卵和干雌分别感染杀雄菌Arsenophonus和沃尔巴克氏菌Wolbachia,干母感染沙雷氏菌Serratia symbiotica和杀雄菌。表明寄主植物、地理位置和生殖方式都影响桃蚜体内次生共生菌的感染模式,不同蚜型间次生共生菌菌群变化更大。     

茶尺蠖性信息素的田间使用技术及防治效果

为明确茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua性信息素的田间使用技术,在田间设置茶尺蠖性信息素诱捕器的5、10和20 m挂放密度处理区及其对照区,并对不同处理区和对照区中诱捕器诱集的茶尺蠖成虫和幼虫数量以及同一挂放密度下距性信息素诱捕器不同距离的茶尺蠖幼虫数量进行调查,确定性信息素诱捕器的最佳挂放间距;在此基础上确定性信息素诱捕器对茶尺蠖的田间防治效果,并利用性信息素诱捕器对茶尺蠖成虫的田间动态进行监测。结果表明:在任何一个挂放密度下,处理区诱捕器诱集的茶尺蠖成虫数量均显著高于对照区诱捕器,但在不同挂放密度的小区之间单个诱捕器诱集的成虫数量差异不显著;当茶尺蠖幼虫重度发生(1 361.57头/m~2)时,10 m间隔挂放1套性信息素诱捕器可显著降低茶尺蠖幼虫的发生数量;当茶尺蠖幼虫轻度发生(38.40头/m~2)时,间距为20 m挂放一套性信息素诱捕器时,茶尺蠖的校正防治效果可达88.44%;茶尺蠖性信息素诱捕器在6月上旬、8月上旬、8月下旬至9月初、9月下旬分别有一个明显的诱捕高峰期,与田间茶尺蠖的发生高峰期基本一致。表明茶尺蠖性信息素诱捕器可作为大量诱捕和虫情监测的手段在茶园中应用。     

索线虫科线虫对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的寄生动态及其防控效果

为明确田间水稻白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(St?l)的主要寄生性天敌索线虫科线虫的寄生动态及防控效果,于2013—2015年在湖南省长沙市宁乡市通过田间调查和线虫罩笼法研究了索线虫科线虫对白背飞虱和褐飞虱的寄生动态以及优势种长沙多索线虫Agamermis changshaensis Bao,Luo et Luo对褐飞虱的防控效果。结果表明,在长沙市,索线虫科线虫寄生白背飞虱始见期为6月底至7月初,1个月后出现高峰期,基本与白背飞虱发生高峰期同步;对褐飞虱寄生高峰期早稻多发生在7月中下旬,而晚稻在8月底至9月中旬。索线虫科线虫对白背飞虱雌虫、高龄若虫和雄虫最高寄生率分别为16.95%、14.81%和7.69%;而对褐飞虱雌虫、高龄若虫和雄虫最高寄生率分别为43.33%、20.93%和11.63%。2014年和2015年罩笼盆栽试验结果表明,处理后45 d长沙多索线虫对褐飞虱的防控效果分别为36.11%和33.19%。研究结果表明长沙多索线虫可以作为水稻稻飞虱绿色防控的一种重要辅助性措施。     

宁夏回族自治区中宁县枸杞红瘿蚊生物学特性及发生规律

为绿色安全防控枸杞红瘿蚊Jaapiella sp.,于2016—2018年自宁夏回族自治区中宁县新堡镇宋营村枸杞种植基地枸杞上采集枸杞红瘿蚊,对其各虫态的形态特征、生活习性和成虫寿命等生物学特性进行室内观察,并对其年生活史及年发生规律进行田间调查。结果表明:枸杞红瘿蚊成虫羽化高度集中,羽化后的雌成虫不需要补充营养,便可立即求偶、交尾和产卵,孵化后幼虫取食子房,致使花蕾畸形膨大形成虫瘿,幼虫老熟后脱离虫瘿并弹跳入土结茧化蛹。成虫寿命极短,已交尾的雌、雄成虫平均寿命分别为41.8 h和38.3 h;未交尾的雌、雄成虫平均寿命分别为28.5 h和16.6 h。枸杞红瘿蚊每年发生6代,以老熟幼虫在地表土层中越冬,每年4月中旬至9月下旬为其为害期,其中第1代、第2代和第6代幼虫为害严重。枸杞红瘿蚊成虫发生高峰期有2个,分别为4—6月和9月。从4月枸杞红瘿蚊越冬代成虫陆续羽化开始,其成虫数量不断增长,4月和5月成虫数量分别为121头和167头,6月达到第1个高峰,为282头,随着枸杞秋枝萌发,9月枸杞红瘿蚊成虫数量又明显增多,达到第2个高峰,为117头。2017年4—10月从田间共收集788头成虫,雌成虫数量为420头,略高于雄成虫数量,雌雄比介于1.11～1.19之间。     

Note on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Wahlgreniella nervata</Emphasis> (Gillette, 1908) (Hemiptera: Aphididae): a new pest of Damask rose in Turkey

Alate viviparous females of Wahlgreniella nervata (Gillette) were found on a Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) plantation in Isparta Province, Turkey. The aphid is recorded for the first time from Turkey. Besides, Damask rose is a new host for this species. Brief information about this aphid including a key to the alate females of aphid species known to infest Damask rose in Turkey is provided.     

Identification of the causal agent of pistachio dieback in Australia

Symptoms associated with pistachio dieback in Australia include decline (little or no current season growth), xylem staining in shoots two or more years old, trunk and limb lesions (often covered by black, superficial fungal growth), excessive exudation of resin, dieback and death of the tree. Bacteria belonging to the genus Xanthomonas have been suggested as the causal agent. To confirm the constant association between these bacteria and the disease syndrome, the absence of other pathogens and the identity of the pathogen, we performed a series of isolations and pathogenicity tests. The only microorganism consistently isolated from diseased tissue was a bacterium that produced yellow, mucoid colonies and displayed morphological and cultural characteristics typical of the genus Xanthomonas. Database comparisons of the fatty acid and whole-cell protein profiles of five representative pistachio isolates indicated that they all belonged to X. translucens, but it was not possible to allocate the isolates to pathovar. Pathogenicity tests on cereals and grasses supported this identification. However, Kochs postulates have been only partially fulfilled because not all symptoms associated with pistachio dieback were reproduced on inoculated two-year-old pistachio trees. While discolouration was observed, dieback, excessive resinous exudate and trunk and limb lesions were not produced; expression of these symptoms may be delayed, and long-term monitoring of a small number of inoculated trees is in progress.     

糖醋酒液对桃园和苹果园中桃蛀螟的诱捕效果分析

为研究桃园和苹果园中桃蛀螟Conogethes punctiferalis成虫的发生动态,探讨糖醋酒液对桃蛀螟的诱捕效果,于2015—2016年利用糖醋酒液和性信息素对泰安市郊区桃园和苹果园中桃蛀螟成虫的全年发生动态进行监测,并比较糖醋酒液诱捕器在不同悬挂高度0、1.0、1.5、2.0和2.5 m下对桃蛀螟雌、雄成虫的诱捕效果。结果显示,2015—2016年,泰安市郊区桃园和苹果园中桃蛀螟成虫田间始发期为4月下旬至5月中旬,发生末期均为10月上旬。糖醋酒液和性信息素诱捕器监测结果均显示,桃蛀螟成虫群体数量发生高峰期为9月上旬—10月上旬,且在此期间二者的诱捕量无显著差异。糖醋酒液能够同时诱捕桃蛀螟雌、雄成虫,且以雄成虫为主,在桃园和苹果园中,2016年的雄成虫诱捕量分别占总诱捕量的87.62%和88.29%。糖醋酒液诱捕器在地上0～2.5 m悬挂高度均能诱捕到桃蛀螟成虫,其中诱捕器悬挂于地上2.5 m高度时诱捕量最多,显著高于其它悬挂高度处理。表明糖醋酒液可以通过有效诱捕桃蛀螟成虫来准确监测其群体发生动态。     

The yellow rose aphid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhodobium porosum</Emphasis>: a new pest of Damask rose in Turkey

Apterous and alate viviparous females of the yellow rose aphid, Rhodobium porosum (Sanderson) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), were collected on Damask rose, Rosa damascena Mill., in Isparta Province, Turkey. The aphid is recorded for the first time from Turkey. Brief information about the invasive yellow rose aphid, including its distribution in Isparta Province and a key to the apterous females of aphid species known to infest Damask rose in Turkey, is provided.     

The Use of ARMS PCR in Detection and Identification of Xanthomonads Associated with Pistachio Dieback in Australia

Pistachio dieback occurs in the main pistachio growing areas of Australia. Xanthomonas strains belonging to the translucens group have been identified as the causal agent of the disease and two distinct groups, A and B, have been recognised within the pathogen population. In this study, specific primers for amplification of DNA of the pathogen were developed by sequencing the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of rDNA from strains representing groups A and B, as well as from X. translucens isolated from wheat in Australia and one Xanthomonas translucens strain from orchard floor grasses. Primers were designed for amplification of DNA sequences specific to each group and a multiplex PCR test was developed that identified and differentiated strains of each group in a single PCR assay. To determine the specificity of the primers, PCR was carried out with DNA from 65 strains of the pistachio pathogen, 31 type and reference strains of Xanthomonas, and from 191 phytobacteria commonly found in and around pistachio orchards. In the multiplex PCR, a 331 bp fragment was amplified from all strains belonging to group A and a 120 bp fragment from all strains in group B. No PCR products were obtained from the other bacteria tested except for the type strain of X. translucens pv. cerealis, which has not been found in Australia. The assay was used to detect strains from both groups of the pathogen in pistachio plant material.     

Spread and occurrence of tulip tree aphid in Europe: new record of Illinoia liriodendri (Monell, 1879) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from Hungary

The genus Illinoia is found primarily in North America. Illinoia liriodendri (Monell, 1879), the tulip tree aphid, was observed and identified for the first time in Hungary. Nymphs, apterous and alate viviparous females in colonies of I. liriodendri were found on a tulip tree, Liriodendron tulipifera L. (Magnoliaceae), in Debrecen, Hungary. Tulip tree aphids feed on the underside of tulip tree leaves. The consequences of this are honeydew and associated black sooty mould which is unsightly and causes sticky residues to drop onto footpaths and parked cars. If the infestation is very severe this may reduce photosynthesis. A short report is presented here on the first finding of this pest in Hungary, and its characteristics.     

The grapevine aphid <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Aphis illinoisensis</Emphasis>: an invasive pest in Israel

Apterous and alate viviparous females of Aphis illinoisensis Shimer (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were collected on grape, Vitis vinifera L., in three different regions of Israel. Detailed information is given about this species distribution in Israel. A key is provided to the apterous females of aphid species known to infest grape in Israel.     

群居型和散居型亚洲小车蝗成虫能量代谢相关酶活性测定

为明确亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus成虫飞行肌对其体内能源物质利用的情况,采用室内生化法测定能源物质代谢相关5种酶,即3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase,GAPDH)、3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(glycerol-3-phosphate dehyd...     

不同营养对亚金跳小蜂寿命和适合度的影响

为了解不同营养对寄生性天敌亚金跳小蜂Aenasius arizonensis(Girault)寿命及适合度的影响,在室内测定了10%蜂蜜水、10%蜂蜜水+粉蚧蜜露、蒸馏水+粉蚧蜜露、粉蚧蜜露和蒸馏水等不同饲喂条件对亚金跳小蜂寿命、雌蜂平均寄生率、羽化率和子代雌性比例的影响。结果表明,不同营养处理均能显著延长亚金跳小蜂的平均寿命,其中以10%蜂蜜水+粉蚧蜜露处理的效果最为显著,其雌、雄蜂平均寿命较对照分别增加3.87 d和1.07 d;不同营养条件下,雌蜂的适合度以10%蜂蜜水+粉蚧蜜露处理最好,雌蜂平均寄生率、羽化率和子代雌性比例分别为对照的12.11、1.84和52.35倍,雌蜂平均寄生率、羽化率和子代雌性比例在4~10 d均维持在较高水平,其最大值分别达80.67%、70.72%和63.74%。表明各种营养条件,尤其以10%蜂蜜水+粉蚧蜜露为营养时可延长亚金跳小蜂寿命,同时能提高其适合度。     

北亚脉扁蜂形态特征和生物学特性

为明确李树上新纪录害虫北亚脉扁蜂Neurotoma sibirica的生物学特性，通过田间调查和室内饲养观察，记述该虫的形态特征、生活史及生物学特性。结果表明，北亚脉扁蜂在吉林省吉林市1年发生1代，以老熟幼虫在树下5~15 cm深的土层中做土室越冬。每年4月中旬幼虫开始化蛹，5月上旬成虫羽化出土，5月中旬为成虫盛期，成虫产卵从5月上旬持续到5月下旬，单雌产卵量为13~43粒，卵期5~9 d。6月上旬为北亚脉扁蜂幼虫为害盛期，幼虫为6龄或7龄，幼虫期14~21 d，6月中、下旬老熟幼虫陆续入土越冬。北亚脉扁蜂幼虫在李、紫叶李、杏、榆叶梅4种寄主上均可完成发育，在自然条件下李树受害率可达100%，紫叶李树受害率为40%，杏树受害率为20%。北亚脉扁蜂天敌有龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica、异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis、斯马蜂Polistes snelleni、日本弓背蚁Camponotus japonicus、2种姬蜂及1种病原菌。     

黄芪根瘤象甲发生规律及生物学特性

为进一步明确黄芪根瘤象甲Sitona simillimus的发生规律和生物学特性,于2016—2019年采用田间系统调查和室内饲养试验对黄芪根瘤象甲的越冬规律、田间数量动态变化、生活习性和各虫态的发育历期进行调查,测定土壤湿度和寄主植物对成虫存活及发育的影响。结果表明,黄芪根瘤象甲以成虫在靠近植物根际处的土层内越冬,越冬适宜的土壤质量含水量为5%~10%。在甘肃省定西市黄芪根瘤象甲1年发生1代,越冬成虫产卵高峰期为每年5月下旬至6月中旬,幼虫发生高峰期为每年6月中旬至8月初,化蛹高峰期为每年7月下旬至8月上旬,成虫羽化盛期为每年8月下旬至9月上旬。黄芪根瘤象甲成虫羽化当年虽可取食,但不产卵,翌年越冬结束后开始取食,取食后即可产卵。在黄芪、红芪、苜蓿和三叶草中,只有取食黄芪叶片的雌成虫才能正常产卵繁殖。黄芪根瘤象甲成虫产卵的昼夜节律明显,产卵主要集中在12：00—22：00,单雌产卵量为2 051.4粒,产卵期为42.6 d。卵、蛹和幼虫的平均发育历期分别为9.8、10.6和36.7 d。     

Variation in virulence of Greek isolates ofPhytophthora citrophthora as measured by their ability to cause crown rot on three peach rootstocks

The virulence ofPhytophthora citrophthora isolated from various host-plants on three peach rootstocks (GF677, PR204, KID I) was examined. There was no significant difference among the rootstocks with respect to their susceptibility to testedP. citrophthora isolates. The most virulent isolate originated from sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus); isolates from pistachio trees (Pistacia vera) also showed high virulence but were significantly less virulent than the sycamore isolate. Isolates originating from plum (Prunus domestica), almond (Prunus amygdalus) and lemon (Citrus limon) trees were moderately virulent on peach rootstocks; those from cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum) showed the lowest virulence of those tested. There was thus great variation in virulence among the testedP. citrophthora isolates. It is possible that the isolates ofP. citrophthora from sycamore, pistachio, plum, almond and lemon trees are a threat to peach trees, whereas the low virulence of the isolates from cyclamen hosts suggests that these pathogens are not a serious threat to peach trees. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Jan. 3, 2002.